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THE HISTORICAL HANDBOOK 



AND 



(Smk to % Cttg aitir itmtortg 




NOTICING EVERY POINT OF INTEREST IN THE 

s 

COLLEGES CHURCHES MUSEUMS GARDENS 

HALLS CHAPELS LIBRARIES MEMORIALS 

ALSO INCLUDING 

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES AND ANECDOTES OF EMINENT MEN, 

BISHOPS OF OXFORD, NONCONFORMISTS, 

PRINTING AND NEWSPAPER PRESSES, LOCAL EVENTS, ETC. 

EDITED BY JAS. J. MOORE: 

Author of " Three Centuries of Newspaper Life," <L-c. 



" Robed in the grandeur of thy waving woods, 
Girt with a silver zone of winding floods, 
Fair art thou, Oxford!" I. N. Allen. 



T. SHRIMPTON AND SON, 23 AND 24, BROAD STREET. 

1871. 



ENTERED AT STATIONERS HALL. — ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 



\"31 



-»>♦ 



PREFACE. 




" Like an old tale, 
Which will have matter to rehearse." 

Shakspeare. 



k Y little work," Dr. Ingram was wont jocosely to remark, 
when speaking of his much appreciated " Memorials of 
Oxford " That " little work" formed three handsome 
volumes, profusely illustrated. So far as the history of 
the collegiate foundations and other University build- 
ings were concerned, it was most exhaustive, and won 
public praise deservedly. A brief space devoted to city history gave 
much valuable information. Thirty-three years have elapsed since its 
publication, during that period Oxford hasVtrebled its size : another 
College has been opened — a new Museum founded — new Examination 
Schools are intended, and several Churches and other public buildings 
have been erected, yet no record of the progress of the University and 
City has been published — excepting local Guides (necessarily brief in 
their notice) and the yearly summaries in the local papers. 

Another " little work" is now placed before the citizens and visitors 
for approval. It aims at a point somewhat in advance of the acknow- 
ledged Guide-books : a sketch of the rise of the City and University, 
with notes on remarkable events, forms the introductory portion ; and 
whilst giving an account of the numerous buildings in " fair Oxford, with 
her crown of towers," appropriate biographical sketches and anecdotes 
are interwoven, to break the monotony of architectural description. 
It is thought by the editor that these features, more extended than in 

Dr. Plott's.Natural History of Oxfordshire published 1677. 



v PREFACE, 

- - ,-...,,-. .' — _ 

any similar publication, will give the " little work" a niche in public 
estimation. In collating the mass of information, the remarks of Dean 
Swift have formed the foundation : "Abstracts, abridgments, summaries, 
etc., have the same use with burning-glasses — to collect the diffused rays 
of wit and learning, and make them point with warmth and quickness 
upon the reader's imagination." 

Especial note is called to the summary of the Book Collections in the 
Bodleian Library, the biographical sketches of the Bishops of Oxford, 
the History of Nonconformity, the May-Morning Hymn at Magdalen 
(English and Latin versions), the BoarVHead Carol at Queen's, and the 
ancient Mallard Song at All Souls'. 

A carefully-prepared Index is prefixed to the volume, so that immediate 
reference may be made to any point desired to be known. The utility of 
such an adjunct to a book, especially one of this nature, wherein so many 
events are mentioned, is well known. However, it is hoped that our 
index has not been so minutely constructed as the one of which the 
following anecdote is related : A searcher after something or the other in 
a Year-Book of the Law (deeply interesting), in looking through the 
classified index, came to the Bs. Two-thirds down the fourth column he 
arrived at the reference—" Best, Mr. Justice, his great mind." Desiring 
to be better acquainted with that remarkable individual, no doubt famous 
for his erudition, he turned to the page noted, and there found, " Mr. 
Justice Best said he had a great mind to commit the witness for prevari- 
cation." The volume was hastily laid down. 

And now, quoting Solomon, " The lot is cast into the lap." 



Cox's Topographical, Historical, Eccleciastical, and Natural History of Oxon., published 1720. 



INDEX. 



Stand forth, and relate what you, 

Like a most careful subject, have collected." 

SHAKSPEARE. 



Abbott, Archbishop and the Greek Students, 21 
Abbot's, Dr. , Sermon against Abp. Laud, 144 
Abendon, Dr. Henry, Warden of Merton, 74 
.. Peter de (or Lakyng), Warden of Merton, 

foundation at Maldon, Surrey, 75 
Abercorn, Lord, tried and acquitted for mur- 
der, 127 
Abingdon, Lord, and the Representation of the 

City, 43 
Abingdon, Outrage on the Monks of, 124 
. . Union and Oxford Parishes, 11 
Abraham, Character of, 88 
Account for burning the Martyrs at Oxford, 115 
Ackland, Sir John, benefactor to Exeter Coll. 166 
Acland, Dr., Regius Professor of Medicine, 90, 

158 
Acts of the Apostles, in Bodleian Library, 5 
Adam de Brom, founder of Oriel College, 80, 

81, 85, 128 
Adams, Dr., Bishop of Limerick, 176 
. , of Magdalen Hall, 109 
Adelaide, Queen, at Oxford, 5 
Addison, of the ' Spectator,' at Magdalen Col- 
lege, 136, 137— at Queen's College, 148— 
Addison's Walk, Magdalen College, 136 
Adoration of the Shepherds, by Caracci, 115 
Adullam Chapel, Particular Baptist, 45 
Affrays between Students and Townsmen, 17, 

18, 40, 108, 123, 124, 125, 135, 160 
African Instruments and Dresses, 108 
Agnes, wife of Sir Thomas White, 194 
Agricultural Society, English, founded at Ox- 
ford, 62, 122. 
. , Royal, Second Show at Oxford, 63, 202 
Alaskie, Albert, Prince of Sirad, at Oxford, 68 
Alban Hall, St. , 78— Private Residence of Ro- 
bertas de Sancto Albano, 79— other pro- 
prietorships, 79— benefactors 79— Bell-tow- 
er, 79— Hall and Chapel, 79— Eminent Men : 
Lenthal, Massinger, Whately, &c. 77, 79. 
Albano, Robertus de Sancto, 79 
Alberic, Aubrey de Vere, title of Earl of Oxford 

granted to, 4 
Albert, Prince, Statue of, 123 
Aldate's, St., Church of, 44 
..', Parish of, 11, 44 ; Fire in, 73 
Aldine Classics at Corpus Christi College, 69 



Aldrich, Dean, 54, 57, 70, 109, 159 
Alexander, Dr. , Bishop of Deny and Raphoe, 93- 
. . Emperor, of Russia at Oxford, 54, 76 
.. Lycurgus, Archbishop of Syros, &c, at Ox- 
ford, 22 
Alexander's Visit to "Tomb of Achilles" Latin 

Poem, by Dean Milman, 93 
Alexandra, Princess, at Oxford, 5, 39 
Alfred Jewel, in Ashmolean Museum, 108 
. . the Great at Oxford, 3, 90, 91, 144, 149, 151 

—portrait of, 91— bust of, 152 
.. Lodge of Freemasons, City, 160 
Allegorical Painting at Merton College, 76 
Allied Sovereigns at Oxford, 53, 89, 94 
All Saints' Church, Waynflete, monument, 152 
All Souls' College, 155— founder of, 155— wages 
paid at building, 156— Old Quadrangle, 157 
—Chapel, Hall, Buttery, and Library, 157— 
Founder's Salt Cellar, 157 — Drum from. 
Sedgmoor Field, 157 — Altar-piece, 157— 
Planetarium, 158— Tripod from Corinth,. 
158— New Quadrangle, 158— Mallard Cus- 
tom and Song, 158-9— Pamphlets published 
on, 158— Eminent Men of, 158— no studenta- 
at, 22— Warden of, 23 
Allum, Thomas, " the soul and sun of mathe- 

Almanacks, earliest, 190— Clog, 97, 108— in Bo- 
dleian Library, 8, 97, 98, 99— in Ashmolean 
Museum, 108— Oxford, 8, 91, 98, 136, 150, 
151, 174, 190— J. M. W. Turner's original 
designs for, 190— Telugu, 97 

Almshouses, Boulter's, St. Clement's, 129 

. . Christ Church, founded by Card. Wolsey, 46 

. . Stone's, St. Clement's, founder of, 37, 129 

Almsmen of St. Bartholomew, 128 

Alphabetical Vocabulary of the Eighth Century 
at Corpus Christi College, 69 

Altar-cloth, Exeter College, 166 

.. Wadham College, 120 

Altar-piece, All Souls' College, 157 

... Corpus Christi College, 69 

... Jesus College. 171 

.. Magdalen College, 132 

. . Merton College, 74 

.. New College, 148 

. . Pembroke College, 47 

. . Trinity College, 174 



First Oxford Guide (Salmon's) published 1743, principally compiled from Dr. Ayliffe. 



INDEX. 



Altar-plate, Christ Church, 55 
Altar. Roman Catholic Chapel, 127 
Altar-tapestry, St. John's College, 196, 197 

American Psalters and Tracts, 99 

Amphitheatre of Verona, Model of, 103 

Amsterdam Hall, 160— Its Sanctuary, 160 

Amy Robsart, the murdered Countess of Lei- 
cester, S7 

Anabaptists at Oxford, 13, 15 

Anatomical Theatre, Christ Church, 60 

Anatomy, first Professor of, 11, 122, 123 

. . first Aldrichian Professor of, 

. . Lee's Lecturer in, 35, "60 

. . of Melancholy, Burton's, 31, 91, 92 

.. of Wit, Lyly's, 137 

Ancient Greek Sculpture, 191 

. . History, first Camden Professor of, 30, 168 

. . Missals, St. John's College, 197 

Anderson, Dr. , Bishop of Rupert's Land, 166 

Angel Inn. High Street, 27, 141 

Angelo, Michael, 89— characteristics of, 189— 
etchings hy, 190— 

Angervyle, Bishop, Richard de Bury, 172 

Anglican Convent of Holy Trinity, 203 

Anglicanum Directoriuni, 31 

Anglo-Saxon, first Professor of, 32, 119 

, . Professorship, founder of, 196 

. . Manuscript of Genesis, Paraphrase, 69, 95 

Annals of St. Paul's, Milman's, 93 

. . of the Bodleian Library, 95, 118 

Anne, Queen, at Oxford, 4 

.. and Queen's College, 145 

. . Statue of, at University, 151 

Annual Election of Proctors, 24, 25, 113 

Ante-chapel, Balliol College, 180 

. . Magdalen College, 1 32 

. . Oriel College, 82 

. . Queen's College, 146 

. . St. John's College, 196 

. . Trinity College, 174 

. . University College, 150 

. . St. Edmund Hall, 142 

Antinomians at Oxford, 15 

Antiquarian Statues, Worcester College, 210 

Antiquities of the University, 80 

Antiquity Hall, Thomas Hearne at, 143 

. . of Oxford, 1 

Apocalypse, early specimens of, 97 

Apocrypha, Magnificent, Worcester Coll. 210 

Apollo Belvidere, Poem of, 93, 123 

<. Epicurius, Temple of, 188 

. . Lodge of Freemasons, University, 39 

Apologia pro Vita Sua, 83 

Apostacy, National, Keble's Sermon, 71 

Ap Rice, founder of Jesus College, 170 

Arabian Nights' Entertainments, Manuscript 
of, 99 

Arabic, first Lord Almoner's Reader of, 18 

. . fir3t Laudian Professor of, 20 

Archbishops of Canterbury, 11; 12; 19, 21, 58, 
65, 72, 77, 104, 1<)6, 113, 115, 117, 118, 124, 
125, 129, 131, 141, 144, 155, 158, 182, 195. 
197, 198, 199, 201 

. . of Dublin, 77, 79, 115, 171 

. . of York, 54, 79, 148, 162 

Archives of the University, Keeper of, 25, 45 

Architypographer, first, of the University, 8 

Arms and Crests of Oxford, 3 

. . of Archdeacon Clerke, 52 

. . Home, Bodley's Mother's family, 96 

. . Sir Thomas Bodley, 96 

. . the Bishopric of Oxford, 57 

. . the University, 24, 96 



Aricite, Palsemon and, at Christ Church, 53 
Aristotle's Ethics printed at Oxford, 8 
Armoury and County Police Station, 32 
Arnold, Dr., Master of Rugby School, 83, 181 
... Matthew, Professor of Poetry, 72, 83, 105 
Art, first Slade Professor of, 41, 190 
Arthur Hall, 110 

. . Prince, at Magdalen College, 133 
Articles, Thirty-nine, and Theodore Hook, 184 
Arts, Marriage of the, at Christ Church, 53 
Arundel, Archbishop, and Wicliff, 18 
. . Marbles. Collection of, 108 
Aryan Dramatic Literature, 152 
Ascension Day, Former Custom, 117 
Ashhurst, Portrait of W. H., Esq. 33 
Ashmole, Elias, founder of Ashmolean Mu> 
seum, 91, 98, 106, 107— superstition of, 107 
—toothache remedies, 107 
Ashmolean Museum, 106,108,140— first Keeper*. 

43 
Asiatic Cholera at Oxford, 6, 56, 128 
Assizes held in Town Hall, 43— County Hall, 33* 
43— Divinity School, 34,103— Black Assises^ 
6 
Association, British, at Oxford, 90, 95, 176 
Astronomy, first Saville Professor of, 15, 74, 77 
Athanasian Creed, principal points in illumi- 
nated window, St. Peter-in- the-East Church, 
144 
Athelstan, King, at Oxford, 3 
Athena? Oxoniensis, 80, 99, 140 
Athens, School of, by Raffael, 190 
Atkinson, Sir R. , four times Mayor of Oxford, 

tomb of, 144. 
Atlantic Ocean and Mrs. Partington, 118 
Atlas and Hercules, figures of, 203 
Atterbury, Rev. C. , Curate of St. Mary Magda- 
lene, killed, 179, 188 
Aubrey Manuscripts, 72, 88 
Audit Room, City, 43 
Augustinian Monks' Monastery, 119 
Aula Bovina (Beef Hall), 46 
Aulicus Mercurius, printed at Oxford, 9 
Aul-Royal, Oriel College, 81 
Austin, Noah, executed at Oxford, 34 
Ave Maria and Obadiah Walker, 153 
Awake, my soul : Morning Hymn, 84 
Ayliffe, Dr. , expelled from the University, 16 
Ayliffe's History of the University of Oxford, 
16,41 

B. 

Babington's Sermon on Amy Robsart, 86 

Bachelors of Music, Civil Law. Divinity, Me- 
dicine, 23— Dress, &c. 28 

Bacon, Friar, and Folly Bridge, 28— his Obser- 
vatory, 28— burial place, 28 

Bagf ord and John Bunyan, 142 

Bagot, Richard, twenty-ninth Bishop of Ox- 
ford, 22 

Bailey, Old, London, 36 

Bailey, St. Peter-le, derivation of name, 36-r 
Parish Schools, 31— Hussey and Peck buried 
in old Church of, S3— Church of, 35— old 
Church falls down, 35 — re-erected, 36 — 
removal, 35— position of new Church, 37 

Balliolium, Magnum, ancient Court of Justice; 
36 

Balloon Ascent, first in Oxford, 67 

Baltimore, first Lord, 177 

Bampton Lectures, 50, 79, 87, 176, 211 

Banbury and Woodstock Roads, 28, 40 

Bancroft, John, seventh Bp. of Oxford, 58, 152 



Ayliffe's Ancient and Present State of the University of Oxford published 1714. 



INDEX, 



vu 



Balliol College, 18— Wicliff, Master of, 18— his 
opinions, 18— New Testament, 18— Bishop 
of Smyrna educated at, 21— Metrophanes 
Critopolus, educated at, 21— foundation of 
College, 177— John de Balliol founder, 177— 
Procurators, Masters, and Wardens of, 177 
•- Liddell and Scott's Greek and Hebrew 
Lexicon, 177— Rev. B. Jowett, Regius Pro- 
fessor of Greek, chosen Master, 177— his 
entry at Balliol, 177— connection with Es- 
says and Reviews, 178— his other writings, 
178— Livings attached to Balliol, 178— num- 
ber of Members, 178— death of John de 
Balliol, 178— Statutes of the College, 178— 
Devorgilla, wife of John de Balliol, carries 
out the founder's intentions, 178— her 
death, 179— her likeness in Bodleian Libra- 
ry, 179— Pope Julius II, authorises new 
Statutes, 179— Emblem of St. Lawrence's 
Martyrdom, 179— benefactors, 179 — New 
College, 179— Fisher's Buildings, 179— Bris- 
tol Buildings, 180— Chapel, Library, and 
Hall, 180— rare English Bibles in Library, 
180— Savage's Balliolfergus, 180— Fellows' 
Gardens, 180— Eminent Men: Bishop Tem- 
ple, Archbishop Manning, Dean Stanley, 
Right Hon. E. Cardwell, Kyrle— the Man 
of Ross, Dr. Theophilus Leigh, Dr. Par- 
sons, &c, 181-184— Part of St. Mary Mag- 
dalen Church used as a Chapel, 186 
Bandinel, Dr. Bulkeley, Bodleian Librarian, 

97, 117 
. . Public Orator and Bampton Librarian, 171 
Bank Fraud and ' Times' Newspaper, 193 
Banquets : Allied Sovereigns : Christ Church, 
53— Radcliffe Library, 89— Cromwell, Fair- 
fax, &c, Magdalen College Hall, 133— 
James I., New College, 114— James II., 
Bodleian Library, 100— Queen Katharine of 
Arragon, Merton College, 122 
Baptist or Bates' Hall, 42 
Baptists in Oxford, 12, 13, 14, 15, 35, 42, 45, 127, 

187 
Barclay's, Alexander, Ship of Fools, 84 
Barnabas, St., Church, 205— its founder and 
foundation, 205— style of architecture, 205— 
from whence taken, 206— its baldachino. 
206— large metal cross in centre, 206— ritu- 
alistic service, 206, the tower, 206 
Barnes, Barnaby, poet, 93— Bishop Barnes, his 

father, 93 
. . Joseph, University printer, 8 
.. of the « Times' newspaper, 110 
.. Richard, Principal of Magdalen Hall, 100 
Barnham, Benedict, Alderman of London, 79 
Bartlett, death of Mr., by falling down the well 

in the Castle Mound, 32 
Bartlett's Flying Coach condemned, 27, 181 
Barlow, Bishop, Statue of, 147 
Barry, Sir Charles, architect of New Buildings, 

University College, 152 
Barton, Dr. Henry, and whimsical dinner 

party, 116 
. . Holiday, dramatic writer, 53, 177 
Basket, Mr. J., lessee of Clarendon printing, 9 
Bate, Rev. Henry, founder of the 'Morning 
Herald,' editor of the ' Morning Post,' and 
Rector of Bradwell-Juxta-Mare, 148 
Bath and Bristol Roads, 29, 40 
Bathe, Henry de, Justiciary, tomb of, 56 
Bathing-place, Loggerhead, or Parsons' Plea- 
sure, 126 
Batterson, Rev. James Laird, and ritualism, 31 



Bathurst, Dr. accident to, 116, 174 — and Dr. 
Radcliffe, 89— and John Phillips, author of 
the Splendid Shilling, 173— Epigram, Anne 
Green, 33 
Battle of the Books, Swift's, 111 
.. Noun and Verb. 93 
Baxter's Glossary of Oxford, 3 
Baylis, Dr. Richard, Master of St. John's Col- 
lege, 196— dismissed by Puritans, 196 — re- 
stored by Charles II., 196 
Bear Inn, Riot at, 135 
Beard-shaving custom at New College, 117 
Beatrice, Richard, and Quakers' Conventicle, 12 
Beauclerc, Henry I. at Oxford, 4, 117, 191 
Beaufort, Cardinal, and Henry V. at Queen's 

College, 147, 148 
. . Cardinal, at University College, 152 
. . portrait of Duke of, 82 
Beaumont Palace, 4, 191 — King John's Carou- 
sals at, 4— when built, 4, 137, 191— King 
Richard I. , ' ' Cceur de Lion" and King John, 
"Lackland," born there, 191, 201, 202— pa- 
lace destroyed, 4, 138, 191 
Beckett, Thomas a, Great Tom named after, 

51 — murder of, 55 
Beckynton, Bishop of Bath and "Wells, rebus on 

his name at Lincoln College, 162 
Bedell Hall, 34 

Beef Hall, (Aula Bovina), 46, 47 
Beeston, Dr. Henry, Master of Winchester 

School, 116 
Beke's Inn or Hall. 67 
Belgium, visit of Mayor of Oxford to, 10 
BelTJnn, 33 

. . ^Sir Robert, seized by plague, 6 
. . Tower, St. Alban Hall, 79 
Belsire, Alexander, first Master of St. John's 

College, 103, 194 
Benedictine folios in Magdalen Library, 134 
. . Priory, Abingdon, 41 
Bennett, Sir Simon, benefactor to University 

College, 15 
.. Sterndale, D.C.L., 105 
Bensington, T. de, executed in Holywell, 140 
Benson, Bishop, ordains George "Whitfield, 47 
.. Rev. R. Meux, and Cowley district, 127, 

128. 
Berkeley's Monument, Ch. Ch., 54 
Berkshire and Buckinghamshire divided from 

Oxford by the Thames, 26 
Bernard, St. WaleriandSt. Thomas' Church, 30 
Bernard's, St., College, 19, 36, 156, 193, 195 
Besieged, City of Oxford, by William the Con- 
queror, 6— by Stephen, 7— by Fairfax, 7 
Bibles:— first Polyglot Bible, 8— Acts of the 
Apostles, 7— Bible burning, 27, 40— Stu- 
dents confined for reading the Bible in 
Osney Abbey, 30 — Wicliff's translation, 18, 
19— Extract from, 19— the "Book and its 
Story," 19— History of Bible in French, 69— 
Specimen, prior to Wicliff, 69— ancient 
Bibles at Merton College, 77— Commentary 
on Genesis, 83, 97— Metrical Version of the 
Psalms, 91— Bible translators, 92, 164, 167, 
177, 199— Apocalypse, 97— Book of Pro- 
verbs, 97— Exposition of St. Jerome (Acts 
of the Apostles), 7,97— Latin Bible, 97— Lu- 
ther and Melancthon's Bible, 97— Gospels, 
Latin manuscript, 97, 98— Vinegar, Faust's, 
Breeches, Socinian, Douay, Pauperum, Wi- 
cliff's, Cranmer's, Tyndale's, first Scotch, 
Vulgate. Cromwell's, &c, 98— first Cam- 
bridge Testament, 100— rare Anglo-Saxon 



Pointer's Antiquities and Curiosities of the University of Oxford published 1749. 



VI 11 



INDEX. 



bles, continual :— 
manuscript of the Evangelists, at Wadham 
College, 119— rare Hebrew Old Testament, 
at Bzeter College, 107— Trevisa's Commen- 
tary OH the Bible, 167— Catyll on the Book 
of Jol>, 187— Williams' Commentary on the 
Gospel Narrative, 176— Wicliff s Manuscript 
of the Evangelists, ISO— Book of "Psalms in 
Portrait of Charles I., at St. John's Col- 
lege, 197— Bible Department at University 
Press, 806— magnificent copies of Old and 
and New Testaments, with Apocrypha, at 
Worcester College, 210— Erasmus publishes 
his Greek New Testament at Oxford, 131 

Bible- moths at Christ Church, 13 

Bibliotheca, Dr. Tanner's, 148 

Bignell's Exhibition at Hart Hall. 110 

Billiard Rooms, Merton Street, 77 

Bilson, Chaplain of All Souls, and Mallard Dis- 
putation, 159 

Binnv, Dr. Hibbert, Bp. of Nova Scotia, 211 

Bird's, Francis, Statue of Wolsey, 52 

Birkenhead, Sir John, editor of ' Mercurii Au- 
lici, S4 

Bishop King, the first of Oxford, 30, 46, 55, 56, 
58, 208 

. . of Shropshire, Thomas Gilbert, 12 

Bishopric of Oxford : foundation, 57, 135— Arms 
of, 57 — number of Benefices.Curacies, Dean- 
eries, &c, 57— List of Bishops, &c, 58, 59 

Bisse's, Dr. , benefaction to Wadham College,119 

Black Assize at Oxford, 6 

. . Night Festival, Merton College, 78 

. . Prince at Balliol, 4 

.. Prince, son of Edward III., at Queen's 
College, 147 

Blackmore, Sir R., roval physician, 143 

Blackstone, Sir William, 37, 47, 157, 158 

Blake, Admiral, 121 

Blandy, Miss, 34— her trial and execution, 34, 
103 

Blandford, Walter, tenth Bishop of Oxford, 58 

Blethin, William, Bishop of Llandaff, 37 

Bliss, Dr. Philip, editor of Reliquiae Hearniame, 
201 

Blount, Sir Thomas, executed at Greenditch, 5 

Bloxham's, Johu, monument in Merton Cha- 
peL74 

Blucher, Marshal, at Oxford, 53, 106 

BoarVhead Custom, Queen's College, 146, 149— 
the two Carols : Wynken de Worde's and 
Bodleian, 149— the Boar and the Student 
at Shotover Forest, 148, 149— the custom 
formerly more in use, 149— extracts from 
Aubrey and Hollingshead relating to, 149 

Boat Races, 61— first Race between Oxford and 
Cambridge, 55, 61— List of Crews, 61— Re- 
maining Races and Winners, 62— Crews, 62 

— Procession of Boats, 62 Colours of 

Flags, 62, 63— first outrigged Eight-oar Race, 
66— Oxford and Harvard Race, 56, 62 

JJocardo Prison, 39— its former use, 39— Cran- 
mer, Latimer, and Ridley, confined in, 39, 
184— ancient door of, 187— key of, 108 

Bodleian Picture Gallery, 101— portraits in, 
101— statues in, 45, 101— models in, 101— 
Guy Faux's Lantern, 101— Death-warrant 
of Charles I., 101— Henry VIII. Chair, 102— 
Chair made from " Golden Hind," Drake's 
ship, 102— pictures damaged in, 100— Rus- 
sian translation of Dickens' Pickwick Pa- 
pers, 102— curiosities, &c, 101, 102— times 
of inspection, 100 



Bodleian Library, 94 -in danger of being burnt, 
6— its locality, 94— Annals of, 95, 118— first 
founded by Robert de Lisle, 95— Bishop 
Cobham's gift, 95 — Duke Humphrey of 
Gloucester's benefaction, 95— Library da- 
maged, 95— books and manuscripts burnt 
and sold, 95— used as a timber yard, 95 — 
first Librarian and Chaplain, 95— Bodley's 
birth, entry at Oxford, degrees, employed 
as a diplomatist, founds and endows the 
Library, 95— Bodley's death, 96— Station- 
ers' grant, 96— Copyright Act, 96 — num- 
ber of books and manuscripts, 96— finished 
and opened, 96— Arms of Bodley and Home 
famihes, 96— painted roof, 96— Reading 
Cells, 96 — East window, 97 — Librarians, 
97— treasures in, 97— first book printed in 
Oxford, 7, 97 — Antony a, Wood's Collection, 
98— Ashmole's Collection, 98— Bibles, 97, 
98— Bodley's Bell and Chest, 98— Hearne's 
Note Books, 99, 142 — the Shaksperian 
Collection, 99— Almanacks, 97, 98, 99 — 
Maps, early, 98 — Dramatic works, Malone's 
Collection, 99— Early English Poetry, 99— 
Coin Collection, 99— Deeds and Charters of 
Incorporation, 99 — Platter Collection, 99 — 
Newspapers and Pamphlets, 99— American 
Psalters and Tracts, 99— Hebrew and Ori- 
ental Collection, 98, 99 — Churches of France, 
100— first Australian book, 100— Romance 
of Alexander, 100— Miscellaneous Collec- 
tions, 97, 100— Jews offer to purchase the 
building, 59, 100 — Paintings damaged by 
Hawkins the highwayman, 100— Banquet 
in, 100— Hampden's Ornament, 100 — Books 
unchained, 100 — times of inspection, 100 — 
Books printed by Corsellis, Caxton, Rood, 
Worde, &c, 7, 8— Portrait of Devorgilla, 
wife of John de Balliol, 178— Sampler 
Collection, 100 — Camera Bodleiana, 88, 89. 

Bodleiomnema, rare work at Merton College, 77 

Bodley, Sir Thomas, at Merton College, 77 

Bodley's Bell and Chest 98 

. . Sir Thos. , tomb in Merton Chapel, 74 

Bodicote Church, the Earl of Rochester at, 121 

Bogan, Zachary, Puritan, benefactor to the 
city, 79 

Bogle, v. Lawson: the great fraud on Glyn's 
Bank, and the ' Times' paper, 193 

Bogo de Clare, Lord of the Manor of Holywell, 
140 

Bohea-swillers at Oriel College, 82 

Bold, Martin, University printer, 8 

Bolton, the Puritan Divine, 15 

Bonner, Bishop, at Pembroke College, 47 

Bonnet, the Oldenburg, 54 

Book of Praise, 137 

. . the Thames, 3 

Borlase, Dr., Biographer of Cromwell, 167 

Bosso, Consul or Viceroy of Oxford, 2 

Bost, Curious Cocoa-nut Cup of President, at 
Queen's College, 147 

Boswell and Dr. Johnson at Angel Hotel, 141 — 
at University College, 151 

Bosworth Field, Battle of, 68 

Botanic Gardens, 139— their founder, 139— used 
as Jews' burying ground, 139— first Profes- 
sors attached to, 139— Inigo Jones's gate- 
way, 140— Antony a Wood's fine, 140— be- 
nefactions to Gardens, 140— the first gar- 
dener, 140 

Botany, first Professor of, 21 

— first Sherardian Professor of, 22 



King's Vestiges of Oxford Castle (before and after the Conquest) published 1796. 



INDEX. 



IX 



Botley, highway robberies near, 29 
Bottomless Tub, Morning Discourse of, 170 
Boulevards of Paris, 28 
Boulter's, Cutler, Almshouses, 129 
Bovina (Beef) Hall, 46 

Boyle, Richard, the Christian Philosopher, 120 
Brackenbury, Miss, and Balliol College, 179 
Bradford, Jonathan, 84— wrongfully executed, 
34— the real murderer, 34— locality of the 
' Golden Ball' Inn, 34 
Bradley, Rev. E., " Cuthbert Bed e," author of 

Verdant Green at Oxford, 155 
Bradshaw's, Judge, hat, 108 
Bradwardine. Cardinal Thomas, Doctor Doc- 

torum, 77 
Brady, Nicholas, versifier of the Psalms, 65 
Brasenose College, 17, 90— foundation of, 90— 
founders, 90— number of members, 90— 
whence named derived, 90— Orcharde of 
Syon, 90— gateway, 91— Great Quadrangle, 
91— the garden formerly kept, 91— Group 
of Statuary, 91— Dr. George Clarke, 91— 
Hall, Library, and Chapel, 91— Metrical 
Version of Psalms, 91— Nowell's Catechism, 
91— Portrait of Alfred the Great, 91— Old 
French Poem, 91— Busts, 92— Robertson 
Memorial Window, 92— Sacramental Plate, 
92— Illuminated Windows, 92— Monuments 
in Chapel and Ante-Chapel, 92— original 
foundation-stone, 92— Ashmole, Elias at, 92, 
98, 107 — Eminent Men : Eoxe, Burton, He- 
ber, Dean Milman, &c, 92, 93 
Brasenose Lane, 164 
Brass Lectern, at Merton College, 74 
Brausenhaus, or Brewery : derivation of name 

of Brasenose College, 90 
Brazen-nose on portal of Brasenose College, 90 
Bread Riots in Oxford, 160 
Brent, Sir Nathaniel, Vicar-General of Eng- 
land, 77 
Brethren, Plymouth, in Oxford, 15— expulsion 
from their sect of Mr. Newton, of Exeter 
College, 169 
Brevarium Illerdense, a rare work, 100 
Brian Twyne, 3, 25, 37, 45, 69, 72 
Brice, Massacre on Feast of Saint, 6 
Bridges, John, fourth Bishop of Oxford, 58 
Bright, John, Contest with the ' Times,' 110 
Brighton Camp ; or, " The Girl I left behind 

me," 32 
Brighton Downs, Encampment of Oxon Militia 

on, 32, 69,162 
Brinon, M. de, author of God save the King, 102 
Britannia's Pastorals and their author, 168 
British Almanack on Balliol New Building, 179 
. . Museum, Cracherode's bequest to, 66 
. . Worthies, Lloyd's, 65 
Broadgates Hall, 46, 124, 16C, 211 
Broad Street, fire in, 6, 75— known as Horse- 
monger Street, 178, 181 
. . Walk, 61— Show Sunday on, 61 
Brodie, Sir Benjamin, 137 
Brom, Adam de, founder of Oriel College, 80 

81, 85, 86, 128 
Brown, Dr. John, benefactor to University Col- 
lege, 150 
Brown's, Sir Thomas, Evening Hymn, 48 
Browne, author of Britannia's Pastorals, 168 
Bruce's Collection of Oriental Manuscripts, 98 
Bruly, Henry de, M.P. for Oxford, 10 
Brunei, Isambard, the engineer, 183 
Bruno Ryves, editor of first English News- 
paper, 9, 117 



Brunswick, Duchess of, often drunk, 142 

Buckland Collection of Fossils, 123 

Buckland, Dean, and the Stonemasons, 51 — 
at Corpus College, 72— Reader in Geology, 
38, 51 

Budder, Dr. John, Principal of Broadgates Hall 
211 

Bulkeley, Arthur, Bishop of Bangor, 37 

Bull-baiting at Headington, 110 

Bull, Dr. John, and God Save the Queen, 102 

Bullstrode Bridge, Botley Road, 3 

Bulteel, Rev. H. B., of Exeter College and St. 
Ebbe's Church, secedes from Church of 
England, 14 — preaches remarkable Sermon 
at St. Mary's, 14, 88— discussion with Dr. 
Burton, Regius Professor of Divinity, 14— 
Bishop Bagot revokes license, 14— builds 
a new Chapel, 14 — preaches in Pembroke 
Street, 15— tears up the Bishop's missive, 
15 

Bunting, Rev. Jabez, at Wesleyan Chapel, 14, 

Bunyan's, John, Study, 142 

Burgash, Henry, Bishop of Lincoln, and Oriel 
College, 81 

Burgo, Robert de, first known Proctor, 3, 25 

Burgon's Tomb, in Holy Cross Cemetery, Holy- 
well, 141 

Burmese Manuscripts and T dols, 108 

Burn, Dr., author of Burn's Justice, 148 

Burnell, W. and St. Edniund Hall, 142 

Burnet and Joan Boucher, the Kentish Mar- 
tyr, 185 

Burton, Robert, author of Anatomy of Melan- 



choly, 31, 56, 57, 91, 92 
rton 



Burton, the antiquary, 66, 92 

Bury, Richard de, founder of first Oxford Li- 
brary, Durham College, 172 

Busby, Dr. Master of Westminster School, 54 

Bust of Rev. F. W. E,obertson, in Picture Gallery 
of Bodleian Building, 45, 101 

Butler, John, twenty-second Bishop of Oxford, 
59 

Butter, Nathaniel, publisher of first English 
Newspaper, 9 

Byrom, Dr. John, the Jacobite, 200 

Byron, Lord, at Christ Church, 65, 153 

Bysche, Sir Edward, heraldist, 177 

C 

Caer-Bosso, Oxford known as, 2 

. . Memphric— Memphric's City, Oxford, 2 

Cain and Abel, Group of Statuary at Brase 
nose, 91 

Calcutta, Bishops of : Turner, 14 ; Heber, 93 
140, 141, 143, 157, 158, 1.67 

Calendar, John Somers', or Almanack, 91 

. . Oxford University, first published, 40 

. . Stone, curious, 108 

Calixtus III., Pope of Rome, 130 

CaMnistic Baptists, 12, 45, 127 

. . Methodists, Whitetteld and the, 47 

Camden, the antiquary, 47, 66 

Camp, Brighton, Oxon Militia at, 32, 162 

Campion, Dr., the Jesuit, 195, 200 

Camplin, Dr., and Holywell Music Room, 118 

Canal, Oxford, 31, 32 

Candlemas Eve, fire on, Christ Church, 5. 54, 80 

Canonici's Greek, Hebrew, and Latin Manu- 
scripts, 98 

Canterbury, Archbishops of, see A. 

Canute, King, at Oxford, 3, 5, 205 

Capitulation of Oxford to William the Con- 
queror, 3 



Terrae Filius ; or, The Secret History of the University of Oxford, published 1726. 



INDEX. 



Capuchin Convent, Rome, 171 
Caracci'8 " Butcher's shop," at Ch. Ch., 64 
Cardwell, Bight Hon. Edward, MP., 10— re- 
citea congratulatory Ode to the Duke of 
Wellington, is> 
Carey, author of God save the Queen, starved 

to death, 102 
. . Dr. remarkable career of, 211, 212 
Carfax Conduit at Nuneham, 41 
Carfax : its name, Massacre on St. Scholas- 
tic's clay. Town and Gown frays, 40— Bible 
lire at, 27, 40— Effigy of Tom Paine burnt 
at, Pennyless Bench at, Conduit at, 41 
Carleton, George, first Bishop of Llandaff, 143 
. . Guy, Bishop of Chichester, 148 
( larlyle, Thomas, on Dr. Johnson, 48 
Carol-singing at Merton, 71 — at New. 117 — 

Magdalen, 139— Queen's, 149 
Cartoons of Michael Augelo and Raff ael. 189, 190 
Cartwright, W. C, Esq., M.P. for County, 10 
Castle-mound, use and date of make, well-room 
in, fatal accident at, used as a powder ma- 
gazine, 32 
Castle, Oxford, early vestiges of, 31— Maud 
Crypt, 31— besieged by Stephen, 7, 31, 32— 
flight of Empress Matilda from, 7, 31 — used 
as County Gaol, 31— mound at, 32— pano- 
rama of country from, 32— executions at, 33 
Castle, Windsor, architect of, 112 
Casts from the Temple of Apollo Epicurus, 190 
Catalogue, first, of Bodleian Library, 100 
Catch, Smoking, by Dean Aldrich, 57 
Catechism, Novell's, at Brasenose, 91 
Cathari or Baptists, in 1160, 12, 200 
Cathedral of Calcutta, 101 
. . Roman Catholic, 11 

Catt's Mill, Newhaven, Sussex, broken into by 
Oxford militia, 32, 163— results of the rob- 
bery, 32, 164, 165 
Causton, Miss Sophia, and John Wesley, 163 
Caxston's, Dame Philippa, brass, 187 
Caxton, William, Specimens of Printing, 8, 76, 

97, 98, 197 
Cecil, Rev. Richard, an infidel, enters Queen's 

College, 148 
Cemeteries :— Holy Cross, 141— St. Frideswide's 

30— St. Sepulchre's, 205 
Centenarians at Oxford, 6, 120, 131, 157-159 
Chaining Books at Merton, 76 ; at Brase- 
nose, 92 
Chalgrove Field and John Hampden, 100, 136 
Chalice, Ancient, at Trinity College, 175 
Chalmers' History of Oxford, 16, 65, 136, 150, 151 
Chamber, Star, and '.News of the Present 

Weeke', 9 
Chambers, Sir Robert, Chief Justice of Bom- 
bay, 152— monument, 151 
Chamberlayne's Present State of England, 6 
chancellor of University, 24— first named, 1, 
21— Duke of Wellington, Earl of Derby, 
Marquis of Salisbury, 24, 133, 152, 153, 154, 
197 
Chancellor- Vice, 24— previous title, 24— the 
earliest-named, 24— prohibition of flying 
coach, 27, 181— Earl of Pembreke dismissed 
from, 46, 121— severe struggles with offi- 
cials of Magdalen Hall, 109 -Court, 104 
Chantrey Models, University Galleries, 189, 191 
chapels. College, see pp. v., vi. (Ante-Chapels) 
Chapel for Unattached Students, 86 
. . of New Inn Hall, 37 
. . Our Lady's, 180 
. . St. Catharine's, 186 



Chapel, St. Luke's, Radcliffe Infirrnary, curious 
valuable pictures in, 204 

. . St. Thomas's. 186 

. . Adullam, Baptist, 14, 15, 45, 88 

. . New Road Baptist, 13, 14, 35 

. . Strict Baptist, 127 

. . Congregationalists, 127, 202, 213 

. . Independent, 127, 202, 213 

. . Primitive Methodist, 14, 45, 129 

. . United Methodist Free Church, 15, 37, 38, 
181, 216 

. . Wesleyan,first, 37— present chapel, 37— diffi- 
culties experienced during building, Stu- 
dents forbidden to enter, visited by Proc- 
tor at opening, Jabez Bunting and Adam 
Clarke at, 14 

. . Quakers', 15, 37 

. . Roman Catholic, St. Ignatius, 126 

Chapington's Organ at Magdalen. 132 

Characteristics of Angelo and Raffael, 189 

Charles I. besieged in Oxford, 4 — escape from, 

4, 7—1. II. at Oxford, 4, 9, 21, 136, 145 
Charlett, Dr., Master of University College, 

144, 176 
Charter of Keble College, 124 
Chemistry, first Professor of, 27 
Cheneto, William, Mayor of Oxford, 10 
Chequers Inn— ancient sculpture at, 161 
Cherwell, River, 26, 140— its rise, 26— Water- 
walks of, 126— vale of, 126 
Chesse, Game and Playe of the, 8 
Chichele Archbishop, founder of All Souls' 
College : at ^ ew College, 117— at All Souls' 
College, 155, 156, 157 — his birth and pro- 
gress, 155, 156 — his death and tomb, 156— 
founds St. Bernard's College, 192 
Chichester. Bishop Rede of, and the Library of 
Merton College, 76— his Cup at Oriel Col- 
lege, 83— his benefaction to New College, 
115— to Exeter College, 167 
Chilmead, the philologist and critic, 137 
Chinese Embassy visit Oxford, 185 
. . Works, Rolls, and Figures, 100-102 
Chipping-Norton, Davis executed for forgery 

at, 35 
Christ bearing His Cross, 107 
Christ Church Cathedral and Monastery, 3 — 
royal personages at, 4, 52, 53, 54— fires at, 

5, 6, 54, 80, 88— Dr. Goodwiu, Independent, 
Dean of, 12— John Wesley at, 13, 50, 66, 
163— Charles Wesley at, 66— William Penn, 
Quaker, at, 15— expelled from, 15, 109— 
Dr. Turner, an Oxonian, Bishop of Cal- 
cutta, at, 14— Dr. Woodroffe, Canon, and 
the Greek students, 21— Head of, 23— Prince 
of Wales at, 37, 39, 52, 54— Nicholson and 
his conduit, 41— foundation of, by Wolsey, 
49— by Henry VIII. 50— foundation ser- 
mon, 49— Wolsey's career, 49, 50— downfall 
and death, number of students, religious 
movements from, Tom gateway and tower, 
50— Great Tom at Osney, 29, 51— at Christ 
Church, former name and baptism, recast, 
Corbet and Milton on, Dean Buckland and 
the masons, Great Quadrangle, 51— Hall, 
Chronicles of, 52— Allied Sovereigns at, 53, 
54— Common Room and Kitchen, 54— grid- 
iron in, 54— Cathedral, 3, 50, 54, 55, 215— 
restoration of in 1870, 215— Latin Chapel, 
54, 215— illuminated windows, 30, 55, 215 — 
monuments, 56 215— ancient sculpture, 56 
—Christ Church Bells and Dean Aldrich, 
54— Dean Aldrich's Smoking Catch, 57— 



Amhurst's Terra? Filius ; or, The Secret History of the University, published 1754. 



INDEX. 



Christ Church, continued : — 

Bishop Horsley and Dean Jackson's dispu- 
tation, 57— Bishopric and Lists of Bishops. 
58, 59— Chapter House and Cloisters, for- 
mer Anatomical Theatre, William and the 
skeleton, New Buildings, 60— Meadow, 
Broad, and River-side walks, CO, 61— Show 
Sunday, 61— University boat races, 01, 62— 
list of. 62— colours of, 62, 63— procession 
of boats, 62— Peckwater Quadrangle, 63 — 
Library and Picture Gallery, 63, 64— curi- 
osities and pictures in, 64— students' revels 
in 1870— expulsion of John Locke : inter- 
esting letters, Wolsey's Prayer Book, Mag- 
dalen May Morning Hymn score,64 —Zodiac 
Coins of Hindoostan, Canterbury Quadran- 
gle. 64,65 — Eminent Men : Crabb, Robinson, 
and Wesley, 66— Pusey, at Christ Church, 
50, 57, 65, 83— Examination Schools passed 
into the hands of Ch. Ch., 94 

Christmas King of Misrule at Merton Coll. , 78 

— Masque at Trinity, 177 

— Masque at St. John's, 199 

— Eve Gaudy and Hymn at Magdalen Col- 

lege, 133, 139 

Christian Era, Oxford in existence before, 2 

. . Prince, at Oxford, 5, 53 

Christianity, Dean Milman's History of Latin,93 

Chopping-at-the-Block, University College, 155 

Choral Service in Christ Church, 55— in New 
Coll. 115- Magdalen, 131 — St. John's, 196 

. . Society, Oxford, foundation of, 36 

Choristers' School, Magdalen, 139 

' Chronicle, St. James,' and demolition of Folly 
Bridge, 28 

. . Oxford, establishment of, 9 

Chrysostom, Homilies of, 8 

' Church and State Review,' 83 

. . Greek, and Students at Oxford, 21, 22, 
183 

. . History, Fuller s, 112 

. . Irish, disestablishment foreseen, 111 

. . Lambeth, burial place of Ashmole, 107 

Churches in Oxford, 11 

Church, All Saints' 159— St. Edmund of Abing- 
don's Sermon, 159— fall of spire, 159— 
foundation of Church, 159— rebuilding of, 
159 — restoration of, 160— Dr. Tatham', 
Tomb in, 159— Alderman Levin's Tomb and 
Epitaph, 159-60 

. . Danesbourne, ancient, 28 

. . District, Cowley St. John, 127 

. . Holy Trinity : foundation, patronage, 46 

. . Holywell : foundation, rebuilt, gallows, and 
execution of T. de Bensington, 140 

. . Longley Memorial, 129 

. . New Headington, 216 

. . North Hincksey, 216 

. . St. Aldate's : foundation, font and altar tomb 
in, crypt, 44 — Pembroke College Library 
formerlyin,47 — Bishop of Shropshire buried 
in, 12 

. . St. Barnabas, 205— founder, 205— peculiar- 
ities of, 205, 206— whence architecture de- 
rived, large cross in, baldachino in, 206 

.. St. Clement's: foundation of old Church, 
126, 129— demolished, 126, 129— rebuilt, 126 

.. St. Ebbe's: foundation, 44— taken down, 
re-built, Robertson's, Rev. F. W., curate 
of, tomb and epitaph at Brighton, 45— me- 
morial window, Brasenose, 45, 92 — statue 
in Bodleian Picture Gallery, 45, 101— Bul- 
teel, Rev. H. B. at, 14, 15, 88 



Churches in Oxford, continued : — 

.. St. Frideswide's, New, Osney Town, 11, 216 

. . St. George's, 213 

.. St. Giles': foundation, position of Churches 
dedicated to St. Giles, restoration, tombs, 
201 

. . St. John Baptist, or Merton Chapel, 73 — 
The Bells and Tower, 74— Altar-piece and 
Lectern, 74 — Antony a, Wood's Brass, 
other monuments, Ante-chapel, part of 
roof falls, 74— Choir, 75 

. . St. John the Baptist, Summertown, 202 

. . St, John Evangelist, 128 

. . St. Martin-Carfax : panic in, 13— foundation, 
passage through, ancient font in, students' 
and townsmen's fights at, illuminated win- 
dow, 41— City Lectures, Fell's legacy, Shak- 
speare godfather in, oratorio performed 
in, Cornish Tom flys from tower of, Wood- 
man, six times Mayor of Oxford,buried in, 42 

. . St. Mary Magdalen : foundation, 186— tombs 
in, organ, bells, windows, jewel chest, 187 

. . St. Mary -Virgin: Dr.Tatham's Discourses at, 
14, S7 — Bulteel's Discourse in, 14, 88— John 
Wesley's in, 66, 88— the Church in early 
times, tower, windows, music bell, remark- 
able porch, old Congregation House, Cha- 
pel for Unattached Students,Cranmer's re- 
pudiation, 85— John Nixon's tomb and epi- 
taph, 44, 88— Amy Robsart and Dr. Ba- 
bington's Sermon, Baptist ref used marriage 
in, Bampton Lectures and Preachers, 86— 
Dr. Kettel's Sermon in. Father Newman 
Vicar of, 87 

. . St. Michael's : foundation, 38, renovation, 39 

. . St. Paul's, 207 

.. St. Peter-in-the-East : foundation, alter- 
ations, University sermons preached in, 
bells, crypt, Atkinson's tomb in, Abbot's 
sermon in, malefactor's execution at, Fair 
Rosamond and Queen Eleanor, 144 

.. St. Peter - le-Bailey, old foundation, 35— 
its fall, re-erection, whence title derived, 
36— two officers, executed for robbery, 
buried in, 33— Mayor of Oxford buried in, 
renovation, removal of, 36— where to be 
re-built, 37 

.. SS. Phillip and James.; foundation, beau- 
tifully decorated, 203 

. . St. Thomas', foundation, 30— flooded, 30 — 
famous men connected with, 31 

. . United Methodist Free, 15, 37, 38— old City 

wall discovered at, 181, 196, 216 
Churchmen's Union, 109 

Cicero's Officii, rare vellum copy at Corpus 
Christi, 69 

' Cirencester Gazette, and Oxford Flying- 
Weekly Journal', 9 
Cista, or University Chest, at Corpus Christi, 69 
Cistercian Monks, at Oxford, 36, 193 

City of Oxford : History of, 1-15— Arms of, 3— 
entrances to,26 ; Eastern, 27 ; Northern, 28 ; 
Southern, 28 ; Western, 29— Executions for 
Treason in, 5 ; for Murder, &c. 33-35— Fires, 
5, 73-89— Council Chamber, 43— Gaol, 213 
—Gates : East, 141 ; North, 39 ; South, 46 ; 
West, 35 ; taken down, 138— Hustings of, 43 
— Imprisonment- of the Mayor and Corpor- 
ation for bribery, 43— Massacres in, 6,17,29, 
41, 135— Members for, 10— Municipal Pri- 
vileges of, 10— Newspapers of, 9— Parlia- 
ments in, 5, 53, 103, 204-13— Pestilence and 
Plague in, 6— Police Court and Station, 42, 



Merton's Walks ; or, Oxford Beauties, a Poem, published 1717. 



Xll 



INDEX. 



Citv of Oxford, continued :— 

' i;>. 161— Police Forces amalgamated, 43— 
Population of, 10, 210— Printing in, 7, 105, 
106, '207— Public Library, 43 ; visit of Chi- 
nese Embassy to, 135 — .Religious Sects: 
Episcopalians, 14: Jews, 14, 216; jSioncon- 
formists, 12-15 ; Quakers, 12, 15, 37 ; Roman 
Catholics, 14, 120— Royal Visits to, 4— 
Sieges, 0, 31, 32, 114-19— Walls, 70, 116,181, 

. 216— Witenagemotes in, 5. 204, 205 

Civil Taw, first Professor of, 5 

Clarendon Building, printing in, 9' 106 

. . Hotel, 39 

.. Laboratory, 123, 124, 215 -Instruments, 124 

.. Press, 7, 106,207 

Clarendon's. Lord, History of the Rebellion 
106— Statue of, 106, ill 

Clark, Thomas, cook of St. John's College, and 
his kitchen, 197 

Clarke, Dr. Adam, the Commentator, in Ox- 
ford, 14 

. . Dr. George, at Brasenose, 91— at All Souls', 
91, 157, 153— at Worcester. 208 

.. Rev. Samuel, University Architypographer, 8 

Claymond, Dr. John, first President of Corpus 
Chiisti College, 67, 70 

Clayton, Dr. Thomas, first Master of Pembroke 
College, 46, 47 

. . Independent, ejected from Pembroke Col- 
lege, 12 

Clerk of the Council, Queen Elizabeth's, and 
Oxford, 2 

Clerke's illuminated window, Christ Church 
Hall. 52 

dive's, Miss, servant executed, revives, re-ex- 
ecuted, 33 

Clog Almanack, in Bodleian Library, 97 — in 
Ashmolean, 108 

Cloisters of Magdalen College, 134 

. . New College, 115 

Cobden, Richard, and the ' Times/ 110 

Cobham, Bishop, and Bodleian Library, 95 

Cockburn, Captain, and the Gentleman High- 
wayman, 35 

Cockerell's C. R., Esq., visit to the Temple of 
Apollo Epicurus, 188 

Coeur de Lion, born at Oxford, 4, 194, 201 — con- 
firms Municipal privileges, 10 

Coffee-house, first in England, 27 

Coghan, William, and Sweating Sickness, 6 

Cole, Thomas, Independent, ejected from St. 
Mary Hall, 84 

Coleridge, John Duke, M.P., 167 

Collectanea, Antony a Wood's, 1, 98— Hearne's, 
142— Leland's, 106 

Collections in Ashmolean Museum, 107, 108— 
Bodleian Library,97-100— Bodleian Picture 
Gallery, 101, 102 — Taylor Buildings and 
University Galleries, 190, 191— University 
Museum, 122, 123 

Colledge, Stephen, executed for treason, 5, 34 — 
his cruel sentence, 5 — attempts to procure 
conviction, 5 

College of Physicians, London, 140 

. . Library, the first, 172, 175 

. . St. George's, 17, 32 

. . St. Mary's, 37— when founded, foundation 

dissolved, Library of, 37 
. . Seals : New, 115— Jesus, 171— Balliol, 179 

Colleges, Heads of, 23 

Colet, Dean of St. Paul's, 19, 137 

Collins, author of Ode on the Passions, 137, 148 

Cologne, Theodoric Rood, printer from, 7, 8 



Commemoration of Founders, 104, 106 
Commission of the Peace, first granted to Ox- 
ford, 128 
Committee, Vigilance, at Oxford, 29 
Common Law, first Professor of, 21 

. . Objects Series of Handbooks, author, 77 

. . Sense— Bishop Wilson's Essay on, 143 

Commons, House of, and Irish Church, 111 

Commoners, dress of, 25 

Communion, Holy, Custom, University Col- 
lege, 155 

Companion to Oxford, first Pocket, 193 

Congregation House of, 22 

Congregational British Schools, 213 

. . (Independent) Chapels, 127, 202, 213 

. . History of Independency, 18 

. . Separation from the Baptists, 15 

. . View of Archbishop Sheldon, 176 

Conflagrations at Christ Church, 5, 54, 80 

Confessor, Edward the, at Oxford, 3 

Corners, Dr. restores to life the servant of Miss 
Clive, 33, 200 

Conqueror, William the, at Oxford, 3, 7, 20 

Conquest of Quebec— first Newdigate Prize 
Poem, 106, 121, 154 

Consecration of Wadham College, 119 

Constantine, Arch, of, 101 

Constantinople, Patriarch of, 21 

Conversorum, Doinus, for Jewish Converts, 
11, 42 

Convocation, House of, 22, 103 

Cook and Parish, militiamen, shot, 32, 164 

Cooke's Copies of Raffael's Cartoons, 191 

Cooper, Bishop of Winchester, 137 

Corbett, sixth Bishop of Oxford, 58, 162— epi- 
gram on Great Tom, 51 — on Anne Pope, 173 

Corbrygge, Hugh de, first Master of Balliol 
College, 177 

Corn Exchange, 43 

. . Market Street, fires in, 6, 79 

Corner Hall, 67 

Cornish, Dr. , titular Bishop of Tenos, 30 

. . Tom leaps from St. Martin's Church, 42 

Corporation Stone, Bumping at, 20 

. . perambulating the City, 10 

Corpus Christi College : foundation, name de- 
rived. Bishop Fox's bee garden, 67— Fox's 
birthplace, religious and diplomatic career, 
munificence of Fox, Hugh Oldham a great 
contributor, 6S — curiosities in : Cista or 
University chest, Crozier of founder, Al- 
dine Classics, History of the Bible in 
French— Hall, Library, and Chapel, 69— 
Common Room and Turner's Buildings, 70 
—Garden and old City Wall, 70— Eminent 
Men: Keble, Jewel, Buckland. &c, 71. 
72 — Keble's career, 70-72 — his Evening 
Hymn : its popularity, 71, 72— his * Chris- 
tian Year,' 71, 72— his farewell Ode to t 
College, 73— Jewel's farewell, 72— his reten- 
tive memory, 72 

Copyright Act at Bodleian Library, 96 

Corsellis' first specimen of Printing, 7, 97 

Corsi Marbles in Radcliffe Library, 89 

Costard, Joseph, mathematician, 121 

Cotswold Hills, rise of the Thames in, 26 

Council, Town, &c, 11 

County of Oxford, Members for, 10 

. . Gaol, 33— executions at, 33-35 

Court held at Oxford, 4, 76, 133 

. . of King' s Bench, 149— of Common Pleas, SI 

.. . of the Gentiles, author of, 15 

Coryphaeus of the Anabaptists, 15 



Catalogue of all the Graduates in Divinity, Law, and Physic, from 1659-1770, published 1772. 



INDEX. 



xni 



Covington, Richard, executed for murder, ske- 
leton of, 60 
Cowley St. John District, 126, 127 
Cowleys, the three, 11, 129, 142 
Coxe, Rev. H. 0., Bodleian Librarian, 97 
Crake, Col. Unton, M.P. for the City, 46 
Cranmer's Refutation in St. Mary's Church, 27, 
85— in the Bocardo Prison, 39, 184, 185, 187 
— at the stake, 20, 185, 191 — sum paid for 
burning, 185— Cranmer and Henry VIII. 
187— Key of Bocardo Prison, 108 
Cranstoun, Captain, and Miss Blandy, 34 
Crayfish, or river lobster, 27 
Creech, editor of Lucretius, 121 
Crescy, Battle of, 4 
Crests and Arms of Oxford, 3 
Crewe, Lord, University benefactor, 164 
. . Nathaniel, eleventh Bishop of Oxford, 58 
Cricket Ground, Christ Church, 128 
. . Match, first Oxford and Cambridge, 45 
Cricklade, Robert de, first-named Chancellor, 1 
Crisp, Tobias, founder of the Antimonians, 15 
Crockford's Clerical Directory, 178 
Croker, Mr. and Duke of Wellington, 133 
Cromwell at Oxford, 4, 21, 24, 133 
. . and Magdalen College Organ, 132 
. . Chancellor of University, 21, 24 
. . Richard, proclaimed Protector, 191 
Cromwell's Artillery in the Parks, 123 
. . Watch, 108 

Crusade of the Nineteenth Century, 14 
Cruttenden, Henry, his Majesty's printer, 9 
Crown Inn, Corn Market Street, 39 
. . Inn, Magdalen Street, 33 
Croziers: Fox's at Corpus, 69— Wykeham's at 
New, 115— Laud's at St. John's, 199— an- 
cient in Ashmolean Museum, 108 
Crypt School, Gloucester, 47 
Culham Lock, Lay executed for attempted 

murder at, 35 
Cumberland, Duke of, at Oxford, 197 
Curious Tornado in Oxford, 60 
Curse of St. Frideswide, 191 
Curtained Cages and Reading Cells at Bodleian 

Library, 96 
Cutler Boulter's Almshouses, 129 
Cylindrical Dial at Corpus Christi, 69 
Cyr, St. Nuns of, 102 



Dalhouise, Lord, annexator of Oude, 65 

Dame Partington's Origin, 118 

Danes burn Oxford, 5, 78 
. . killed and burnt at Oxford, 6, 88 

Danvers, Earl of, founder of Botanic Gardens, 
139 

Darling, Isaac, the Gentleman Highwayman, 
executed, 34 

Davenant, Sir William, and Shakspeare, 32, 142 

. . at Lincoln College, 163 

. . Charles, Political Economist, at Balliol Col- 
lege, 113 

David, King, Oxford known in time of, 2 

Day, John, author of Day's Dial. 84 

. . Thos., author of Sandford and Merton, 70 

Dean of Christ Church, Dr. Goodwin, 12 

Deanery of Christ Church, 23 

Deddington, Sir Thomas Pope, founder of Tri- 
nity College, born at, 72 

Deep Hall, 161 

Deer Stealing by Students, Shotover, 112, 135 

Degory Wheare, first Professor of Ancient 
History, 30, 168 



Delane, Thadeus, editor of the ' Times', 110 
Demies' Room, Magdalen College, burnt, 82 
Denison, Archdeacon, of Oriel, 83 
Denmark, Crown Prince of, at Christ Church, 

5, 52, 63 
Deo Causa Dei, 77 
Derby, Earl of, 24, 65, 153 
Derivation of name of Oxford, 2 
Designs for the Oxford University Almanack, 

by J. M. W. Turner, 190 
D'Evereux, Walter, funeral sermon, 198 
Devorgilla. Lady, 178, 179 
Diary of Crabb Robinson, 66 
Dictionarium Theologicum, Lincoln, 162 
Didan, Viceroy of Oxford, 3 
Digby, Sir Ken elm, 211 
Dillenius, Dr. John James, 22, 144 
Dinner Custom, Merton College, 78 
. . Call, New College, 117 
Discourse of a Bottomless Tub, 1 70 
Dissecting Room, University Museum, 123 
District Church, Cowley, 127 
Divinity, Doctor of, Robes, &c. , 23 
. . first Regius Professor of, 4 — first Margaret 

Professor of, 12 
. . School, 103 — Miss Blandy condemned to 

death in, 103— Parliament held in, 106 
. . System of, remarkable book, 100 
Doctor Doctorum, 77 

Dodo, head of, in University Museum, 122 
Domesday Book, name derived, where kept, 85 
D'Oyley, Sir Robert, 6, 28, 32, 140 
Dorothy Petre, wife of Nicholas Wadham, 119 
Doytee's Collection, given to Bodleian Library, 

nearly 17,000 volumes, 98 
Dover, farmer, robbed near Botley, 29 
Dramas in Christ Church Hall, 53, 198 
Drogheda, or Drowda Hall, 150 
Druidical Temples, Models of, 107 
Druids, at Oxford, 2, 43 
Dublin, Archbishops of, see A. 
Duncan's, Dr. , Scagliola picture, St. John's, 197 
Ducarel, Andrew and James, 177 
Duchess of Brunswick and Thomas Hearne, 142 
. . of Oldenburg and her Bonnet, 54 
Duckworth, Rev. Robinson, Prince Leopold's 

tutor, 176 
Dudley, Robert, Earl of Leicester, 152 
Dumas, alias Darling, executed at Oxford, 34 
Duns Scotus, 77, 78 
Dunstan Hall, 46 

Duppa, Brian, Dean of Christ Church, 63 
Durham, William of, benefactor to University 

College, 149, 152 
Durnford, Right Rev. R., Bishop of Chiches- 
ter, 136 
Dutch Fish Market, painting of, 210 
. . Students at Oxford, 160 



Eagle Lectern, carved, St. John's, l'J6 
Ealing Church, Middlesex. 84 
Earl, Bishop, and his Characters, 74 
. . of Pembroke, 46, 117, 121 
Earldom of Oxford, 3 
. . of Sherburne, curious origin of, 200 
Early Italian School, paintings of, 191 
Earthquake, shocks of, in Oxford, 61 
Easter Term. 24 
East Gate of city, 141 
Eastern entrance to city, 27 
Eaton, Byrom, Worcester College, 208 
Ebbe's, St. Church, 44 



Jeafferson's Annals of Oxford published Dec, 1870. 



XIV 



INDEX. 



Ecclesiastical History, first Professor of, 10 
Editor of ' Church and State Review,' 83 
.. of ■ Morning Herald,' 14S 

. . of ' Morning Post,' 14S 

. . of • Oxford now London ) Gazette,' 9 

. . of ' Press', 14S 

.. of ' Times, ' 110 

Edmund II., 5 

.. le Eiche, 17. S8, 141 

Edward IV at Oxford, 4 

. . Prince, forbidden entrance into tile city, 17 

. . the Black Prince, 4 

. . the Confessor, 3 

. . VI. and his Commissioners' ravages, Oxford, 
20, 95, 103, 162 

Edyngton, Wm. de, Bishop of "Winchester, 113 

Effigies, «fec, burnt: Tom Paine's effigy burnt, 
"41— Hobbes' Leviathan burnt, 64— Milton's 
Anglicano Defensio, &c. burnt, 58— Col- 
ledge's entrails burnt, 5— Johanna Meade 
burnt for poisoning her husband, 34, 89 

Egbert, King, 28 

Eglesfeld, Robert de, founder of Queen's Col- 
lege, 145, 147 

Egyptian Mummy in Ashmolean Museum, 108 

Eighth Commandment— Charles Reade's, 102 

Eldon, Lord Chancellor, University College, 152 
— his examination for degree, 153 — his mu- 
nificence to University Galleries, 189 

'Electioneering Journal, Oxford,' 9 

Electric Telegraph Office, 44 

Elegant Villas, 202 

Elgin Marbles, models, 101 

Elizabeth, Queen, 4, 40, 53, 72, 76 

. . a servant, executed, 33— revives, 33 — re-exe- 
cuted, 33 

Elizabeth's, Queen, Watch, 108 

Elizabethan Villas, 126 

Emerson, R. W., on Oxford, 1, 16, 189 

— and his English Traits, 1, 16, 189 

Empress Matilda besieged in Oxford Castle, 7, 
31, 32— escape from, 7, 31 

Encaenia of Founders, 104 

England's Josiah— Charles I., 199 

English Agricultural Society, 62, 146, 202 

. . Kings, historical roll of, 97 

Engraved Portraits, Hope Collection of, 89 

Entomological Specimens in University Mu- 
seum, 123 

Episcopal Church of Ireland, disestablishment 
foreseen, 111 

Episcopalians, 11. 

Epigrammatists, The, 48 

Erigena, Johannes, tutor of King Alfred, 91 

Errors of Romanism, 79 

Escape of Charles I. from Oxford, 7 

Essays and Reviews, 164, 181 

Eternity Tipping, 47 

Ethelbald, King, at Oxford, 3 

Etheldred IT., 5 

Eucharisdcal Hymn to the Trinity, 64, 138 

Evangelists, Pour, carved figures of, 69 

Eveleigh, Provost, and the Public Examina- 
tions, 82 

Evening Hymns : Sir Thomas Browne's, 48— 
John Keble's, 71— Bishop Ken's, 84 

Every Day Book, Hone's, 186 

Ewart's Free Libraries Act, 43 

Examination Schools, New, 27, 141 

Exchequer, Lord Chief Baron of, seized with 
plague, at Oxford, 6 

Executions for Murder, &c, at Oxford, 33-35 

. . for Treason, at Oxford, 5 



Exeter College : foundation by Walter de Sta- 
pledon, his career, murdered, 165— other 
benefactors, 166— the Chapel and its mag- 
nificence, 166, 216— the Hall, 166— Library, 
1 67 — HebrewTestament and Polyglot Poems 
in, 167— Library burnt, 5, 81, 167— Dr. Ken- 
nicot's fig tree, 167— Eminent Men : Bishop 
Mackarness, &c. 167— Samuel Wesley, a 
servitor, 167— his letter home, 168— the 
Wesleyan Hymn Book, 168— Prideaux en- 
ters as scullion and becomes Rector, 169— 
the ' Times' issued, 169 

Exposition of St. Jerome, 7, 97 

Expulsion of John Locke from Ch. Ch., 64 

. . of William Penn from Ch. Ch., 15, 66, 109 

Exurgat Money. 36 

Eyre, Chief Justice, 199 

Eyre, the Queen's printer, 83 



Faber, Frederic W., gains Newdigate Prize 
Poem, turns to Romanism, hymns, death. 
154 

Faith, Fortitude, &c, Sir Joshua Reynolds' de- 
signs, New College, 114 

Family Tomb of Rev. J. W. Burgon, 14 

Farrendon. William, first-named Vice- Chan- 
cellor, 24 

Fario ; or, the Italian Wife, tragedy of, 93 

Farmer, Antony, and James II., 133 

Faux's Lantern, 101 

Fell, Bishop John, thirteenth of Oxford, 50, 58 

Festivities in Oxford, Free Parliment, 120 

Festivity, Shrove Tuesday, Merton College, 73 

Fielding's Botanical Collection, 140 

Fireproof Gallery, University Galleries, 190 

Fires in Oxford : early fires in, 5, 77 — set on fire 
by the Danes, 5, 78 — the great fire of 1644, 
5, 79— at Christ Church, 5, 54, SO— at Exe- 
ter College, 5, 81, 167— at Magdalen Col- 
lege, 6, 82, 84— at Magdalen Hall, 6, 85— 
at Queen's College, 6. S3, 146— at the Post 
Office, 6, S6— in St. Aldate's Street, 73— in 
Corn Market Street, 74 — in Broad Street, 
75— in St. Ebbe Street, 76— at Saddlers' Arms, 
Turl Street, 87 — at St. Frideswide's Mo- 
nastery, 88 — Bodleian Library in great 
danger from fire, 6, 167 

First Catalogue of Bodleian Library, first book 
from Stationers' grant, first book printed 
in New South Wales, 100— first New Tes- 
tament printed at Cambridge, 100 

. . editor of ' Morning Herald,' 148 

. editor of ' Once-a-Week,' 148 

. . Middle-Class Examination, 156 

. . Parliament in Oxford, 4 

. . Printing Office of the University, 105 

. Professors in the University, 4-42 

Five-hundredth Anniversary, Oriel College, 82 

Five-order Gateway, Bodleian, 94 

Flemmyng, Bishop, at University College, 152 
founds Lincoln College, 161 — death, 162 

. . Robert, author of Lucubrationes Tiburtinav 
163 

Fletcher and Townley, traitors; 196 

. . Elizabeth, the Quakeress, 12 

Fletchers, Alderman, gifts, 36, 97, 147, 187 

Flora Grteca. 164 

. . Oxoniensis, 140, 164 

Flying Coach, first to London, 27, 180 

. . Bartlett's, prohibited, 27, 181 

. . Weekly Journal, Oxford, 9 

Font, St. Aldate's Church, 44 



Brewer's Topographical and Historical Description of Oxfordshire published 1510. 



INDEX. 



xv 



Font, St. Giles' Church, 201 

. . St. Martin's (Carfax) Church, 41 

Foot Guards at Oxford, 160 

Forte, Mr. W., in Oxford Market, 161 

Foote, the wit, at Worcester College, acts 

Punch in street, interview with Provost of 

College, 211 
Fortuna Virilis, Temple of, model, 101 
Fossils, Collection of, 122, 123 
Foundation-stone, original of Brasenose, 92 
Founder's Oak, Magdalen College, 129, 136 
Fox, Bishop, sketch of life, 68— his Bee Garden, 

67— his munificence, 68— his death, 68 
.. Charles James, M.P., 111 
Foxe, John, the Martyrologist, 12, 92, 137 
Franciscan Monastery, 28 
Free Church, United Methodist, 15, 37, 216 
Freemen of the City, 10 
French Prisoners at Oxford, 184 
. . Verses, volumes of, 64, 91, 210 
Frideswide's, St., Sanctuary, 6 —Priory, 35— 

Church, 216— Cemetery. 30 
Frewin Hall, 38, 39, 63 
Froude, Antony, historian, 167 
. . Hurrell, sacerdotalist, 83 

G. 

Gale, Theophilus, Nonconformist, 15 
Gaol, County, 33 
. . City, 213 
Gardens, Botanic, 139 
. . of New College, 116 
. . of the Museum, 123 
. . of St. John's College, 175 
. . of Trinity College, 198 
. . of Worcester College, 211 
Gates of the City, 35, 39, 46, 138, 141 
Gateway, Tom, Ch. Ch., 50 
' Gazette, Cirencester,' 10 
. . London, 9 
. . Oxford, 9 
.. Oxford Literary, 10 
. . University, 9 

Geographical Dictionary, first, 119 
Geological Specimens, 122, 123 
Geometry, first Professor of, 14 
George III. at Oxford, 4 
.. IV. at Oxford, 5, 43, 53, 89 
.. Mother, the centenarian, 120 
. . Street, destructive fire in, 5, 79 
George's, St., Church, 213 
German Bible, Luther's, 97 
Gibbs, execution of, for arson, 35 
Gilbert, Thomas, Bishop of Shropshire, 12 
Giles's, St. , Church. 201 
Girls' National School, Cowley St. John, 127 
Gladstone, Rt.Hon.W.E. at Oxford, 65, 101, 111 
Glory to Thee, my God, this night, 44, 84, 117 
Gloucester Green, 212 
. . Hall, 21, 194, 207, 208 
God save the King, origin of phrase, 102 
Godly Club, 15 

Golden Ball Inn and Jonathan Bradford, 34 
Goldwell, Thomas, appointed but not installed 

second Bishop of Oxford, 48 
God's Mercy, Remembrances of, 210 
Goodwin, Dr., Independent, Dean of Ch. Ch. 12 
Gordon Plots in Oxford, 13 
Gospel Doctor, 18 

Gospels of the Eleventh Century, 97 
.. St. Augustine's, 98 
Gough's ( Jollection in the Bodleian, 99 
Gown and Town Riots, 17, 29, 40, 41 



Grace-Cup Custom, Merton College, 78 

. . Magdalen, 137 

Grammar School, Christ Church, 60 

'Graphic' Illustrations of Oxford, 61, 131 

Great Tom, 29, 51 

. . Western Railway opened to Oxford, 30, 183— 
Station, 30, 214 

Greek College at Oxford, 21 

. . first Regius Professor of, 8 

. . Students at Oxford, 21 

Greeks and Trojans, 18 

Green, Anne, executed and resuscitated at Ox- 
ford, 33— tracts and poetry written on 
her, 33— who restored her to life, 200— her 
after life, 33— Dr, Bathurst's Epigram on, 33 

Gregory, David, Regius Professor of Modem 
History, 18 

Grewellers in Oxford, 15, 121 

Griffiths', Dr., Pyrographs, 101, 151, 152 

Grinlin, Gibbons, carvings by, 147, 151, 174 

Grocyn at Oxford, 19, 117 

Growth of Printing, 7 

Grymbald's Crypt, 144 

Guards' Rowing Match to Oxford, 130 

Guildford, Earl of, 193 

Gulliver's Travels and Dean Swift, 111 

Guy Faux's Lantern, 101 

Gymnasium, Oxford, 160 



Hakwill, Dr. George, author of Divine Provi- 
dence, 166 
Hall, Christ Church, Chronicles of, 53, 198 
7} Magdalen College, events in, 133 
Hall, Bp. Timothy, fifteenth of Oxford, 15, 58 
. . Rev. Pvobert, on the beauty of Oxford, 35 
Hall's Book of the Thames, 2 
Hallows', All, Church, 150 
Hampden, Bishop, and his persecutors, 83 
.. John, at Magdalen College, 136 
. . Jewel in Bodleian, 100 
Hammond's, Dr. , Election to the Headship of 

Magdalen Hall, 109 
Hampton Court Palace, cartoons from, 191 
Handel and God save the Queen, 102 
.. in the Sheldonian Theatre, 105 
Handel's Concerts in Christ Church Hall, 515 
Harefoot, Harold, at Oxford, 3, 190 
Harris, the Philosopher of Salisbury, 121 
Harmony of the Gospels, Lydiutt's, 117 
Hart Hall, 110, 165— (see also Hertford Coll.) 
Harvard and Oxford Boat Race, 56, 62 
Harvey, Dr. William, discoverer of the circu- 
lation of the blood, 77 
Hassan, Prince, at Oxford, 5, 54 
Hawkins, the highwayman, 100 
Haydn's clever Musical Exercise, 105 
. . honorary Degree, 105 

Haydock, Richard, the sleeping preacher, 117 
Headington Hill, Pullen's Tree on, 101, 110, 126 
. . Royal Palace at, 4 
Heads of Colleges, 23— titles of, 23 
. . of Halls, 23— titles of, 23 
Healthfulness of Oxford, 2, 6 
Hearne, Thomas, 142— his birth, diary, love of 
antiquities, death, &c. 142— his remark- 
able prayer, pavement worship at Anti- 
quity Hall, 143— Hearne, Sub-Librarian at 
Bodleian, 106, 142 
Heathcote, Sir W., 125 
Hebdomadal Council, Constitution, 22 
Heber, Bp. of Calcutta, 93, 105, 142, 158 
Hebrew, first Professor of, 7 



Chalmers's History of the University of Oxford and Lives of Founders published 1810. 



\\1 



INDEX. 



Hebrew. Hr. White, Professor of, 121 

Henrietta. Queen. 

Henry I., 11 . Ill , V.. VIII., at Oxford, 5, 43 

111. attempted assassination of, 5 
. . Y. Chamber at (Queen's College, 147 
• Herald, Morning,' and its founder, 148 
. . Oxford and Dissenters, 14 
. . University, establishment of, 9 
Herculaneum, Theatre of, 101 
Hereford, Monk, Bishop of, 121 
Hertepol, Huiro de, first Procurator or Master 

of BAlliol College, 177 
Hertford College, early days, purchased by 

Walter de Stapledon, re-founded by Dr. 

Newton, became extinct, 110— Dean Swift 

at, 111 
Hester, G, P., Town Clerk, and the Thames, 26 
Hieroglyphics at Magdalen College, 134 
Highani Ferrers, Northamptonshire, and Arch- 
bishop Chiehele, 155 
High Steward, first of Oxford, 2 
.. Street, Oxford, 27— its beauty, 27— events 

occurring in, 27, 41, 159 
. . Street, St. Clement, 128 
Hinton, Rev. James, Baptist minister, 13, 14, 35 
Historic Doubts respecting Napoleon, 79 
Historical Fable of the Oak, 170 
History of English Poetry, Wharton's, 175 
. . of Nonconformity in Oxford, 12 
. . of Oxford, Chalmers', 16, 65, 136, 150, 151 
.. of Oxford,Ingram's,32,36.56,60,31, 112,161,167 
. . of Oxford, Peshall's, 7, 16, 159 
. . of Oxford, Pointer's, 159 
. . of Sussex, and Wood's Ancestors, 80 
. . of Troy, Caxton's, 97 
. . of the Order of the Garter, Ashmole's, 107 
. . of the Rebellion, Clarendon's, 106 
.. of the Troubles, Monteith's, 100 
. of the Twelfth Century, 12 
Histriomastix, Prynne's, 83, 84 
Hody's, Dr., Exhibitions, Wadham College, 119 
Holbein, Hans, 52, 176 
Holiday, Barton, dramatic writer, 53, 177 
Horley.J". first President.Magdalen College, 131 
Holt, Lord Chief-Justice, 84 
. . Thomas, architect of the Schools, 94— of 

Wadham College, 119 
Holy Club, 13 
.. Cross Cemetery, 141 
. . Scriptures, W Bibles 
. . Trinity Church, 40 
. . Well, the, 141 
Holywell Church, 140 
. . Music Room, 118 
Homes, Elizabeth, the Quakeress, 12 
Hooker, Bishop, 72 

Hooknorton, Thomas, and the Schools, 9 4 
Hooper, Bishop, the martyr, 77 
Hope Collection of Engraved Portraits, 89 
. . Entomological Specimens, 89 
. . Birds and Invertebrate Animals, 123 
. . Newspapers, 99 

Horsley's, Bp., dispute with Dean Jackson, 57 
Horticultural Society, Royal Oxfordshire, 175 
Hospital of Lovers, the play of, 198 
Hough, John, sixteenth Bp of Oxford, 58, 133 
Hours, The, 97, 98 

How, Josiah, and the Parliament visitors, 174 
Howson, Bishop John, fifth of Oxford, 58 
Huber, Professor, on Oxford, 1, 26 
Hudson, of Hudson's Bay, 197 
Hughes, James, Mayor of Oxford, 10 
. . Thomas, M.P. for Frome, 83 



Hugo, St., of Burgundy, 186 

Hulme Exhibitions, 90 

Hume, Bp. John, twentieth of Oxford, 58 

Humphrey, Duke, and Bodleian Library, 95,103 

Hunter, Dr. John, anatomist, 85 

Hussey, Captain, executed for highway rob- 
bery, 33 

Hustings of the City, 43— County, 33 

Hutchins, Edmund, at Trinity College, 175 

Hymn Book, W T esleyan, 66, 168 

. . Vigils at Merton College, 78 

Hymns, Evening, 48, 71, 84 

Hymn us Eucharisticus on Magdalen Tower: 
original score of, 64, first observance, 97— 
its foundation, 137 — Latin and English 
versions, Burgon's Poem on, the May-horn, 
illustration of the custom, 138 

Hythe Bridge Street, 213 

.. House, 213 



Iconoclastes, Milton's, burnt at Oxford, 58 

Ilgerus and Bishop Wllberforce, 59 

' Illustrated London News' — May M orning at 

Magdalen, 138 
II Pensieroso, Milton's, 51 
Incorporation of the City, 11 
. . of the University, 20 
Incurables, Hospital for, 11, 127 
Independents or Congregationalists at Oxford, 

12, 15, 18, 44, 106, 127, 202, 213 
Infallibility, Pope's, Cardinal Manning on, 182 
Ingram's Memorials of Oxford, 32, 36, 56, 60, 81, 

112, 161, 167, 195 
Ingulph, Abbot of England, and the Domesday 

Book, 85 
Institutes of the Laws of England, 117 
Ionic Temple, New College, 116 
Ireland Professor of Scripture, first, 40 
Irvingites at Oxford, 15 
Isabella, Queen, and Walter de Stapledon, 

founder of Exeter College, 165 
Isis, River, or Thames, 26 
. . Goddess, 26 
Ispania, Michael de, 81 

Islip, Archbishop, founder of Canterbury Col- 
lege, 65, 77 
Italian books, rare collection, Corpus Christi 

College, 69 
. . School of Painting, 63, 191 



Jacob Hall, 11 

Jacob's Coffee House, Oxford, first in Eng- 
land, 27 

Jackson, Bishop, twenty-sixth of Oxford, 59 

. . Dr. Dean of Ch. Ch. , his dispute with Bishop 
Horsley, Jackson's statue, 87, 189 

James I. at Oxford, 52— the play in Ch. Ch. 
Hall, 53 — banquet to at New College, 115— 
in Kent, 173— and sleeping preacher, 117 

. . II. at Oxford, 4. 50, 100, 133, 153 

. . III. (the Pretender), summary punishment 
of an adherent of, 41 

..St., Hall, 46 

. . Thomas, first Bodleian librarian, 97 

Jasper Vase, Siberian, Merton College, 76 

Jenny Lind at Oxford, 105, 155 

. . Newton's Well, Holywell Green, 141 

Jeremy Taylor, author of Holy Living and 
Dying, 157, 158 

Jerome, St., Exposition of Acts of the Apostles, 
7,97 



Rare Poetical Work— ^Esop in Oxford, published 1709. 



INDEX. 



xvn 



Jersey, Gossipping Guide to, 49 

Jerusalem, Knights Hospitallers of St. John, 208 

Jesus College— its foundation and founder, 169 
a Comical Verse on, Dr. Hoare and his 
peculiar death, 180— Hall, Library, Chapel, 
and Bursary, 171— the remarkable Bed 
Book, in Welsh, large Punch bowl, Queen 
Elizabeth's portrait, stirrup, &c, 171 — Emi- 
nent men : Archbishop Usher, &c , 171 

Jeune, Dr., Master of Pembroke College, his 
birthplace, his successive rises, Bishop of 
Peterborough, death, 48, 49 

Jewel, Bishop, at Cb. Ch. , 51 — his migration to 
Corpus Christi College, his exile and fare- 
well to the students, 72 — at Merton Col- 
lege, 77— his retentive memory, &c, 78 

Jews' Mount, place of martyrdom, 11, 32 

. . Synagogue, 92, 216 

Joe Pullen's Tree, 101, 110, 126 

John-Baptist, St., Church (Merton Chapel), 73 

. . Baptist St. , Church, Summertown, 202 

.. Baptist Hall, St.(now Worcester College), 208 

. . Davenant of ye Crown Inn, 39 

.. Evangelist, St., Church, 128 

John's, St. College— foundation and founder of 
present building, first President, patron- 
age, number of Fellows and Members, 192 
—the ' Times' Scholarship, the great bank 
forgery and result, 193, St. Bernard's 
College, previous foundation and founder, 
dissolution, ruins of gateway, &c, 193-4. 
St. John's College, earlier life and progress 
of Sir Thomas White, his contested birth- 
place, his two wives, his dream, purchases 
Gloucester Hall, 194— his munificence and 
death, 195— other benefactors, the College 
terrace, entrance, first and second quad- 
rangles, 195— Chapel, altar piece, choral 
service, monuments, Dr. Rawlinson, the 
antiquary, and hig brother Thomas (" Tom 
Folio"), the traitors' heads on Temple Bar, 
&c, 196— the Hall, 196— the Common 
Boom, Kitchen, and Library, 197— Laud's 
Crozier, Walking Stick, Mitre, and Bust ; 
Portrait of Charles I. , with Book of Psalms, 
minature portraits of Charles and Queen, 
Charles II. and his father's portrait ; 
Caxton's Chaucer, Ancient Missals, Earl of 
Essex's funeral sermon, with genealogy, 
&c, 197-8— former curiosities in Library, 
198— Royal Festivities and Plays in St. 
John's and Christ Church Halls, 198— the 
Gardens, first Guide to Oxford, the Gardens 
a popular resort, 198— Christmas Masque 
and Yule-Log Celebration (obsolete), titles 
of presiding lord of revels, ancient candle 
socket, 199. Eminent men : Juxon, Laud, 
Sir James Eyre, &c. , 199-200— Dr. V. Knox 
and the Surrey Militia, 200— Dr. Petty and 
the restoration of Anne Green, 200— Petty 
runs from home to sea, subsequent career, 
and remarkable origin of the Earldom of 
Shelburne, 200 — Dr. Coniers and his 
restoration of Elizabeth the servant, 33, 
200— Dr. John Byrom, the famous Jacobite, 
200 

John's, King, carousals in Beaumont Palace, 
4— born at Beaumont Palace, 191, 202— 
proclaimed King of Ireland at Oxford, 192 

John's, St., Mission House, conventual, Cowley 
St. John 128 

Johnson's Typographia— evidence against the 
reality of Corsellis, 7 



Johnson, Dr. Samuel— Ms library, 47— enters 
and leaves Pembroke College, Carlyle on 
his life, honorary degrees conferred, he 
finishes his dictionary, his publisher's grati- 
fication, his definition of a note of admi- 
ration, 48— his testimony to Merton Col- 
lege, 75— Johnson at Kettel Hall, 109— at 
the Angel Hotel, 141— at University Col- 
lege, 152— his Vanity of Human Wishes, 
117— Mrs. Thrale's letter to, respecting Dr. 
Leigh, 183 

Jonson, Ben, at Ch. Ch., 66 

'Journal, Oxford,' date of establishments- 
its previous title, 9 — extract from, 29 

Jowett, Professor— Regius Professor of Greek, 
appointed Master of Balliol, gains Univer- 
sity Prizes, 177— earlier writings, contri- 
butions to Essays and Reviews, translation 
of Plato's works, 178 

Judas Maccabeus performed, Carfax Church,42 

Justices, Chief, of India, 152 

Juxon, Bishop : his disputed birthplace, his 
various offices, his own entry on College 
books, his sermon after execution of 
Charles I., his death, his burial place, 199 
his possession of first English printed 
book, 7— Rector of St. Giles's Church, 201 



Kalabergo executed for murder, 35 

Kearsley, William Hulme, Esq., of, and his 
^benefaction to Brasenose, 90 

Keble College, its foundation, 72, 124— Charter 
_/ of Incorporation, 'Times' gift, first Prin- 
cipal, cost of erection, peculiar style. 124— 
sermon previous to laying the foundation 
stone, 125— meeting after laying the foun- 
dation stone, notabilities present, reso- 
lutions proposed, 125— Hall, Chapel, Li- 
brary, Undergraduates' Rooms, &c, 125— 
called the Zebra College, 125 

Keble, John — his birthplace, enters College; 
great success, 70 — his ' Christian Year,' his 
Evening Hyjnn — Sun of my Soul — its popu- 
larity, Professor of Poetry, ' Tracts for the 
Times,' on the Confessional, his death, 71 — 
wrote Morning and Evening Hymns, 145 — 
on the martyrdom of Cranmer, Ridley, and 
Latimer, 184 

Keble, Joseph, of Jesus and All Souls' Col- 
leges, clever and quick reporter, 158 

Keblewhite, Mary, mother of Sir Thomas 
White, 194 

Keeper of Ashmolean Museum, 43— of Univer- 
sity Museum, 44— of University Archives, 
25,45 

Kelpie, Henry, owner of St. Mary Hall, 84 

Kemp, Bishop Thomas, and the Bodleian Li- 
brary, 95 

Kenil worth, Scott's foundation of details re- 
specting Amy Robsart in, 87 

Kennicot, Dr. , the eminent Hebraist, 121 

Kennicot's, Dr. Fig Tree at Exeter College, 167 

Ken's Evening Hymn, 48, 84— Ken at Oriel Col- 
lege, 84 — at New College, 117 

Kent, Earl of, executed for treason at Oxford, 7 

.. Baldwin de. Esq., executed for treason at 
Oxford, 7 

Kettel, Dr. Ralph— his Hall, eccentricities, 108 
contest with the halberdier, elected Presi- 
dent of Trinity College, death, 109, 176— 
curious close to sermon in St. Mary's 
Church, 88 



Wood's Athense Oxoniensis (Records of the University) published 1691. 



INDEX. 



Khedive of Egypt, son of, at Oxford, 5, 54 

Kilbye, Dr., translator of the Bible, 164 

Kim_ ; . Bishop, first of Oxford, 30, 58— last Ab- 
bot of Osney, 30, 55— view of the Abbey at 
Ch. Ch., 30, 55— his death and burial place, 
5vS— his House in St. Aldate's, 46— Episcopal 
residence at Worcester College, 208 

King of the Schools, Erasmus named, 37 

Kind's, Dr. William, heart and epitaph, 84 

.. Hall and College of Brasenose, 90 

. . Vestiges of Oxford Castle, 31 

Kitchen and Gridiron at Ch. Ch., 54 

Knox, Dr. Vocesimus, and the Surrey Militia, 
200 

Knight's, Thomas, Esq., gift of coins, 100 

Koran, The, fine old valuable manuscript, 77 

Kyrle, the Man of Ross, his characteristics, 
benevolence, &c, 183 
L. 

Laboratory, Clarendon, cost, style, Theatre, 
Courts, Galleries, Instruments, &c, 123, 215 

Lady Chapel, St. Peter-in-the-East, 144 

. . Chapel, Christ Church, 55 

Lamb aud Flag Inn, St. Giles's, 201 

. . John, Mayor of Oxford, and City Mace, 11 

Landor, Walter Savage, his eccentricities, rus- 
ticated, colonel in the Spanish army, his 
last works, flys from England, 176 

Langbaine, Dr. Gerard, Provost of Queen's 
College, 144, 148— Epigram on John Sel- 
den, 108 

Lantern of Demosthenes, 101 

Latimer, Bishop, in the Bocardo Prison, 39— 
his martyrdom, his speech to Ridley, his 
prayer, &c, 184, 185— his sermon on the 
Virgin Mary, his present to Henry VIII. , 
186— his patience at his trial, 192 

Latin Chapel, Ch. Ch., 55 

. . ExerciseBook— Edward VI. & Elizabeth's, 97 

. , Laws translated at Oxford, 3 

. . Literature, first Professor, 33 

Laud, Archbishop, forwards printing in Ox- 
ford, 8— Greek Students in time of, 22, 183 
— his amanuensis, 84— his Chaplain and St. 
Mary's Porch, 86— his collection of books, 
96 — Dr. Abbot's sermon against, 144 — mu- 
nificence at St. John's College, 195— relics 
of, 197 — entertains Charles I. and court, 
198— educated at St. John's College, 199— 
execution of Archbishop, 199— ghost, 197 

Lawrence's, St., Church, London, and Balliol 
College, 178, 179 

Lawson, publisher of the London • Times,' pro- 
secuted for libel, 193 

Lay, George, execution of, for attempted mur- 
der. 35 

Lee, Hon. Robert, purchases one of the seats of 
. the City, 43 

Lee's Lecturer in Anatomy. 35, 60 

Legge, Bishop Edward, twenty-seventh of Ox- 
ford. 59 

Leicester, Earl of, and Amy Robsart, 87 

. . Earl of, patron of early printing. Oxford, 9 

. . Earl of, pyrograph of, 152 

Leicestershire, historian of, 92 

Leigh, Dr., the nonogenarian, chosen Master 
of Balliol, length of office, inborn wit, &c, 
183, 184 

Leland on the rise of Oxford, 3— at All Souls', 
158 

Lenthal, AVilliam, Speaker of the Long Parlia- 
liament, 79 



Lent Term, 24, 61 

Leslie, Rev. Charles, and Roman Catholic Cha- 
pel, 126 
Levins, Alderman, his tomb, epitaph, &c. , 160, 

161 
Leviathan, Hobbes', the infidel, burnt, 64 
Lewes, David, first Principal of Jesus College, 

170 
Library, All Souls', 157 

. . Balliol, 180 

. . Bodleian, 94-102 

. . Brasenose, 91 

. . Ch. Ch., 63, 65 

. . City Public, 43 

. . Corpus Christi, 69 

. . Durham College, 172 

. . Exeter, 167 

.. Jesus, 171 

. . Keble, 125 

.. Lincoln, 162 

.. Magdalen College, 133 

.. Magdalen Hall, 110 

. . Merton, 77 

. . New College, 114 

. . Oriel, 82 

. . Pembroke, 47 

. . Queen's, 146 

. . Radcliffe, 87 

. . St. John's, 197 

. . St. Mary's College, 37 

. . Taylor Buildings, 189 

. . Trinity, 175 

.. University College, 152 

. . University Museum, 123 

. . Wadham, 119 

. . Worcester, 210 

Lichfield, Earl of, and the City Lectureships, 42 

. . Bishop of, and first University Boat Race, 62 

Liddell and Scott's Greek Lexicon, 177 

Lilies, white and yellow water, 17 

Lincoln College, founder of, 152, 161— founda- 
tion of, number of members, Rector, pa- 
tronage, &c, 161— founder's birthplace, 
progress, and death, 161— Rotherham, Bi- 
shop of Lincoln, second founder, Tris- 
toppe's sermon, Rotherham's high offices, 
his peculiar foundation, Rotherham, death, 
162— Hall, Library, and Chapel, 162— Emi- 
nent men: John Wesley, James Hervey, 
Bishop Underhill, &c, 163, 164— John Wes- 
ley's persecution, his first engagement, with 
Miss Causton, his marriage with Mrs. Vi- 
zelle, 163-164 

' Literary Gazette,' Oxford, 10 

Littlemore Nunnery, 79 

Livingstone, Dr., African Explorer, at Oxford, 
71, 105 

Llandaff, Bishop Morgan Owen of, S6 

Lloyd, Bishop Charies, twenty- eight of Ox- 
ford, 59 

Lobster, River, 27 

Locke, John, expulsion from Ch. Ch., inter- 
esting letters between the Earl of Sunder- 
land and Bishop of Oxford, 64 

Lockhart, John Gibson, and the Hebrew Pro- 
fessor, 137 

Loggerhead, Bathing Place, 126 

Logic, first Reader in, 39 

Lombard Hall, 11 

London and County Bank, 160 

. and North Western Parcels Office, 40 

.. Dr., commits (perjury, peculiar punishment, 
116 



Wade's Walks in Oxford and Environs published 181< 



INDEX, 



London Flying Coaches to, 27 

. . Gazette, establishment of in Oxford, removal 

to London, ifcc, 9 
. . roads to, 27, 30, 40 
Longland, Bishop of Lincoln, preaches Ch. Ch. 

foundation sermon, his text, 49 
Longlande, author of Vision of Pierce Plow- 
man, 84 
Longley's, Archbp., Memorial Church, 11, 129 
Lord Mayor's View of the Thames, 29 
Lovelace, Richard, poet, 211 
Lowth, Bp. Robert, twenty-first of Oxford, 59— 

sermon for Radcliffe Infirmary, 203 
Lucas, Samuel, Esq., founder of the 'Press' 

newspaper, 148 
Ludlow, the Republican, 177 
Luke's, St., Chapel, 204 
Lumley; Sir Ralph, executed for treason, 5 
Lunatic Asylum, Littlemore, 128 
. . Asylum, Warneford, 128 
Lycurgus, Archbishop of Syros, 22 
Lydiatt, Rev, Thomas, imprisoned for debt, 117 
Lyhert or Le Hart, Walter, architect of St. 

Mary's Church, 85 
Lyly, John, euphuist, author of Anatomy of 

Wit, 137 

M. 

Macaulay, Lord, on John Wesley, 66 

Macbride, Rev. John David, 109, 168 

Mackarness, Bishop John Fielder, thirty-first 
of Oxford, 59— of Merton College, 77— Fel- 
low of Exeter College, 167 

Mackenzie's statue of Venus destroyed, 65 

Mackonochie, Rev. Arthur, ritualist, 121, 206 

Magdalen Bridge, 129 

Magdalen Church, St. Mary, 186 

Magdalen College— Wood's quaint description 
of, 129 — the founder and foundation, 130— 
number of Presidents, members, entrance, 
First Court, &c, 131— Chapel and its Ser- 
vice, Cromw ell and the organ, illuminated 
windows, tomb of founder's father, Chapel 
robbed, Ante-Chapel and Hall, scenes in 
the life of St. Mary Magdalen, 1:32— James 
II. and President Hough, Duke of Welling- 
ton and Mr. Croker, Library, 133— banquet 
to royalty, 133— Cloisters and their hiero- 
glyphics, 134— Tower and Wolsey, Lord 
Norrey s and the students. Muniment Room, 
135— New Buildings, College Grounds, fall 
of founder's oak, 136— Eminent Men : Gib- 
bon, historian ; Lockhart, Colet, Lyly, &c, 
137 —College Customs: May Morning Hymn, 
Physic Benefaction, Christmas Eve Gaudy, 
137-139— fire in Demies' room, 6, 82— Tower 
on fire, 6, 84— Choristers' School, 139 

Magdalen Hall, 109— earlier position, the dis- 
puted right of electing Principal, &c, 109— 
burnt, 6, 85— removed to present site, 110— 
Hall and Library, 110— Eminent Men, 110-11 
— burnt, 0, 85 

Magnet, large, 108 

Main, Rev. Robert, Raclcliffe Observer, 48, 203 

Maison Carree, Nismes, 101 

Mallard Night at All Souls', with the merry old 
song, 158, 159 

Malone's Collection (800) of Dramatic Works, 99 

Manchester Grammar School, 179 

Manger Hall, 73 

Manne, Thomas, Sentenced to life imprison- 
ment at Osney Abbey, 30— escapes, cap- 
tured, and burnt in London, 30 



Manners makyth Man, 114, 116 

Manning, Archbishop, Roman Catholic Church, 
entry at Balliol, perversion to Rome, on 
the Infallibility, 182 

Manse of St. Mary-the- Virgin- Church, 81, 84 

Manuscripts of Lord Herbert, of Cherbury, 171 

Marah's Life of Archbishop Juxon, 199 

Marburg University, Professor Hliber of, 1, 26 

Market, Oxford, 160, sale of a wife in, 161 

Markham, Archbishop of York, 54 

' Mark Lane Express,' 122 

Marsh, Dr. W., Archbishop of Armagh, Cashel, 
and Dublin, 79 

Marsh's, Archbishop, Oriental Collection, 714 
volumes, 99 

Martin's, St. Church, 41 

Mary Hall, St., founded, Principals, members, 
dispute as to the election of Principal, 
Hall, Chapel, 84— Manse of St. Mary-the- 
Virgin Church, 81, 84— Eminent Men : Dr. 
J. Hunter, anatomist, Marchamont Need- 
ham, newspaper editor, his vacillation, 
death. &c, 85 

Mary Hall, St. Mary Magdalen, 178 

. . St. .Virgin, Faber's worship of, 154 

Mary's, St., Church— St. Scholastica's riot and 

its penance, 40— early alterations, &c, 85 

— Bampton Lectures, 85, 87— Music Bell, 

Porch, Chapel for Unattached Students, 

86— Nixon's epitaph, Amy Robsart, sermon 

on, &c, 87— Remarkable Preachers and 

sermons in, 87, 88— Cranmer's recantation 

r in, 86— Keble foundation sermon in, 125— 

\ Te Deum in on laying the foundation-stone 

-J at Wadham, 119— laying-in-state of Lady 

Elizabeth Powlet, 174 

Mary's College, St., extinct foundation of, 37— 
Erasmus resides at, 37 

Mary's reign, Oxford during, 20, 103, 168, 184, 
192 

Massacres at Oxford, 6 

Massinger, Philip, dramatist, 79 

Matilda, Empress, besieged in Oxford Castle, 
7, 31 — escapes, 31 — confirms grant of St. 
Giles's Church to Godstow Nunnery, 201 

Martyrs' Memorial— model of, 101— the cross 
in Broad-street, 184— the memorial in St. 
Giles, 191, 192— the Aisle, St. Mary Mag- 
dalen Church, 187 

Mayor of Oxford Royal Butler at Coronations,10 

Meade, Johanna, burnt for poisoning her hus- 
band, 34, 89 

Meadow Walk, Ch. Ch., 60 

Mears, Joseph, and first Wesleyan Class-Meet- 
ing in Oxford, 13, 38 

Medicine, first Regius Professor of, 6— first 
Clinical Professor of, 25— first Aldrichian 
Professor of, 26 

Meditations among the Tombs, Hervey's, 164 

Meeting-Houses in Oxford, 12-15 

Memorial Church, Longley, 11, 129 

. . Windows ; James Morrell's in St. Martin's 
Church, 42 ; Archdeacon Clerke's in Christ 
Church. 52 ; Bishop King's in the Cathe- 
dral, 55 ; Williams' in St. Mary-the-Virgin, 
86 ; Robertson's in Brasenose College Cha- 
pel, 92 

Memphric, King, Oxford named after, 2 

. . King, killed by wolves, 2, 199 

Merchant Taylors' School, London, 193, 194,197 

' Mercurie, English,' the forged newspaper, 9 

' Mercurii :' Aulicus, Rusticus, Britannicus, 
Pragmaticus, and Politicus, 9, 84, 85, 158 



Dr. Ingram's Memorials of Oxford published 1837. 



\\ 



INDEX. 



Merrv Monarch, 121 

Morton College— Courts held in, 4— foundation 
Of and founder. 78— Merton studies at Os- 
ney Abbey and Manger Hall, death from 
anaeeideiit, 73— the statutes of the College 
removed from Maiden to Oxford, number 
of members, origin of term Postmaster, 
their services and pay, first Warden, the 
Reformation, ftc, 75— Hall and remarkable 
painting, Treasury, and Library, 76— New 
Buildings and Gardens, 77 — Church of St. 
.lohn-the-Baptist or College Chapel, 73— 
Tower. Ante-Chapel and Monuments, 74 — 
Choir, 75— Eminent Men : John WiclifT, 
Duns Scotus, Ockham, Antony a, Wood, 
Jewel, Sir Richard Steele, Dr. William 
Harvey. &c., 77— Jewel's Memory, first 
English organ builder, 78 — Customs : Grace 
Cup, Shrove Tuesday Festivity, Hymn Vi- 
gils, Christmas King, Black Night, 78 

Meteor, remarkable, Oxford, 51 

Methodism. Oxford the birthplace of, 13 

Methodist Class-Meeting, first in Oxford, 38 
. . farmer tried at Assizes for holding Prayer 
Meeting, 13 

. . Free Church, 15, 37, 216 
.. Republicans, 37 

Methodists, origin of name, 13 

Metternich, Prince, at Oxford, 53, 106 

Meyrick, Rev. Edmund, benefactor to Jesus 
College, 170 

Michaelmas Term, 24 

Michael's, Herman Joseph, Hebrew Collection, 
862 manuscripts, 99 

. . St. , Church. 38 

Midsummer Day, Magdalen College— Bacon 
and greens, 131 

Mildred's St., Lane, 164 

Miles, Thomas, burnt at Lewes, Sussex, 80 

Militia, Oxon— foundation, 161— at Brighton 
camp, 32, 162— break out in mutiny, 32, 
163— two privates shot, 32, 164— two pri- 
vates hung, 165— degraded from a royal 
regiment. 166— sent to Ireland, 167— on 
garrison duty, 168— coast-guard duty, 169— 
two privates sentenced to 2,000 lashes, 170 
—Tower of London, 171— quelling the Ot- 
moor riots, 172— suspended for twenty-one 
years, 173— re-organised, 174, 175— at Corfu 
during Crimean war, 32, 176— Lieut.-Col. 
VeUey killed, 178 

Milnian, Dean, at Brasenose College, the dis- 
puted line in his Prize Poem, Professor of 
Poetry, Bampton Lecturer, a dramatist, 
History of Latin Church, of the Jews, &c, 
93— his death, 94 

Milton, John, at Shotover, 51 

Milton's Works burnt at Oxford, 58 

Mineralogy, first Crown reader in, 37 

Minerals, Simmondian Collection of, 123 

Minerva's Temple, 101 

Mints at Oxford, 3, 36 

Minute Hall, 46 

Mission House, St. John's, monastic institu- 
tion, 128 

Mission, London Ten Days,' 128 

Mitre and Crozier of William of Wykeham,115 

. . of Archbishop Laud. 197 

Mock Ceremony of Beard Shaving, 117 

Mocket, Dr., the Roasted Warden, 158 

Montacute, L?dy de, and her munificence to 
St. Frideswide's Priory, 56 

Monteith'a History of the Troubles, 100 



Monuments in Oxford Cathedral, 56 

Morcar, Danish nobleman assassinated, 6 

More, Sir Thomas, at Canterbury College, 65— 
at St. Mary Hall, 85 

Morning Discourse of a Bottomless Tub, 170 

. . Herald, its peculiar founder,148 

. . Star of the Reformation, 18 

Morrell's, Baker, brass in Mary Magdalen 
Church, 187 

Moses Hall, 11 

Moss, Bishop Charles, twenty-fifth of Oxford, 59 

Mother George of Black Boy Lane, 120 

Motto of the City, 3— of the University 24, 

Mount Pelham and Jews' Mount. 32 

Muddiman, Henry, editor of ' Oxford (now Lon- 
don) Gazette,' 9 

Miiller, Max, 158 

Municipal Privileges of Oxford, 

Museum Tradescantianum, 107 

. . Ashmolean, 106 

. . University, 122 

Music, first Professor of, 19 

. . School,102 — disputed authorship of God save 
the Queen, 102 

' Musical Standard' offers a prize for the best 
setting of Keble's Sun of my Soul, 71 

N. 

Nathaniel Butter, publisher of first English 

newspaper, 9 
Nassau, Bishop Venables of, 167 
National Anthem, disputed authorship, 102 
. . Apostasy, Keble's Sermon on, 71 
Natural Philosophy, first Professor of, 13 
Needham, Marchamont, the early newspaper 

editor, 9, 85, 158 
Newby Abbey, John de Balliol's burial-place,173 
New College — foundation and founder, mem- 
bers and patronage, derivation of name, 
Wykeham's birthplace, the doubt as to 
his real surname, appointed royal archi- 
tect, scarcity of labour, empowered to im- 
press workmen, 112 — Wicliff's jealousy of 
Wykeham, variances between the Black 
Prince and John o'Gaunt, Wykeham made 
Lord High Chancellor of England, im- 
peached for illegal conduct, deprived of all 
revenues, the King's death, Wykeham con- 
ditionally pardoned, regains former posi- 
tion, purchased the site of New College, 
his own architect, foundation-stone laid, 
College finished and opened, death of 
Wykeham, 113— Entrance-gateway, Great 
Quadrangle, 113— Tower, Chapel, Illumi- 
nated windows, organ, 114 — crozier, mitre, 
sandals. &c, of Wykeham : Ante-chapel, 
college seals, Cloisters, Hall, and Library, 
115 — Gardens, city walls, 116 — Dr. London's 
perjury, and its punishment; death of 
Warden Pincke from an accident, the 
Bird dinner party, 116 — College customs 
(obsolete): Dinner- call, Ascensi»n-day, 
beard-shaving, and carol singing, 117 — 
■ Eminent Men : Pitt, Grocyn, Sydney Smith, 
William of Waynflete, 117, 118— Haydock, 
the Sleeping Preacher, exposed; Thomas 
Lydiatt, author of the earliest Harmony of 
the Gospels, 117— origin of the celebrated 
Dame Partington, 118 
Newdigate Prize Poem, 83, 93, 105 106, 121, 140, 

141, 143. 146-7-8, 154, 183 
New Inn Hall— foundation and founder of, used 
as a Mint, 36— Eminent Men, 37 



Sir John Peshall's History of the City and University published 1773. 



INDEX. 



xxi 



Jfewman and Keble, 70 
.. Father, at Oxford, 83, 87 
New-road Baptist Chapel, 13, 35 
Newspapers of Oxford, 9, 14, 29, 84, 85, 158 
Newton, Dr., and Hertford College, 110— re- 
marks on Trinity Yew Tree Walk. 175 
.. Mr , Fellow of Exeter College, expelled 

from Plymouth brethren for heresy, 161 
Nicholson, Dr. William, editor of the Historical 

Library, 148 
. . Otho, and his Conduit, 41 
Nine Muses, casts of, 199 
Nixon, Alderman John, returned for the city, 

10— his school, 44— his tomb and epitaph, 

87— death, 90 
Noli me Tangere, famous painting at All Souls, 

157 
Nonconformity in Oxford, Sketch of, 12-15 
Nonconformist notions, six students expelled 

St. Edmund Hall for, 13 
Norreys, Lord, and the students' battle, 135 
North- Western Railway Terminus, 80— Parcels 

depot, 40 
Northern Lights, splendid display at Oxford,195 
Northington, Lord-Chancellor, 199 

O. 

Ockham, William, the subtle, 76— dispute with 
Duns Scotus, 78- 

Old Carey, of Worcester College, eccentricities, 
takes holy orders, first incumbent of St. 
Paul's, Oxford, translates for Library of 
the Fathers by Drs. Pusey and Newman, 
leaves England for Australia, becomes bar- 
rister and district-judge, reverts to Roman 
Catholicism, 211, 212 

Old Obadiah and his Romish proclivities, 153 

Oldest Stone Church in England, 144 

Oldham, Hugh, Bishop of Exeter, 68 

Oliphant, Mrs. , on John Wesley, 67 

Oppenheimer's Hebrew Collection, 500 vols. 99 

Opium-eater, De Quincey, the, 211 

Orator, Public,when founded and stipend,25,49 

Orcharde of Syon, 90 

Oriel College— founder and foundation, Pro- 
vosts, members, and patronage, 80— Adam 
de Brom's progress, 80— etymology of Col- 
lege name, Edward II. and Adam de Brom, 
Bishop Burgash and his machinations, 
great improvements, 81— Chapel, Hall, and 
Library, the Bohea-swillers, 82— Capgrove's 
Commentary on Genesis, Prynne's Works, 
Baron Leigh's Library, Bishop Rede's Cup, 
Vasari's picture, 83— the Oriel Conspirators 
and Bishop Hampden, 83— Eminent Men : 
Pusey, Newman, Willoerforce, Keble, Deni- 
son, Froude, Hampden, Whateley, Arnold 
(of Rugby), Kerr, Sir Walter Raleigh, &c, 
83,84 

Origin of Gown and Town Rows, 6 

Osney Abbey— riot at, 17— students imprisoned 
in, 27— its position, fame, grandeur, foun- 
der, Great Tom originally there, 29— Henry 
III. keeps court at, ussd as a prison, de- 
molition, last Abbot, ruins, 30— Great Tom 
at Ch. Ch. 51— Osney bells in the Cathe- 
dral, 54— Pulpit, &c, from the Abbey, 65 
Osney Town, suburbs of Oxford, 29 
Otho, the Papal Legate, nearly killed, 17 
Outrigged Boat Race, first between Oxford and 

Cambridge, 66 
Otway, Thomas, dramatist, 65 
Ouse, River (Thames or Isis), 3 



Owen, John, Independent, Dean of Ch. Ch. , 12 

Oxford, Castle, 31— events in connection with, 
31, 32, 114-120 

. . Earldom of, 3, 4 

. . House of Industry, 127 

. . in the fourteenth century, 

. . rise of, derivation of name, 1-3— crests and 
arms of, 3 — royal visitors, 4— Parliaments 
in, 5, 204-213— executions for treason, 5 — 
fires, 5— plague, 6— newspapers, 9— popu- 
lation, 10— religious sects, 11, 15 

P. 

Paine, Tom, effigy of burnt, 41 

Palsemon and Arcite, play of, 53 

Pallado, the, Inigo Jones' rare work, 210 

Pall, Henry VIII., 108 

Parent Parliament, the, 10 

Pargetted House Front, 36 — removed, 107, 216 

Parker, Bishop Samuel, fourteenth of Oxford, 
15,58,121, 133 

Parker's Printing Offices, 40 

. . Psalms, 91 

Parkhurst, Dr., tutor of Bishop Jewel, 78 

Parish, militiaman, shot, 32, 164 

Park Town, 202 

Parks, the, 123 

Parliamentary Burgesses, 10 

Parliaments at Oxford, 5, 53, 103, 204-21S 

Parliamentum Insanum, Oxford, 212 

. . Magnum, Oxford, 211 

Parson, the bruising, 148 

ParsShs' Pleasure, bathing place, 126 

Particular Baptists, 14, 15, 45, 88, 127 

Partington, Dame, and the Atlantic Ocean, 118 

Pastoral Theology, first Regius Professor of, 9 

Patriarch of Greek Catholic Church, 21 

Pattison, Rev. Mark, Rector of Lincoln College, 
writes for Essays and Reviews, 161, 164 

Paul, Bishop William, ninth of Oxford, 68 

Paul's, St. Church, 207— its first incumbent, 212 
— turns to Romanism, 212 

Peck, Captain, executed for highwayrebbery,33 

Peckwater Hall, 63 

Peckwater Quadrangle, Ch. Ch., 63— students 
make destructive fire in, 65 

Pedlar's Bridge, Oxford Canal,' 32 

Pembroke College— Independent Pastor ejected 
from, 12— foundation and founders, mem- 
bers and Masters, 46— second Master eject- 
ed, Library, Hall, Chapel, Eternity Tip- 
ping, 47— Eminent Men: Pym, Camden, 
Ressyngton, Jeffreys, &c„ 47— Sir Thomas 
Brown's Evening Hymn, 48— Dr. Johnson— 
his habits, obliged to leave College, granted 
honorary degrees, finishes dictionary, falls 
out with publisher, definition of a note of 
admiration, the Epigrammatists, 48— Dr. 
Jeune, Bishop of Peterborough, his brief 
holding of the See , birthplace, Ac, 48, 49 

Penitentiary, Oxford, Holywell, 141 

Penn, William, Quaker— expelled Ch. Ch., 15, 
66, 109 

Pennyfarthing Street, 44 

Pennyless Bench, 41 

Penyverthing, William, Provost of Oxford, 44 

Perilous Hall, 108 

Peter-le-Bailey St., Church, 35 
. . Schools, 31 

Peter's authority in the Church of Rome, 
Wicliff's view of, 19 

Petty, Dr. William, his remarkable career, 200 
Pheasant Inn, 202 



Rev. W. D. Macray's Annals of the Bodleian Library published 1868 



xxn 



INDEX. 



Philip and James', SS. Church, 293 

PhUippa, Queen, and Queen's College, ,145 . 

Phillips John, author of Splendid Shilling, 173 

Philosophy, Natural, first Professor of, 13 
Moral, first Professor of, 16 
Experimental, first Professor of, 36 

Philpot Mr., Fellow of Worcester College, 
secedes from the Church of England, em- 
braces ultra - Calvinistic views, becomes 
editor of 'Gospel Standard ' death, 15 

Physiological Specimens of Ch. Ch., 123 

Physic Gardens, 139 

Picture Gallery, Bodleian Library, 101 

Pillory, Public— position and last exposure, 39 

Plague' and Pestilence at Oxford, 6 

Pleasure Fair of St. Giles, 23 

Pliny's Natural History, 98 

Plott Dr , keeper of Ashmolean Museum, 43— 
his History of Oxfordshire, 194 

Pococke's Fisc Tree, Ch. Ch., 56 
Dr., the Orientalist, 70 

Poetry, first Professor of, 24— founder of, 176 

Police Court and Station, 43, 161 

Police Forces, Amalgamation of, 43 

Political Economy, first Professor of, 29 

Pollen's, Rev. J. H., painted roof, Merton 
Chapel, 73 

Polyglot Poems, curious volume, Exeter Col- 
lege 167 

Pope Alexander III, & Gloucester College, 207 
. Ann, Corbett's punning lines on, 173 
Gregory XI. — malignity to Wieliff, 19 

.' .' Sir Thomas, founder of Trinity College, 172 

Population of Oxford, 10 

Post Office— locality, 44— burnt, 6 

Potter, Bishop John, eighteenth of Oxford, 158 

Powlet, Lady Elizabeth, laid-in-state in St. 
Mary's Church, 174— portrait of, 176 

Pratt, Thomas, centenarian, 6 

•Press' newspaper, establishment and editor 
of, 148 

Primitive Methodists, 14, 45, 129 

Price, Hugh, founder of Jesus College, 169 

Prideaux, Dr., Hector of Exeter, parish clerk, 
IQS— enters Exeter College as kitchen me- 
nial, rapid advancement, becomes Rector 
of College, Vice-Chancellor of Oxford, Bp. 
of Worcester, sad reverse in fortune, wants 
necessaries, death, 169 

Printing at Oxford, 10, 40, 105, 106, 207 

Printing Office, first University, 105— present 
establishment, 207 

Private Halls, 23 

Privileges, Peculiar of Oxford, 10 

Privy Council, Ch. Ch. , 103 

Proctors, first-named, 3— dress and salaries, 25 
—election of, great contest, 113 

Professors, first, various Sciences 4-48 

Protector of the University, 19 

Protestant Joiner, Stephen Colledge, bar- 
barously executed 5, 34 

Provost of Worcester and Foote, 211 

Prowitt, Rev. E., and New Road Chapel, 13 

Prynne, the republican, 84— his works, 83 

Public Examiners, 25 

Punch and Foote in Oxford, 211 

Purchas, Rev. John, the Ritualist and the first 
editor of Directorium Anglicanum, 31 

Puritans anil Baptists, disputes between, 21 

Pusey, Canon, Tractarian, 57, 65, 72, 83, 125 

Pyrographs (poker portraits;, 101, 151, 152 



Q,. 

Quakers at Oxford, 12— female Quakers perse- 
cuted, 12— William Penn expelled Ch. Ch. , 
10, 66 109 

Quiucey, De, the opium-eater, 211 

Queen's College— foundation and founder, Pro- 
vost, members, patronage, royal benefact- 
ors, birth and death of the founder, little 
progress with College, old entrance, 145— 
serious fire at, dinner of English Agricul- 
tural Society, Chapel, Hail, and Library; 
146— Florentine boar, Henry V. and Car- 
dinal Beaufort , Buttery, Wacceyl-cup, Emi- 
nent Men: Black Prince, Henry V., Wi- 
cliff, <fcc, 147— Kev. Richard Cecil, Henry 
Bate (founder of ' Morning Herald '), 148— 
Curious customs : Boar's-head ceremony 
(two carols; ,needle-and-thread(New-year 's 
Day), dinner-call, 149 



Radcliffe Infirmary— founder and foundation 
opening sermon, 203— New Fever Wards, 
St. Luke's Chapel, 204 

Radcliffe Library— first librarian, 47— founder 
and foundation, Radcliffe's birthplace, en- 
ters University College, rapid rise in for- 
tune, M.P. for Buckingham, death and 
burial, 88— coffin accidentally discovered, 
86, 139— Drs. Balhurst and Radcliffe, 89— 
Radcliffe's remarkable prophecies, 89— 
beauty of the Radcliffe Library, privileges 
of entrance, casts in the Library, the Corsi 
Marbles, the Hope Portraits, the Librarian, 
89— Dr. Radcliffe at Lincoln Coll., 164, 173 

Radcliff eObservatory — founder and f oun dation , 
designed from, 203— first Observer, 48, 203 

Radcliffe Square, Walpole's criterion on 88 

Radstock, Lord, the evangelical preacher, 183 

Raffael's Sketches, University Galleries, 190— 
copies of Cartoons, 191 

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 83, 84 

Rallingson, Richard, devises Oxford fortifica- 
tions, 114 

Randolph, Bishop John, twenty-fourth of Ox- 
ford, 59 

. . Hotel, 188 

Rawlinson, Dr., on the antiquity of Oxford, 2 
collection of books (Hearne's Diary, Alma- 
nacks), 99 — his purchase of Hearne's Col- 
lectanea, 142— his heart at St. John's Col- 
lege, 196— his brother, Tom Folio, 196— 
buried in St. Giles's Church, 196— founder 
of Anglo-Saxon Professorship, 198 

Reade, Jeffrey, of Dunstew, and Anne Green, 33 

Reading Cells of the Bodleian, 96 

Real Presence, Dr. Pusey suspended for teach- 
ing, 57 

Rebus in New College Bursary Window, 115— 
in Lincoln College, 162— in Worcester Col- 
lege, 208 

Rede, Bishnp of Chichester, and Merton Li- 
brary, 76— New College Library, 115 

Remembrances of God's Mercy, 210 

Reparation View of Oxford, 10 

Rewley Abbey, 213 

Reynolds', Sir Joshua, Designs in Window, 
New College Chapel, 114 

Ridley, Bishop, the martyr— elected to Fellow- 
ship at University College, 152— his mar- 
tyrdom at Oxford, 1S4 — expense of burning 
the "noble three," 185— Ridley's fearful 
sufferings, 185, 1S6— confession of faith, 192 



G. V. Cox's Recollections of Oxford published— first edition, 1863 ; second edition, 1S69. 



INDEX. 



Ribbaud torn to pieces by horses at Oxford, 5, 

198 
Riggs, Jenny, Oxford's greatest beauty, 179 
Riots at Otmoor, 187 
, . between Gown and Town, 6, 17, 40, 41,123, 

124, 125 
River-side Walks, Ch. Ch., 61 
Rivington, Rev. Luke, ritualist 137, 206 
Roasted Warden, Dr. Mocket, the, 158 
Robbery at Magdalen College Chapel, 132 
Robsart, Amy, the murdered Countess of Lei- 
cester, 87 
Robertson, Rev. F. W., curate of St. Ebbe's 
Church, Oxford, of Trinity Chapel, Brigh- 
ton, his sermons, memorial window, bust, 
tomb, and epitaph, 45 
Rochester, Earl of, and the Parish Clerk, 121 
Rogers, Christopher, noted Puritan, 37 
. . Daniel, Eulocy on Oxford. 2 
Roman Catholics in Oxford. 11, 126, 153 
Romance of Alexander, Bodley's gift, 100 
Rosamond, Fair, and her coffin, 36— visits St. 

Peter-in- the-East Church, 144 
Rotherham, Bishop, second founder of Lincoln 

College, lfil, 162 
Routh, Dr.. the Centenarian President of Mag- 
dalen College, 131, 157, 158, 159 
Royal Butlership, 10 
. . Mints at Oxford, 3 
. . Visits to Oxford, 4, 5 
. . Yacht, 1697, Model of, 101 
Rugby School and Dr. Temple, 181 
Runic Inscription, Oriel College, 82 
Rural Economy, first Professor of, 23 
Ruskin, John, at Ch. Ch. , 65— appointed Slade 
Professor of Art, 41— gift of Turner collec- 
tion to University Galleries, 190 

S. 

Sacontala; or the Fatal Ring, 152 

Salicetum, Botanic Gardens, 140 

Salisbury's, Earl of, head brought to Oxford, 5 

Salubrity of Oxford, 2, 6 

Sandbrook, Rev. William, Puritan preaching, 36 

Sanscrit, first Boden Professor of, 34 

Saville, Sir Henry, Warden of Merton College, 
74,77 

Saxfrida, mother of Ft. Frideswide, death of, 3 

Saxons invade Oxford, 3 

Scholastica's Day, St. , and its Riot, 6, 17, 40 

School, Divinity, 103 

.. Music, 102 

. . of Athens, Raffael's, 191 

Schools, New Examination, 27, 141 

. . the, when built, examinations, &c, 24 

Scott, G. G. , and Exeter College Chapel, 166 

Season of Spring, printed at Lahore, 98 

Seeker, Bishop Thomas, nineteenth of Oxford, 58 

Selden Marbles, 108 

Selden's Collection of Books, 8,000 vols., 99, 108 

Seneschallus, or Steward, first of Oxford, 2 

Sepulchre's, St. Cemetery, 105 

Shakspeare and his supposed Oxford son, 39— 
stands godfather to him in Carfax Church, 
39,42 

Shaksperian Collection at Bodleian, 99— at Wad- 
ham College, 119 

Sheldon, Archbishop, at All Souls', 158 

Sheldonian Theatre — founder and foundation 
the classic heads, the Commemoration, the 
painted ceiling, 104 —portraits, 105— first 
University Printing Office, honorary de- 
grees, 105 



Shelley, Percy Bysche— his birth and death, 
expelled from College, his room and its pe- 
culiar confusion, 153 — his wanderings at 
Shotover Hill, 153 
Ship of Fools, 84 

Show Sunday, Christ Church Broad Walk, 61 
Sibthorp's, Dr. , Flora Gra3ca, 140, 164 
Sieges of Oxford, 6, 114-19 
Sigeford, Danish nobleman, assassinated, 6 
Simeon, R.ev. Charles, and St. Aldate's Ch., 44 
Skinner, Bishop Robert, eighth of Oxford, 58 
Skirlaw's run from his home, 152 
Sleeping Preacher, deception of the, 117 
Smallwell, Bishop Edward, twenty-third of Ox- 
ford, 59 
Smith, Bishop W., co-founder of Brasenose, 90 
. . Dr. Adam, author of Wealth of Nations, 183 
. . Goldwin, Professor of Political Economy,153 
Smoking match, Broad Street, 134 
Song for Christmas Eve, Ancient, 139 
Sophia Causton and John Wesley, 163 
Southey, Robert, Poet-Laureate, 182 
Splendid Shilling, John Phillips, author of, 173 
Stage-Coaches cease running to London, 182 
Stanley, Dean, on Beauty of Oxford, 1— at Uni- 
versity Collego, 153— at Balliol College, 18 
Stapledon, Sir Thomas, purchases one of the 

City seats in Parliament, 43 
. . Walter de, Bishop of Exeter, murdered, 165 
Stationers' Grant, Bodleian Library, 96, 100 
Stonemasons, the, and Dean Buckland, 51 
Student slain in St. Martin's (Carfax) Church, 41 
Students forbidden to wear long hair, 133 
. . not allowed to travel to London, 27, 181 
Sumniertown, suburb of Oxford, 202 
Surrey's, Duke of, head brought to Oxford. 5 
Sutherland Collection of Drawings and Prints, 

nearly 20,000, 99 
Sutton, Sir Rich., co-founder of Brasenose, 90 
Sweating Sickness at Oxford, 6 
Swift, Dean, enters Hertford College, his Gul- 
liver's Travels, Letters to Stella, forsees 
disestablishment of Irish Church, 111 
Swimming Bath, Public, 79 
Sydney Smith and Dame Partington, 118 
System of Divinity, a great curiosity, 100 • 



Tabernacle Baptists, 15 

Talbot, Bishop Wm. , seventeenth of Oxford, 58 

Tatham, Dr., Rector of Lincoln College, villifies 
Dissenters in St, Mary-the-Virgin and other 
Churches, 14— forbids erection of Wesleyan 
Chape], 14— his coarse sermon in St. Mary- 
the-Virgin Church, 87 

Taverner'e, Richard, Esq , foolish disco"fse i 
St. Mary-the-Virgin Church, 88 

Taylor Buildings, 188 

Telugu Almanack, 97 

Temple, Bishop Frederick, of Exeter— birth and 
progress, ordination, at Kneller Hall Train- 
ing School, elected to Head -Mastership at 
Rugby, writes in Essays and Reviews, re- 
garded with great bitterness, farewell ser- 
mon at Rugby, 181 

Temple of the Winds, Radcliffe Observatory, 203 

Temples, Models of Ancient, 101 

Thames River— rise of, corruptions of name, 
length and area, where tidal, 26 

Thomas's, St., Church, 30 

. . Hall, 157 

Thornhill's Assumption of the Founder, All 
Souls', 157 



Hearne's Reliquaj Bodleana; published 1703. 



INDEX, 



'Times' Londone-edltor of, HO— epigram ou, 
111— Thackeray's Rem irks on, in— first 
. orlgina] title, change of name, pro- 
Mrs, principal proprietor, 109— the 
pro it bank fraud, the charge of libel, the 
Bchol irshipa at Oxford and Cambridge, 193 
—literary reviewer t>, 14S 
' rimes, Oxford,' establishment of, 9 
Tiptaft, Rev. W., aud experimental doctrine, 

secedes from Church of England, 15 
Titles of University dignitaries, 23, 24, 25 
Tomb of founder's father, Magdalen College, 132 
Tombes, Coryphaeus of the Anabaptists, 15 
Tradescant, John— his Ark of Curiosities— 
given to Elias Ashmole, 107— Tradescant 
first gardener at the Botanic Gardens, 140 
Tresham.Dr., and "Sweet Mary" (Great Tom,\ 
51 

Trevisa, John de, 167 

Trilleck s Inn or Hall, 36 

Trinity College, foundation, 171 — originally 
Durham College, first Library in the Uni- 
versity, refoundation by Sir Thomas Pope, 
birthplace, progress, and death of Pope, 
members, patronage, 172— punning lines on 
a descendant, entrance to the College, Pre- 
sident Bathurst, 173— Quadr ingle. Chapel 
Tombs, and Hall, 174— Library, Gardens, 
and Yew Tree Walk, 175— Eminent Men : 
Bathurst, Kettel, Bamptou (founder of the 
Lectures , Birkhead (founder of Poetry Pro- 
fessorship 1 , Walter Savage Landor, 176 — 
Sir Roundell Palmer, 177 

Trinity, Holy, Church, 46 

. . Holy, Convent, 203 

. . Term, 24 

Tubb in the Pillory, 39,70 

Turkish Bath, p 

Turner, Bishop John Matthias, of Calcutta, an 
Oxonian, 14 -, yf 

Turner's Buildings, corpus Christi College, 70 

. . J. M. W. , Sketches for Oxford Almanacks, 
and 40 other original drawings, 190 

Tyemian's Life of John Wesley, 163 



' Undergraduate,' The, brief issue of, 10 
' Undergraduates' Journal,' establishment of, 9 
Underhill, Bishop John, third of Oxford, 58,164 
Union Society Rooms— Weekly Debate, Library 

and its ceiling, 38 
United Methodist Free Church, 15, 37, 38, 216 
University— earliest annals, expulsion of Dr. 
Ayliffe 16— Alfred the Great's connection 
with, birthplace and death, large number 
of students, St. Scholastica's conflict, Wi- 
cliff at Balliol, variance with the Pope, 18 
progress of the University, 19 — dissolution 
of religious houses by Henry VIII. , Mary's 
reign, incorporation of the University, 20 — 
Cromwell Chancellor, Greek College found- 
ed. 21 — Constitution of the University ; 
Houses of Congregation and. Convocation, 
22— Heads of Colleges and Halls, Titles, and 
Degrees,23— Terms, Arms, Chancellor, Vice- 
Chancellor, Steward, Proctors, 24— Public 
Orator, Registrar, Public Examiners, &c, 
25— Convocation House, Election for Uni- 
versity Members of Parliament, 103— Vice- 
Chancellor's Court, Commemoration of 
founders,104— Honorary Degrees,105— Uni- 
versity sermons, Bampton Lectures, 87— 
exempted from tribute to the Pope, 194 



University Boat-Races from commencement, 61 
— colours of the College and Hall boats, 
62, 63 

University College — foundation and founder, 
Alfred the Great probably a benefactor, 
149— Masters, members, patronage, bene- 
factors, Drowda Hall, building of present 
edifice, statues, 150— Chapel and Hall, 151 
— Library, Common Room New Buildings, 
152— Eminent Meu : Skirlaw, Sir W. Jones 



(Dean\ Lords Eldon 

Walker, 153— Father 

1 154— Cuthbert Bede 

iopping-at-the-Block, 

Wakening Mallet, 155 



Shelley. 152— Stanly 
and Stowell, Obad 
Faber and Marie 
Curious Customs 
Holy Communion," 1 

University Galleries and contents, 189, 190, 191 

' University Herald,' establishment of, 9 

University Museum — foundation, design, and 
cost; large Court and contents, 122 — Li- 
brary, Theatre, Laboratory, Dissecting- 
room, Observatory, 23 

University Printing Office— first,105— at Claren- 
don Building, 106— present building, man- 
ager, Classical and Bible divisions, Machine 
Room Boiler-house, Type Foundry, Paper 
Mill, 207 

Upton, editor of Shakspeare's Works, 163 

Urban V. , Pope, 179 

Usher, Archbishop of Armagh. 171 

V. 

Vale of the Cherwell, 126 

Velley, Lieut.-Colonel, killed, 179 

Vernon Collection of Early English Poetry, 99 

Victoria, Queen, at Oxford, 5 

Victoria Theatre, 188 

Village Surgeon, Teniers, 191 

Vives, Louis, author of De Civitate Dei, JO 

Vizelle, Mrs. , John Wesley's precious wife, 164 

Volunteer Review, Oxford, 111 

W. 

Waddington's, Dr., History of Independency, 18 

Wadham College — founder and foundation, 
Wardens, members, patronage, death of 
founder before commencement of building, 
his widow carries out his intentions foun- 
dation-stone laid, Te Deum in St. Mary- 
the- Virgin Church, Quadrangle, Hal], Li- 
brary, 119— Chapel, Ante-Chapel, Common 
Room, Gardens, 120 — Mother George, the 
centenarian, 120— Boyle, the Christian Phi- 
losopher, foundation of Royal Society, 
Warden not allowed to marry at one time, 
repeal of the law, Warden Wilkins marries 
Oliver Cromwell's sister, 120— Earl of Ro- 
chester at Bodicote Church, Dr. Parker and 
the Grewellers, Dr. White and the Turn- 
pike-gate-keeper, William Shaw, first Se- 
cretary of Royal Agricultural Society, 121 

Walls, Old City, 70, 116, 181, 216 

Walsh, John, executed at Oxford, 5 

Walter's, Mr. John, ' Times' gift to Keble Coll., 
124 

Warden's Chair, New College, 115 

Warneford Lunatic Asylum. 128 

Water-walks, Magdalen College, 130, 136 

. . River Cherwell, 126 

Wellington, Duke of, Chancellor. 24, 152— en- 
ters Christ Church, 65— Ode to, recited by 
Right Hon. E. Cardwell, 183— entry into 
Oxford, 133— banquet to in St. John's Col- 
lege Hall, 197 



Skelton's Pietas Oxoniensis, or Records of Oxford Founders, published 1828. 



INDEX. 



XXV 



Wednesbury Mob-poesy, 163 

Wesley, Chas., shares credit in rise of Metho- 
dism, 13— prolific hymn-writer, 66, 168 — 
notes of his brother's treasonable sermon, 
66— his marriage, 164 — his last hymn, 168 

Wesley, John— birth and death, foundation of 
Wesleyan Methodism, his activity, first 
sermon, 13 — second Wesleyan Chapel 
opened, 14, 37— first Wesleyan Chapel, Ox- 
ford, secession of a large body, formation 
of the Free Methodists, 37— the noted Fly- 
Sheets, expulsion of Dunn, Everett, and 
Griffith, New Free Methodist Chapel, 38— 
the Hymns of the Wesleys, 66— John Wes- 
ley's sermon in St. Mary-the-Virgin Church, 
66, 88— Lord Macaulay on John Wesley, 66 
Wesley's mode of life, 66— preaching at 
Colchester, advice to the people, Mrs. Oli- 
phant on the lesson Wesley had to teach, 
67— Wesley enters Ch. Ch. , 13— elected to 
Fellowship of Lincoln College, 13,163— per- 
secution at various places, mob-poesy, Ty- 
erman's Life of Wesley, number of mini- 
sters and local preachers at Wesley's death, 
his journey to America, nearly inveigled 
into matrimony, conference of Moravian 
elders, 163— Wesley's unfortunate marriage, 
his vixen wife, her self-sought divorce, 
Wesley's wise determination, 164 

Wesley, Samuel— enters Exeter Coll. a servitor, 
167— his letter home, ordination, progress, 
gets the living of Epworth, thrown into 
prison for debt, fire at parsonage, 168 

Whately, Archbishop of Dublin, 79, 83, 87 

Whipping at the Cart's-Tail, last in Oxford, 41 

Whitefield, George, at Pembroke College ordi- 
nation, slovenly appearance, 47 

White, Sir Thomas, founder of St. John's Col- 
lege, 192-95— his Dream, 194 

White's, Dr., brown study, 121 

Wilberforce, Bishop Samuel, thirteenth of Ox- 
ford, 59, 83 

Wicliff, John— Two John Wicliffs— The, John 
Wicliff , birth, progress, and death, his idea 
of the Church's position, special Papal 
bulls issued against him, 18 — Wicliff 's view 
of the false position of the Romish Church, 
summoned to St. Paul's, his New Testa- 
ment, extract from, severe persecution of 
of his followers, curious mistake, 19— Car- 
dinal Philip Ressyngton a noted follower, 
47— Wicliff preaches in Tom Quadrangle, 
Ch. Ch., 52— the two Wicliffs at Merton, 
77— one appointed Warden of Canterbury 
College, 65— John Wicliff enters Queen's 
147— Bishop Flemmyng, a Wicliffian, 152 
161— Wycliff at Balliol College, 177 

William III. at Oxford, 4 

. . of the Anatomical Theatre, 60 
. . of Waynflete, 117, 130, 133 

. . of Wykeham, 112, 113 

Wilmot, John, Earl of Rochester, Wadham 
College, 120 

Windsor Castle and William of Wykeham, 112 



Wiseman, Rev. Luke, on John Wesley, 66 

Witenagemotes, Saxon, at Oxford, 5, 204, 205 

Wolsey, Cardinal, birth, progress, founder of 
Christ Church, builds Hampton Court Pa- 
lace, endows Lectureships, takes part 
with Katharine of Arragon, loses King's 
favour, pardoned, arrested for treason, 
death, 49— portrait of, 5 3— Wolsey's kitch- 
en, Ch. Ch., 54— his supposed tower, Mag- 
dalen College,134— at Magdalen College,136 

Wood, Antony a, on early state of Oxford, 2 — 
on derivation of Oxford's name, 2— goes by 
flying coach to London, 27— on Jacob's cof- 
fee-house, 27— at a public execution, 33 — 
on prosperity of New-Inn-Hall, 36— on stage 
plays at Ch. Ch. 53— on Merton bells, 74 — 
his monument, 74— at Merton as postmas- 
ter, 77— his residence, 79 — ancestors, his 
father's first wife's family, two of her rela- 
tions martyred at Lewes, Antony's birth, 
father's second wife, Antony's History of 
the University, threatened with banish- 
ment if not recanting, recants, death, state 
of his room, 80— on Mother George, the 
centenarian, 120— on the beauty of Mag- 
dalen College, 129— birth and death, 136— 
Gateway at Botanic Gardens, 140— on first 
Hall of Balliol College, 180— on the Altars 
in St. Mary Magdalen Church, 186— onstage 
plays in St. John's and Ch Ch. Halls, 198 

Wood, Rev. J. G., the naturalist, 77 

Woodard, Rev. N, of Lancing College, 111 

Wooxien Clog Almanacks, 97, 108 

Worcester College— known as Gloucester Col- 
lege, 194, 207— purchased by Sir Thomas 
White, 194, 208— called St. John-the-Bap- 
Hall, 194, 208— in much repute, in great 
decline— purchased by trusses of Sir Tho- 
mas Cookes, 208— incorporation as Wor- 
cester College, 208— Provost, members, and 
patronage, 209 — the magnificent Chapel, 
209— valuable illuminated Bible, 210— Hall 
and Library, 210— Eminent Men : De Quin- 
cey, Foote, Carey, &c, 211, 212 

Wordsworth, Poet-Laureate, 149 

Workhouse, Oxford, 127 

Wootton, William, first English Organ build- 
er, 78 



Xantippe, John Wesley blessed with a, 164 



Young, author of Night Thoughts, 157, 158 



Zebra College, the, 125 
Zodiac Coins of Hindoostan, at Ch. Ch., 65 
Zoology, first Professor of, 42, 137 
Zouch, James, monument to, 56 
Zurich, Bishop Jewel in exile at, 78 
Zwinglian, Bishop Jewel a, 78 



Oxford University Calendar first published, 1809— Ten- Year Book, 1863. 




THE TWO JOURNEYS. 



Endeavours ever come too short of our desires.''— Shakspbare. 



The following sketches of two journeys to and from the metropolis — . 
by Coach in the seventeenth century, and by Rail in the nineteenth 
century, will interest both visitor and citizen. 

THE FIRST FLYING COACH FROM OXFORD 
TO LONDON. 

ONDAY, April 26th, 1669, was a stirring morning in Oxford. 
As the early light dawned, "Gown and Town" were pressing, with 
eager steps and eager looks, into the High Street. Even the 
University authorities were awakened from their morning slumber. 
What was the cause ? Oxford, within the memory of middle-aged 
men, had witnessed more than one stirring scene. Along this 
same High Street, in 1642, Charles I. rode from the fight at 
Edgehill, with his two young sons and his nephews (Maurice and 
fiery Rupert), and the banners that had been borne away — but not 
in triumph — and his red coats following. All the bells rang out 
their loudest peals, and hooded dignitaries knelt humbly before His Majesty, 
offering not only their lives and their fortunes, as the modern phrase goes, 
but their cherished stores of college-plate— soon afterwards unceremoniously 
taken, and melted down, with scarcely a word of thanks from the ' ' Lord's 
anointed." Then that fatal Midsummer-day, 1646, when the garrison of 
Oxford marched out, and welcomed by no glad cheers, nor sweet chimes, the 
gallant Parliament troopers, heralded by the peremptory blasts of the trumpet, 
as they passed along on their noble grey chargers — ''hell broke loose," as 
Antony a Wood amiably remarks, but to whom the term "pioneers of free- 
dom" would more aptly apply. But it was neither the triumph nor downfal 
of Church or King that now summoned the early multitude into the High 
Street : it was, — carefully noted down in Antony's diary, as the most impor- 
tant event of the half-year, ' ' The first day that the flying coach went from 
Oxford to London in one day !" Stage coaches— lumbering, wearying wagon- 
like vehicles— had long been iu vogue ; and in one of these Antony a Wood 
himself had paid his first visit to London two years before, jogging along the 
not well-levelled road at the rate of two or three miles an hour. It was no 
wonder that all Oxford was in a fever of excitement ; a journey of two days 
crowded, and cantered, and galloped into one day ! Fifty-five miles between 
sunrise and sunset ! What incredible swiftness ! Would that a picture of 
this wondrous machine had been preserved ; although, from representations 
of later specimens, we can make a picture of it for ourselves, as it stood at the 

Severe Frost iu Oxford, Sheep roasted on the River Thames. January, 1871. 



FROM OXFORD TO LONDON BY COACH. xxvii 

door of the tavern, over against All Souls' College, on that eventful morning. 
A huge wooden box, covered with leather, not much unlike the Lord Mayor's 
state coach, minus the painting, the gilding, and the carvings ; with greater 
length of axletree, the wheels seeming to run away from the coach, and the 
coach-box a veritable box, filled with ropes, and spare traces, and hammer, 
and screw-drivers, and nails — contingencies of a journey to London with 
several breaks-down by the way. The coach was intended to carry six, the 
usual number. A boot for luggage, not unlike a lilliputian sentry-box, was 
placed on each side, near the door : additional passengers, whose proportions 
were limited, found a not very comfortable ride to town in these appendages 
when the vehicle could convey them in no other manner. Master Antony a 
Wood, carefully attired, took his seat on the coach a few minutes before six 
o'clock on that April morn. His destination, in common with the five other 
intrepid spirits who accompanied him, was London. His mission to consult 
the Cottonian manuscripts, for Antony's desire, be it remembered, was intense 
to gratify that peculiar worship of his life, and no reasonable pilgrimage was 
deemed too much by him, if he gained but brief information. Antony's com- 
panions on this noteworthy visit to " famous London town" were Counsellor 
Halloway of Oxford (who became a judge shortly after), and four members of 
the University. Precisely as the musical chimes of St . Mary-the-Virgin an- 
nounced the hour of six, the notified hour of departure, expressly by the 
Vice- Chancellor's permit, the whip was gently applied to the restive horses, 
who moved proudly down 'the High' withntheir burden, watched by the 
admiring citizens, wondering whether the goal of the adventurous travellers 
would be safely reached. Through the East Gate of the city, past Magdalen 
College, over the crazy old structure, dignified with the name of bridge, then 
crossing the Cherwell (the present bridge being built just a century after), up 
f China Lane,' and thence through the royal domain of Headington by tor- 
tuous ways, went the ' flying coach,' reaching Wheatley shortly before eight. 
Thame, Wycombe, Beaconstield (where weary wagoners and still more weary 
passengers were wont to take their night's rest, when two days were occupied 
in the journey), and Uxbridge were passed by mid-day. And now refresh- 
ment was indulged in, and gaping rustics stared, and w r ondered, and grimaced 
at each other, examined the coach, and then retired as wise as they came, for 
our predecessors possessed but knowledge on the limited principle. Again the 
tHe coach and passengers departed : Tyburn Tree, the end of short and 
merry lives, shrived often at the rope's-end, was passed, the banqueting-house 
of the Mayor (who here indulged in spiced cake and cooling ale, after hare 
hunting in Marylebone fields) left in the rear, and then into the Haymarket— 
busy, bustling Haymarket —full of hostels, old-fashioned and dingy, with 
numerous wagons, filled with hay, at their doors, waiting for the morrow's 
market. And here Master Wood descended, after a journey of thirteen hours 
for fifty- five miles, safely, but very tired. Wood's account of a coach-journey 
to London is the first recorded, but it cannot be supposed that the Oxford 
coach pioneered the way, for the University authorities were not at all dis- 
posed to allow innovations without their sanction . The fare from Oxford to 
London was ten shillings, exclusive of fees to coachman, guard, etc. The 
experiment was perfectly successful. (See also pp. 27, 141.) 

FIRST LOCOMOTIVE FROM LONDON TO OXFORD. 

JMriOND AY, June 10, 1844, exactly a century and three quarters from 
the year of grace 1669, and again was Oxford in a state of delirium— the 

Magdalen College Tower struck and severely injured by lightning, 1832 and 1844. 



XXV111 



FROM LONDON TO OXFORD BY RAIL. 



delirium of pleasure. It was indeed a red-letter day in Oxonian annals. 
From this day it was to be possible to travel from Oxford to London, or vice 
versa, in ninety minutes— a remarkable change from the first flying coach : 
an accelerated pace. People who had heard of " Stephenson's devil" by re- 
pute, but who had not witnessed the monster, nor the marvels of the steam 
revolution then already accomplished, poured by hundreds into the classic 
city from east and west, and north and south. Invasion had taken place ; 
but not one trace of panic was to be seen : glee had apparently usurped sad- 
ness—smiling faces and pleasant conversation prevailed. Amid the bustle and 
din a few phrases caught the ear— " Paddington,"—" Oxford,"— " Brunei," 

" Stephenson," — " Great Western." These were the principal ejaculations, 

and from these it was to be gleaned that the Great Western Railway was to be 
opened direct from London to Oxford that day, and that the journey of sixty- 
three miles henceforth would be accomplished in less than two hours. Now 
the surprise and energetic remarks of the citizens and villagers could be 
understood. The wisdom of the senators of the "University in planning 
opposition to the progress of the railway had failed, for no permit had been 
granted from the Vice- Chancellor — the permit of Parliament being deemed 
sufficient, and Oxford had gained the advantage . Carfax was the rendezvous 
of the people on the June morn of 1844, and from thence they wended their 
way down St. Aldate, past Wolsey's ambitious foundation (although handed 
to posterity by ' bluff King Hal, of blessed memory'), Christ Church ; pass- 
ing on, Folly Bridge was reached (rendered noticeable by Friar Bacon's 
connection with the previous bridge, from the pharos of which he ' studied 
the stars') and a few steps brought the sight-seers to the locale of the railway 
terminus in Hincksey Fields, for the present station and the continuation of 
the line through Oxford to Wales were things of the future, and hardly 
dreamt of. Surely broad-gauge Brunei was equally liable to trial for witch- 
craft as worthy Friar Bacon, who was arraigned in days of yore by our mad 
townsmen and their no less mad but more base confreres of the University 
Schools. Bacon very narrowly escaped the ordeal of fire for his gambols in 
the company of his Satanic highness, whilst they were experimenting as to the 
usefulness of gunpowder to mankind ! Probably Mr. Brunei had but slight, 
if any knowledge of the Friar's narrow escape from the unsought flames — had 
he known it — he might not have been so venturous in approaching Oxford. 
Shortly before ten Paddington was left behind by the train destined for the 
cloistered shades of Oxford ; Ealing, Hanwell and Reading were passed by — 
Pangbourne and Goring lapsed into distance, and Didcot — fifty-three miles — 
was reached in one hour and eight minutes : one minute and a-quarter per 
mile — certainly a slight improvement on Wood's journey of thirteen hours. 
And now to Oxford : a trifle slower, but equally as sure, the train came 
gasping, and panting, and shining with heat ; doing the nine miles and a- 
quarter rather under the half-hour. And here the directors and their friends 
descended, after their journey by weird agency, safe and sound. General 
Pasley, the Government Inspector of Railways, was the honoured guest of 
day, accompanied by Lord Barrington, Lord Ingestre ; Mr. Brunei, engineer 
of the line ; Mr. Saunders, secretary of the line, etc. Lunch was laid at the 
Angel Hotel for upwards of fifty. The branch-line was minutely inspected 
after lunch by the General, and declared safe. It was opened to the public on 
Wednesday, June 12, 1844. The second line to London (North- Western), via 
Bletchley, seventy-eight miles, was opened in May, 1851 ; the third route to 
London (Great Western) via Wycombe, 63| miles, was opened in 1864. 

The Rev. George Granville Bradley appointed Master of University College, Dec. 8, 1870. 



| ; fce Ijistoriijal laraltoft and |)tml« to Ijifuri 



"I pray you let us satisfy our eyes 
With the memorials and things of fame 
That do renown this city."— Shakspeare. 




F we digress from the well-trodden path of works illustrative of 
Ancient and Modern Oxford, and desire to make the present pub- 
lication alike valuable to the stranger and the citizen, it shall be 
our endeavour to supply, as concisely as possible, under heads 
relating to each particular subject, facts and data, no less inter- 
esting as a record of early history than as an instructive medium 
for visitors to our famous City and University in the present day. Citizens of 
all nationalities are unanimous in their recognition of the architectural beauty 
and picturesque situation of the " City of Palaces" in the " Vale of Streams." 
Our introduction therefore shall be made by a selection from a few personal 
recollections. Professor Hiiber, of Marburg University, writes, in his 
" History of English Universities," that " In the midst rises a mass of mighty 
buildings, the general character of which varies between convent, palace, and 
castle. The principal masses consist of the colleges, the university buildings, 
and the city churches ; and, by the side of these, the city itself is lost on dis- 
tant view. Each of the larger and more ancient colleges looks a separate 
whole : an entire town — whose walls and monuments proclaim the growth of 
many centuries. In fact, every college is, in itself, a sort of chronicle of the 
history of art in England, and more especially of architecture. He who can 
be proof against the strong emotions which the whole aspect and genius of the 
place tends to inspire, must be dull, thoughtless, uneducated, or of very per- 
verted views." Dean Stanley (Ch. Ch.), of Westminster, speaks of Oxford 
as "a mass of towers, pinnacles, and spires, rising in the bosom of a valley : 
dark and ancient edifices clustered together, in forms full of richness and 
beauty." A tourist, versed in the architectural splendours of continental 
cities, observes that, "With the exception of Florence, Genoa, Rome, and 
Venice, Oxford will find few rivals. So grand, and yet so varied, are the 
numerous groups of towers, turrets, and spires, that the beholder becomes 
wrapt in admiration." Ralph Waldo Emerson, the American professor, notes 
Oxford as "the link of England to the learned of Europe ;" and describes the 
city and university as being "on every side redolent of age and authority." 
These graphic testimonies to "Oxenforde's beauty" we deem sufficient. 

The Rise of Oxford. — Authorities give many diverse statements of the 
earliest periods in the city's history. Most have been accounted fabulous. 
The Rev. Sir John Peshall, in his " Antient and Present State of the City of 
Oxford " (published in 1773), quotes a number of references from Antony a 
Wood's 'Collectanea, 'giving the authorities from whence the information was 
derived. One statement will excite astonishment and perhaps unbelief, viz. , 

First-named Chancellor of the University : Eobert de Cricklade (or Canutus), A.D., 1159. 



OXFORD IN EARLY AGES. 



that " In genealogical tables, Oxford stands in that era of time when David was 
King of Judea, 38 years before the erection of Solomon's temple, and 298 
years antecedent to the building of Rome !" Dr. Rawlinson places the founda- 
tion of the city in a.m. 2954, or 1009 years before the birth of Christ, in the 
fifth year of the reign of King Memphric. Antony a Wood; the quaint anti- 
quary, and author of the "Athense Oxoniensis, " records that "It is evident, 
from a variety of authors, that Memphric, King of the Britons, 1009 years 
before the birth of Christ, first laid the foundation of our city and gave it his 
own name— Caer-Memphric" (Memphric's City). Oxford is also described as 
" Memphritir, on the river Temes." Another authority relates that King 
Memphric perished, it is supposed, at Woolvercote, a village two miles to the 
north of Oxford, having been attacked by wolves, whilst engaged in hunting. 
A work, entitled "Diversorum Privilegiorum Staiutorum et Memorabilium 
Almas Universitatis," in the Bodleian Library, presented thereto by Mr. T. 
Allen, antiquary, mentions Oxford as early as the days of Brutus, under the 
name of Municipium, implying a city with laws and customs for its own govern- 
ment. Ancient Britons called it Byd-ychin, a 'ford,' it being approached at 
so many points by those river-cros&ings. The Latin race named Oxford Bello- 
situm, and at other times Beaumond, both titles referring to the salubrious 
and pleasant position of the city, which Daniel Rogers, Clerk of the Council, 
in Elizabeth's reign, thus eulogises : — 

" He that hath Oxford seen, for beauty, grace, 
And healthiness, ne'er saw a better place." 

Claudius Ptolemaus, an Alexandrian, speaks of it, in a.d. 170, as Cavela, vulgo 
Oxonia. Emerson, in his "English Traits," observes that "Its foundations 
date even from Arthur, for the Pheryllt (governing body) of the Druids had a 
seminary there." In the same reign Bosso was consul, or viceroy of the city, 
hence it was sometimes called Caer-Bosso. Cyprian names the city Oxfort. 
Paul Appian, in the ninth century, only mentions three noted cities in the 
island, placing Oxford second, thus : Canterbury, Oxford, London. Sherif ol 
Edrifi, an Arabian geographer ■• of the thirteenth century, records its name 
as Ozefurd. Mr. Lhwyd, the Welsh antiquary (of Brasenose College), 
remarks, " It is unknown what names Oxford hath borne, on account of its 
very great antiquity." Baxter's " Glossary of Oxford" (page 19), published 
1719, says, " Between the years a.d. 50-84 it suffered a most terrible downfall. 
The once-renowned city was reduced to the form of a little village, and had 
nothing, as it were, left of it but its name of Ryd-ychin, and serving as a ford 
for oxen to cross over." Leland derives the name of the city from Ouse-na- 
ford, from its situation near a ford over the Ouse at Osney : Ouse being the 
name by which the river Thames (or Isis) was formerly known. The German 
word Ochsenfurt (from the river Oder), a ford for oxen, has been thought by a 
few authorities to furnish a key to the derivation of the name : a town on the 
river Main, below Wurzburg, Bavaria, being similarly designated. Un- 
doubtedly the name of Oxford was derived from the " ox-fords" surrounding 
the city ; the special ford being either at Binsey (to the north-west) cr North 
Hincksey, formerly known as Hengessey (to the south-west of Osney). Antony 
a Wood takes the latter as the most probable. Both fords are still in 
existence. About midway between these two fords, on the Botley Road, is a 
bridge called Bullstrode, doubtless arising from oxen crossing another ford by 
which the city was approached through meadows in that direction. The bridge 
is but just over a century old. Other fords crossed the river Cherwell at the 
eastern endof the city, and Avere "principally used," says Mr. S. C. Hall, in 

First-named Seneschallm (High Steward) of the University: John Norreys, Esq., 1466. 



OXFORD IN EARLY AGES. 



that interesting volume, " The Book of the Thames," " as fords for the cattle 
of the king to cross over into the luxuriant meadows surrounding the city. " 
In a.d. 449 the Saxons invaded Oxford, committing extensive ravages, and 
laying the city almost in ruins. Vortigern, an ancient British king, restored 
the place to somewhat of its former position, and resided within its walls for a 
lengthened period. In 727 Didan was viceroy of Oxford, under Ethelbald, 
King of Mercia. Ethelbald frequented the city during his reign, and caused 
many hostels (halls or dwelling-places) to he built for the use of the students 
then commencing to assemble at the schools gaining repute throughout England . 
Ross (of Warwick), Brian Twyne, Leland, and Wood concur in placing the 
rise of the city and university, as places of fame, about the era of Ethelbald, 
a.d. 730. In that year Didan founded the monastery of St. Frideswdde for his 
daughter and twelve nuns of noble birth. Frideswide was the prioress of the 
institution bearing her name. The church of the monastery was dedicated to 
St. Mary and All Saints. The assigned locality of the monastery and its 
church was upon or near the site of the present cathedral. Frideswide died 
in 740, and was buried within the monastery church. Didan and his wife 
Saxfrida were likewise interred in the same building. In 886 Alfred the Great 
with his sons took up their abode in Oxford, and from this period both city and 
university rose in estimation and importance. Alfred established a Royal Mint 
in the city, and a coin is preserved of his mintage in the Ashmolean Museum. 
Athelstan, who ascended the throne in 924, added a second mint, and money 
continued to be coined in the city, more or less, down to the days of Edward 
IV. During the siege of the city in the jreign of Charles I. New Inn Hall 
was temporarily converted into a mint^ and a large portion of the 
plate, jewels, &c, of the colleges and private persons, given voluntarily, 
were converted into coin to meet the king's necessities. King Edmund II. 
was killed at Oxford on Nov. 20, 1016. Canute, in 1022, ordered the 
translation of the laws of Edward into Latin, and made them binding on his 
subjects. Harold Harefoot, who succeeded to the English throne in 1036, 
was crowned at Oxford, probably in the church attached to St. Frideswide's 
monastery. After a brief reign of three years, he died at Oxford in 1039 : 
some authorities state he was murdered. His body was interred in Westmin- 
ster Abbey. In the reign of Edward the Confessor (1041- Q6) Oxford flourished 
exceedingly. In 1067 the city, after a short siege, capitulated to William the 
Conqueror (see Sieges). 

The Arms of Oxford are emblematical of the city's name, forming a 
rebus— an ' ox crossing a ford. ' These arms were confirmed to the city in 1574, 
by R. Lee, portcullis, on his armorial visitation of Oxfordshire. The Oxford 
arms are, Argent an Ox gules, armed and unguled Or, passing over a ford of 
water in base, proper. The Crest is a demi-lion rampant, powdered with 
fleur-de-lis, Or, holding between his paws a rose Argent, and gules, crested Or. 
Supporters: On the dexter, an elephant, ermine — eared, collared, and lined 
Argent — armed Or ; on the sinister, a beaver proper — ducally collared and 
lined Or. Motto: " Fortis est Veritas." There are two coats of arms men- 
tioned previously. One was granted to the city about a.d. 885 viz. , A field 
azure, a bible with seven seals appendant thereto, opened (at the commence- 
ment of St. John's Gospel, "In the beginning was the Word," &c), betwixt 
three crowns. The other arms, mentioned by Hearne, the antiquary, at one 
period sub-librarian at the Bodleian, represented the castle in the centre, with 
the entrance-bridge and moat. This is the official seal of the Sheriffs of Oxon. 
Oxford has given the title of Earl to three families for above 800 years. The 

First-named Proctors ; Eoger de Plumpton, Henry de Godfrey, and Robert de Burgo, 1267. 



ROYAL VISITS TO OXFORD. 



title was first borne by Sweyne, eldest son of Godwyn, Earl of Kent. It was 
bestowed on him by King Harold who lost the English throne at the battle of 
Hastings. Sweyne perished on the battle-field. The Empress Maud granted 
the title to Alberic, or Aubrey de Vere, for services rendered unto her. The 
Veres held it close upon 600 years, Aubrey de Vere, the twentieth and last 
Earl, dying without issue in 1702. Queen Anne conferred it (in 1711) on 
Robert'Harley, Speaker of the House of Commons and Lord High Treasurer 
of England. The Harley family still retain the title. 

Boyal Visits. — Nearly every British sovereign has visited the city, and 
several have resided within the walls or in villages adjacent for lengthened 
periods. Subsequent to the Conquest Headington had its royal palace. Wood- 
stock had likewise its royal residence, and" there Queen Elizabeth was impri- 
soned whilst a princess. The earlier Saxon kings were frequently at Oxford, 
it forming one of their principal cities. William the Conqueror beleaguered 
the city, 1067, obtaining forcible entry ; Rufus (William II.) held a council in 
Oxford in 1088 ; King Stephen besieged the Empress Maud in the castle with 
success in 1142 ; Henry I. was educated at Oxford, and built Beaumont 
Palace in 1132— the last vestige being destroyed in 1829 ; Henry II. resorted 
much to "fair Oxenforde." Richard I. (Coeur-de-Lion) was born at Beaumont 
Palace in 1156. Out of a reign of ten years (1189-99) he spent but four 
months in England, the chief portion at Oxford, being largely engaged in the 
Crusades ; and at the battle of Gisors he gave the parole, " Dieu et mon droit," 
ever since retained on the royal arms. Henry III. came from Kenilworth to 
Osney Abbey. Whilst there, those renowned regulations, known as the " Pro- 
visions of Oxford " were passed. King John caroused in Beaumont Palace, 
graphically described in Sir Walter Scott's " Ivanhoe." During his sojourn in 
the city he received a peremptory message from the disaffected barons assembled 
atBrackley, previously to the signing of Magna Charta in June, 1216. Edward 
III. was educated at Oxford. Edward the Black Prince graduated at Balliol. 
At the battle of Crescy, in 1 346, Edward commanded the English forces . The 
motto "Ich dien," with the three ostrich feathers, was taken from the King 
of Bohemia's helmet, when he fell at Crescy. This crest and motto were given 
to the Prince at the institution of the Order of the Oarter in 1350, and have 
been borne by the Princes of Wales from that time. Henry V. entered 
Queen's College ; Prince Arthur (brother of Henry VIII.) and Prince 
Henry (brother of Charles I.) graduated at Magdalen College ; George IV. 
entered his name on the books of Christ Church when he visited Oxford in 
1814 ; our present Prince of Wales matriculated at Ch. Ch. in 1859, and 
the Crown Prince of Denmark in 1864. Edward IV. visited Oxford in 1481 ; 
Henry VII. in 1488 ; Henry VIII. in 1510-18-33 ; Elizabeth in 1558-74-75- 
91-2 ; James I. in 1603-9-15-21 ; Charles I. in 1625-29-36-42. At the latter 
visit he took up his residence in Christ Church during the troubles of his 
reign, escaping in 1646 just before the capitulation of the city to Fairfax (see 
Sieges). Queen Henrietta held Court in Merton College. Charles II. came 
to Oxford during the prevalence of the plague at London in 1665. Courtly 
honours were done at Christ Church and Merton College. In 1681 Charles II. 
convoked the last Parliament ever held in Oxford. Richard III. held Court 
at Magdalen College in 1485, soon after his accession. Cromwell entered 
Oxford in triumph at the termination of the siege in 1646. In 1650 he was 
elected Chancellor of the University James II. attended vespers in Univer- 
sity College, and mass was celebrated by his order in the Cathedral. William 
III. visited Oxford in 1695 ; Queen Anne in 1702 ; George III. in 1785 ; 

First Regius Professor of Divinity : Richard Smith, D.D., Merton College, 1535. 



EXECUTIONS FOR TREASON— FIRES, 5 

and George IV. (when Prince Regent,) in 1814, accompanied by the Allied 
Sovereigns of Europe, upon the conclusion of the Peninsular War. Queen 
Victoria, whilst Princess, visited Oxford, in company with her mother, the 
Duchess of Kent, in 1832. Queen Adelaide, consort of William IV. , came 
to Oxford in 1835. In 1841-57-60 Prince Albert visited Oxford, accompanied 
in 1841 by the Queen, and in 1860 by the Queen and royal family. In 1859- 
60-3-8 the Prince of Wales came. to Oxford — accompanied by the Princess 
Alexandra in 1863, and by Prince Christian, of Denmark, in 1868. Prince 
Hassan, a Mahometan by faith, and second son of the Khedive of Egypt, ma- 
triculated at Christ Church in October, 1869. 

Parliament (derived from the French word parler, to speak) has assembled 
in Oxford on above twenty different occasions : the first in 1203, the last in 
March, 1680. It is remarkable that the constitution of Parliament, as at 
present formed, was first marked out at Oxford in 1215, during the reign of 
King John, when writs were issued to the Sheriffs of each county, under the 
&reat Charter, to elect four knights for each shire— to assemble at Oxford. 

Saxojst Witenagemotes (meetings of wise men), the Parliament of earlier 
days, were often brought together in the city during the reigns of the Saxon 
kings : since a.d. 1000 — they have been held in 1002, by Ethelred II.; 1015, 
by King Edmund II.; 1018 and 1022, by Canute, surnamed the 'Great.' 
These are the last of which mention is made. 

Executions for Treason have taken place in the city on some few 
occasions. In 1233 one Bibbaud, a priestf attempted the assassination of 
Henry III. at Woodstock. Ribbaud was^ discovered entering the palace 
by night, captured, conveyed to Oxford, and there torn to pieces by horses. 
In 1400 the Earl of Kent, Sir Thomas Blount, Sir Benjamin Sely, Sir Ralph 
Lumley, and John Walsh and Baldwin de Kent, Esqrs. , were executed by 
hanging at Green Ditch (St. Giles), the public place of execution, without 
the North Gate, for engaging in a conspiracy against Henry IV. The heads 
of the Duke of Surrey and the Earl of Salisbury, executed at Cirencester, 
were conveyed to Henry IV. at Oxford, on long poles. The last execution 
for treason in Oxford took place on August 31, 1681, when Stephen Colledge, 
of Henley, known as the ''Protestant Joiner," was hung, quartered, dis- 
embowelled, and his entrails burnt in the castle-yard. Colledge was first 
tried in London, but conviction failed. He was brought in custody to 
Oxford, where the farce of a new trial was gone through ; and, on the 
evidence of perjured witnesses, Colledge was convicted, and the sentence 
of death, and division of his body, was carried out as detailed. It was alleged 
that Colledge with others intended to gain possession of the body of the 
monarch (Charles II. ) living or dead ; but the only fact proved, and that 
but moderately, was intemperance of language, combined with the singing 
of seditious ballads, reflecting on the character of the profligate monarch. 

Fires. — Oxford has been devastated many times by this destroying agent 
—notably in 979, 1002, 1009 (the two latter by the Danes), 1190, and 1644. 
The fire of 1644 (Oct. 6), commenced in Thames Street (now known as 
George Street), and, pursuing its way towards Corn-market Street, passed 
along to Queen Street, burning all that came in its way : ending near St. 
Peter -le- Bailey Church. Two serious conflagrations have happened at 
Christ Church : one in 1719, on Candlemas eve, in the Hall, greatly damaging 
the roof— the other in 1809, in the south-east portion of " Tom Quadrangle.'' 
It severely damaged the interior of the building, but the exterior suffered 
but little. Exeter College Library was greatly damaged by fire in 1708. The 

First Regius Professor of Civil Law : John Story, D.C.L., Broadgates Hall (Pembroke), 1546. 



MASS A CRES—PLA G UES— SIEGES. 



interior was destroyed, and the major part of the books burnt. The Bodleian 
Library, being only twelve yards distant, was deemed in much peril, but 
fche impending danger was happily averted. There was a severe fire in the 
Demies' Room, Magdalen College, August 5, 1719. On Dec. 18, 1788, the west 
wing of Queen's College was burnt. In 1810 the interior of the large tower of 
Magdalen College accidentally caught fire, but was quickly extinguished. In 
1 B20 Magdalen Hall was destroyed by fire. This Hall was founded in the four- 
teenth century, adjacent to Magdalen College. The building was in course of 
demolition when the fire occurred, but has since been rebuilt on the site of 
Hertford College. The Post Office, when standing in the High Street, in 1842, 
was burnt to a large extent. Broad Street, Corn-market Street, and other 
parts of the city and university buildings have also suffered from severe fires. 

Massacres have been somewhat frequent in the city : the undergraduates 
and citizens often meeting in hostility, ' ' eager for the fray. '* These conflicts 
gained the wyell-known title of " Gown and Town Rows." To a great extend 
such " faction-fights" have become obsolete. A massacre of the Danes took 
place in the city, by order of king Ethelred, in 1012, on the Feast of St. Brice. 
In 1015 two Danish nobleman, Sigeford and Morcar, were treacherously 
assasinated while on a diplomatic mission. Their countrymen, desiring to 
resent this outrage, came to Oxford in great numbers, but were overpowered ; 
and a few, who took refuge in St. Frideswide's Sanctuary, were burnt to 
death. In 1209-63, 1344, and 1349, hostile meetings took place between the 
citizens and students (see the details in pages relating to "The University"). 
On St. Scholastica's Day, 1354, a serious riot, lasting three days, took place 
at Carfax. Sixty- three students were slain in the affray ((see "Carfax"). 

Plague and Pestilence have ravaged Oxford at various periods, espe- 
cially in 1349-54 ; 1435-6-9-93 ; 1500-3-17-23-71-77-92. Knighton remarks of 
the plague of 1349, " There were scarce enough left in the city to bury the 
dead : above a fourth part of the scholars died. Before the plague you might 
have hired a curate for five marks a-year, or two marks and his board ; after, 
it, you could hardly find a clergyman who would accept of twenty marks — 
or twenty pounds a-year." That of 1517 was known as the " sweating sick- 
ness," of which one William. Coghan says, "It began on the 6th of July, 
from w T hich day to the 12th of August next ensuing, there died 510 persons, 
all men and no women." The visitation of 1577 was named the "Black 
Assize, " the pestilence breaking out in the Assize Court, and taking off Sir 
Robert BeU, (Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer), Sir Robert D'Oyly (High 
Sheriff), the Lord-Lieutenant of the County, eight Magistrates, nearly all the 
Grand Jury, and many others. In the ' ' Angliae Notitise ; or, The Present 
State of England," by Chamberlayne, published two hundred years back, 
Oxford is spoken of as being particularly healthy ; so that the citizens, soon 
after the last visitation of the plague, must have set themselves to work to 
remove all obstructions in the way of cleanliness and health. Four severe 
visits of Asiatic cholera were, however, experienced in 1832-37-49-54. At the 
present time Oxford bears a very high character for its salubrity— the annual 
death-rate varying, according to the Registrar- General's returns, from nine- 
teen to twenty-two per thousand inhabitants. In 1767 seven persons died, 
in the five central parishes, whose united ages amounted to 606 years— four 
being above eighty years of age, and the remaining three over ninety. In 
1862 Thomas Pratt, well known as a herbalist, died at the age of 106 years. 

Sieges. —In 1067 William the Conqueror besieged the city ; and, after a slight 
resistance on the citizens' part, gained an easy entrance within the walls. In 

First Regius Professor of Medicine : John Warner, M.D., All Souls' College, 1535. 



CORSELLIS THE PRINTER. 



1142 King Stephen besieged the Empress Matilda, who disputed his right, 
in the castle. Matilda finding it impossible to hold the castle with her forces, 
escaped by night to Wallingford, during the prevalence of a severe frost. In 
a work of the reign of King Stephen we read, ' ' Oxford is a city most strongly 
fortified and unapproachable by reason of its very deep waters, which wash it 
all round .; being on one side most carefully girt by solid outworks, beautifully 
and very powerfully strengthened by an impregnable castle and a tower of 
vast height ;" plainly referring to the donjon keep on the summit of the 
mound, still to be observed a prominent object in the castle grounds. In 
1645-6 the city and castle were besieged by the "Roundheads, under Colonel 
Fairfax. It submitted on August 22, 1646. During the siege the Colleges 
were used as palaces and barracks ; the Examination Schools as granaries, and 
the Libraries as depots for provisions and stores. Charles I. escaped from 
Christ Church, disguised as a servant, on Sunday, April 27, 1646. He fled to 
the ranks of the Scottish army, then bivouacking at Southwell, Yorkshire. 

The History of Printing is apparently closely connected with the city, 
being practised in Oxford, antecedent to that of any other locality in England, 
one Frederick Corsellis having printed a work or works in the city in 1468, 
four years before Caxton set up his press in Westminster, and six years 
previous to Caxton issuing his first book from the Abbey press. Sir John 
Peshall, in his " History of Oxford," remarks that " Frederic Corsellis set up 
the first printing-press in England, in Merton Street, Oxford, (then known 
as St. John Baptist Street)." Corsellis' first 1 specimen of typography was the 
"Exposicio Sancti Jeronimi in Simbolo Apostolorum," in small 4to, 41 pp. 
Bryan Twyne and Antony a Wood (Oxford antiquaries), Dr. Aylifie (an 
historian of Oxford), and the Rev. T. F. Dibdin, D.D. (the eminent biblio- 
grapher), maintain a similar opinion, which is echoed by John Begford, in 
his "History of Printing at Oxford," and Richard Atkyns, Esq., of Balliol 
College, who published the ' ' Original and Growth of Printing : a Flower of 
the Crown of England," in 1664, in which it is stated that Corsellis was 
brought from Leyden by a Mr. Tumour, who had him conveyed to London 
and from thence to Oxford. King Charles I., in his Letters Patent to the 
University of Oxford, March 5, 1635, mentions printing as having been 
brought to the city from abroad. Dr. Dibdin strengthens his testimony by 
avowing that he has "seen two copies of this work — one in the Bodleian 
Library, Oxford, and another in the Public Library, Cambridge." Those 
holding the reverse view, assert that Theodoric Pood, of Cologne, was the 
first printer at Oxford, a. d. 1478 ; and further, that he published six books 
between that year and 1485 — the first being the "Exposicio Sancti Jeronimi. " 
This is invention ; for the first book printed by Rood, in Oxford, was "iEgi- 
dius Romanus." Mr. James Johnson, in his " Typographia, " gives no less 
than 38 pp. of exhaustive evidence against the claims set up by the admirers 
of Corsellis, which are apparently, in his opinion, incontrovertible. The 
legacy of Dr. Barlow, Bishop of Lincoln, included a copy of this famous book. 
He bequeathed to the Bodleian Library in 1691, one of the works printed 
by Corsellis, at Oxford, in 1468 : its colophon, or imprint, stating that it was 
finished on Dec. 17, in that year. It is exhibited in a glass case near the 
entrance to the library, and it is entitled "Exposicio Sancti Jeronimi in 
Simbolo Apostolorum" ("Exposition of the Acts of the Apostles"), in 
reality supposed to have been written by Ruffinus. There is a memoran- 
dum at the beginning, noting that this rare and unique treasure was given 
to Dr. Barlow, by Bishop Juxon, July 31, 1657. The library contains like- 
First Regius Professor of Hebrew : Thomas Harding, M.A., New College, 1536. 



8 EARL Y PRINTING A T OXFORD. 



wise two copies of the first book printed in the English language, by William 
Carton at Bruges, in 1472, entitled " The Recuyell of the Histories of Troy." 
One copy requires three leaves, the other seven, to render them complete. 
"The Game and Playe of the Chesse," the first book printed by Caxton in 
England, in 1474, is also in the library, as well as six other books printed by 
Caxton, including " Ye Dreame of ye Pilgrimage of ye Soule," issued from 
Caxton's press in 1483. The character of this work is somewhat similar to 
that of Bunyan's renowned "Pilgrim's Progress," of which it is apparently 
a precursor. It is adorned with curious coloured drawings. This book was 
given in Bodley's time. Caxton printed about sixty books during the period 
he practised the art. Theodoric Rood and Thomas Hunt were the next 
printers in Oxford— Rood by himself in 1478, and then in partnership with 
Hunt, in about 1483-4. The library possesses seven works of Theodoric 
Rood's, having duplicates of the first works printed in Oxford in English 
(but both very imperfect), entitled " Liber Festivalis." One copy was bought 
in 1832 for six guineas, and the other in 1852 for six pounds ten shillings. 
The date of the book is 1486. The first work printed in Oxford by Rood 
was " iEgidius Romanus de Peccato Originale," dated March 14, 1479. The 
second, " Textus Ethicorum Aristotelis, " 1479. The other four are of the 
years 1481-2-3. Wynkin de Worde is also reputed to have practised printing 
in Oxford. This we believe to have no real foundation ; but to have probably 
arisen from an Almanack printed by Worde in Fleet Street, London, in 1508, 
entitled "Almanacke for XII y ere, after the latytude of Oxenforde." This 
unique treasure is preserved in the Bodleian Library : its size, 48mo (2 Jin. 
by If in. The mention of the "latytude of Oxenforde," occurring in the 
title, might have originated the error. Worde printed upwards of four 
hundred works, of which Oxford possesses three. There is no question but 
that Worde, being the best typographer of his day, executed many works for 
the University, even if he did not have an office or shop in the city ; of which 
there is some doubt. From this time there is a space of upwards of thirty 
years elapsing before we read of another book being printed in the city, and 
this takes us to 1517-19, when there is mention of five or six works being 
issued ; and from this time there occurs another lapse of sixty-five years, 
when one John Case, of St. John's College, published a book, entitled 
"Moral Questions upon Aristotle's Ethics." In 1586 the first Greek 
publication was issued, entitled the "Homilies of St. Chrysostom," and 
sixty-five years after this period the first Hebrew publication was printed, 
which was Dr. Pococke's " Porta Mosis. " During the whole of the intervening 
space, however, the University press was kept in motion by other classical 
works. In 1585 Joseph Barnes was the printer to the University, and he 
published close upon one hundred volumes in English, Latin, and Greek, 
under the patronage of the Earl of Leicester. The University authorities 
advanced Barnes £100 from their chest, and gave him leave to append to his 
publications Printer to the University. In 1633 Archbishop Laud, being 
desirous that the many manuscripts in the Bodleian should be printed, 
procured certain privileges in his favour from King Charles I. The first 
acknowledged "Archi typographer, " or " Printer to the University," was the 
Rev. Samuel Clarke, M.A., Merton, appointed about 1658. He edited and 
corrected the earliest Polyglot Bible issued from the University Press. Dr. 
Clarke died Dec. 17, 1669, and was interred in Holywell Church (St. Cross). 
He was succeeded in 1669 by Martin Bold. In the same year, the University 
Press commenced to occupy the upper part of the Sheldonian Theatre, where 

First Regius Professor of Greek : Nicholas Harpsfield, B.C.L., New College, 1540. 



THE NEWSPAPER PRESS. 



it remained until 1713, when it was removed to the adjoining Clarendon 
Building, purposely provided from the profits of the Earl of Clarendon's 
national work, the ' ' History of the Rebellion. " The Press was again 
removed in 1830 to its present locality. One Henry Cruttenden, of Oxford, 
in 1668, styled himself "one of his Majesty's printers." Mr. John Basket, 
stationer, of London, leased the East end of the Clarendon Building for 
21 years, in 1712, at i,'200 per annum. He had likewise the grant of printing 
Bibles, Psalters, &c, added to the lease. Space forbids further enlargement 
upon this subject. 

The Newspaper Press of England has some of its earliest specimens 
from the press of Oxford. Dr. Bruno Ryves, of New College, is said to have 
contributed to the first acknowledged issue of the British press, the ■ Newes 
of the Present Weeke,' published by Nathaniel Butter in 1622. This paper, 
after 18 years' existence, was discontinued, by an edict from the Star 
Chamber, on Jan. 9, 1640. The 'English Mercurie,' said to have been the 
first paper issued in England, dating 1588, was proved a thorough forgery in 
1839, by the late Mr. T. Watts, Assistant Librarian at the British Museum. 
The water-mark in the paper (that of George II. ) and the peculiar cut of the 
type (Caslon's), showed the forgery to have been of the eighteenth century. 
The earliest Oxford paper was the ' Mercurius Aulicus,' issued Jan. 1, 1642, 
under the editorship of John Birkenhead and Peter Heylin. Birkenhead 
entered as a servitor of Oriel College in 1632, at the age of 17. He became 
amanuensis to Archbishop Laud ; and, after^a progressive course, was created 
a knight. The 'Aulicus' was followed by the) ' Mercurius Rusticus, ' appearing 
on April 22, 1642, edited by Dr. Bruno Ryves. This was speedily followed 
by the ' Mercurius Britannicus, ' ' Mercurius Pragmaticus, ' and ' Mercurius 
Politicus,' all printed in this city, each edited by Marchamont Needham, who 
entered the University as a chorister at All Souls' College. The first espoused 
the rebel cause, the second the royal cause, while the third favoured the 
commonwealth. As might have been expected, Needham, by his journalistic 
eccentricities, forfeited the respect of all parties, and ultimately died in great 
poverty in Devereux Court, London. The ' Oxford Gazette,' the progenitor 
of the oldest paper in existence, the ' London Gazette,' first appeared in 
Oxford, edited by Henry Muddiman, on Nov. 7, 1665, during the stay of 
Charles II. in Oxford, who, with his court, took up his abode in the city during 
the prevalence of the plague in London. In Oxford the 'Gazette' saw eleven 
issues, and it was then removed to London, in February, 1666, from whence 
it has since been regularly published, on the Tuesday and Friday in each 
week. It is a curious fact that history repeated itself in Jan. 1870, when the 
' University Gazette ' an official organ, was issued from the Clarendon Press. 
The next issued paper in Oxford was the ' Oxford Flying Weekly Journal and 
and Cirencester Gazette,' in 1746, which had an existence of seven years. 
The Newspaper Press in Oxford is now represented by, (1) ' Jackson's Oxford 
Journal,' conservative, price 3d. ; first issued on April 11, 1753, under the 
title of ' News, Boys, News ; or, The Electioneering Journal,' price 2d. The 
two first numbers only bore that title. Some of the earlier papers had a view 
of the city, in outline, prefacing the title. Its size was that of a foolscap 
folio, 4pp. only. (2) The 'Oxford University Herald,' conservative, estab- 
lished in 1806. (3) The ' Oxford Chronicle, liberal, established February 4, 
1837. (4) The ' Oxford Times' started as conservative on Sept. 6, 1862; now 
independent in politics. (5) The ' Oxford Undergraduates' Journal,' liberal-con- 
servative, founded in 1865, issued at first fortnightly during Term only, but 

First Regius Professor of Pastoral Theology : C. A. Ogilvie, D.D., Balliol, 1842. 



10 THE POPULATION AND MUNICIPALITY. 

from 1870 weekly. A somewhat similar print, entitled 'The Undergraduate,' 
was commenced at the beginning of 1819, bnt soon discontinued. The 'Oxford 
Literary Gazette' appeared in 1829, but its publication was a decided failure. 
Many other newspapers have appeared ; but, for want of support or other 
causes, had only a brief existence. The most successful of these were the 
'Oxford Mercury,' the 'Oxford Free Press,' the 'Oxford Flying Post,' (the 
two latter liberal), and the ' Radcliffe ' (University), now incorporated with 
the ' Undergraduates' Journal. ' 

The Population of the City in 1870 was over 30,000. In 1067 it was, 
inclusive of students, about 3,870 ; in 1801 (the date of England's first 
census), 12,000; in 1861 (the last- taken census), 27,567. The students are 
excluded from each census, vacations happening when they have been taken. 
The students average about 2,000 yearly. The "Parliamentary Burgesses.'' 
under the Reform Bill of 1868, were 5,000, including 1,000 Freemen. The 
" Municipal Burgesses" (under the new act of 1869) are about 6,000 ; in- 
cluding 672 females — the House Assessments 6,500. Oxford city sends two 
members to Parliament, the University, two ; and the county, three. 
The County Hall is the hustings for the county, the Town Hall for the 
city, the Clarendon Building for the university. The Right Hon. Edward 
Cardwell (Secretary of State for War), and W. V. Harcourt, Esq., Q.C. 
(Professor of International Law in Cambridge University), represent the 
city ; the Bight Hon. Gathorne Hardy and the Right Hon. J. R. Mowbray, 
the University ; and the Right Hon. J. W. Henley, Lieut. -Col. J. S. North, 
and W. C. Cartwright, Esq., the county. The members for Oxfordshire 
elected in the reign of Edward II. (1297), the "Parent Parliament," as it 
may be appropriately termed, were William de Scalebrook and Henry de Bruly. 
There was a double return for the city in 1641, viz., J. Whistler and J. 
Smith, Esqrs., and J. D'Oyly, Esq., and Alderman Nixon, founder of Nixon's 
School. The returns for the county between 1450 and 1542, with a few ex- 
ceptions, were either wilfully or accidentally destroyed. 

The Municipal Privileges deserve passing notice. In 1013 a Corpo- 
ration of Oxford is mentioned in the Saxon Chronicle on the same page with 
that of London. The Mayor holds the right of being " royal butler" at the 
coronation of English sovereigns, retaining the gold cup used at the banquet 
on those occasions. This office is very ancient : it having been created by 
Henry I. in 1128. Richard I., the " lion-hearted," confirmed the privilege. 
In 1139, William Cheneto, or Cheney, held the office. On the coronation 
of George III. , in 1760, the city was presented with a gold bowl and cover, 
richly-chased, weighing llOozs. , and the burgesses who accompanied the Mayor 
had three maple cups given to them ; a custom which has been retained in 
succeeding reigns. The governing- charter previous to the passing of the 
Government Municipal Act of 1835, was the one granted by James I. in 1605. 
The officers of the city are elected in the usual manner, with the exception of 
the Recorder, who is appointed by the Crown. The Mayor for 1869-70 (James 
Hughes, Esq. ) was invited to the banquet given to the King of the Belgians, at 
the Mansion House, London, Nov. 1869. He replied to the toast of " The 
Corporations," as the representative of the oldest in existence; and a short 
time afterwards proceeded to Belgium, in company of several other Mayors, 
to make a valuable presentation to the king. The " Reparation View," 
or perambulation of the city boundaries, at one period took place on 
Ma Y 1? yearly ; and was doubtless instituted to ascertain if the city walls were 
kept in good repair. Headed by the city mace-bearer, drummer, and fifer, 

First Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History: Robert Hussey, 11. A., Ch. Ch., 1842. 



EPISCOPALIANS— CA THOLICS—JE WS. 1 1 

the Mayor and Corporation commenced in St. Aldate's, where they refreshed 
themselves. The ceremony closed at Corpus Christi College, where canary 
wine was partaken of. The city mace is about five feet in height, and bears 
the following inscription : ' ' This mace was made in the mayoralty of John 
Lamb, in the reign of Charles II." John Lamb was Mayor in 1 659-60-68. The 
city is divided into fourteen parishes and a portion of four others (encroaching 
more or less on the city boundaries). Eleven parishes form the Oxford 
Incorporation. The Workhouse is a modern Gothic edifice, handsomely 
built, in 1865, at a cost of £20,000, standing upon the Cowley Road, 
a mile from the city. Five parishes belong to the Headington Union — the 
Workhouse being at Headington, three miles distant ; the other two 
belong to the Abingdon Union — the Union House of which is situated at 
Abingdon, the ancient county town of Berks, six miles from Oxford- The city 
is governed by a Town Council (40 members) and a Local Board (50 mem- 
bers), each elected annually, with the exception of the Aldermen, who are 
chosen for six years. The Aldermen number ten, five retiring, in rotation, 
every third year. The city is divided into five Wards — Central (two parishes), 
South (five), West (three), North (three), and East (five) — eighteen parishes. 
The Charities of Oxford are very numerous, and are attached both to parishes 
and to the city. The parishes administer their own through the Church- 
wardens ; the city, by a numerous body of Charity Trustees. 

Episcopalians. — Each of the eighteen parishes has a distinct church, in 
addition to which there are likewise eighth district churches. Three others 
will shortly be added, making a total ^f twenty-nine churches, or one 
for nearly each thousand of the population. Two of the additional churches 
will be at Cowley St. John, beyond Magdalen Bridge. The first is in- 
tended as a memorial to the late Archbishop Longley, (Ch. Ch.) of Canter- 
bury, who commenced his pastoral labours in Cowley district — the three 
Cowleys — Church Cowley, Temple Cowley, and Cowley St. John. This in- 
tended new church will cost £20,000. The second church will be nearly 
opposite the Oxford Workhouse, and attached to the proposed Hospital for 
Incurables, shortly to be erected, and costing together, according to esti- 
mates, £50,000. The third new church will be in the western suburb of the 
city — Qsney Town, near the site of Osney Abbey, or a short distance 
further to the west. With respect to other church accommodation, there is the 
Cathedral of the city, wherein public service is celebrated twice daily, 
(10 a.m. and 4 p.m.) and the college and hall chapels (each possessing its 
own), in which service is likewise daily celebrated. 

Roman Catholics.— A site for a Roman Catholic Cathedral has been ob- 
tained in the city, principally through the liberality of the Marquis of Bute. 
The erection will shortly commence. Pending this, Catholic services are 
celebrated in a small unpretending chapel in St. Clement's parish. Service 
on Sunday at 11 and 6 o'clock, and on all holy days. Full information can 
be obtained at the chapel. The University was originally Roman Catholic. 
But three Colleges (Wadham, Worcester, and Keble) have been established 
since the English Reformation. 

Jews. — The Jews were very numerous in Oxford in the eleventh and 
twelfth centuries. They principally resided in St. Aldate, where they had 
a synagogue. Three halls are mentioned — Lombard, Jacob, and Moses 
Halls— where the Hebrew tongue was taught. The present Town Hall stands 
on the site of the "Domus Conversorum," a house for converts from the 
Jewish persuasion. In the twelfth century several Jews were burnt to death, 

First Tomlin Professor of Anatomy : Thomas Clayton, M.D., Balliol, 1626. 



12 NONCONFORMISTS: BAPTISTS. 

for holding heretical doctrine. The stakes were erected near that part of New 
Road which is still called "Jews' Mount." In 1649 they offered to purchase 
the Bodleian Library for an exchange mart, but the negociations, although 
carried to some length, failed (See " Bodleian Library") . They worshipped 
until within the last few years in a small synagogue in Paradise Square, buthave 
now no public place of assembly in the city. The 

Nonconformists are well represented in Oxford, there being nine 
distinct communities meeting in the city, viz., three sects of 'Baptists' — 
Mixed, Calvinistic, and Particular ; three sects of ' Methodists— Wesleyan,' 
Primitive, and Free Church; the 'Independents' and the 'Brethren.' 
Each possess their own chapel or assembly-room. The 'History of Non- 
conformity' in Oxford is full of interest ; but, unfortunately, records are few 
and far between, and necessitate much labour in collection. Still, a few 
reminiscences of Nonconformist progress in the pages of the "Guide" may 
not be deemed out of place, for we believe no published history (including 
the various sects) has ever been issued. Severe persecutions have been 
endured by Oxford Nonconformists through successive ages. The oldest 
body is the ' Baptists.' According to Du Pin, the historian, in his "History 
of the Twelfth Century," a body of Puritans, known as the ' Cathari,' holding 
' Baptist ' tenets, were cited in 1160 to appear before a General Council, 
presided over by Thomas a Becket (afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury), 
under orders from Henry II., to answer for holding heretical doctrines. 
They were condemned to death, by starvation, without the city walls. Thirty 
in number, they underwent this cruel sentence, and were probably the first 
British martyrs that suffered for separating themselves from the corrupt 
Church of Pome. In 1548 John Foxe, the martyrologist, was graduating at 
Magdalen College, being previously at Brasenose : his opinions favoured 
Nonconformity. During the civil war and commonwealth interregnum, the 
Puritan element was very powerful in the university. There is a tradition 
that a certain Clayton, graduating at Pembroke College, was ejected from 
his office in consequence of his doctrine. He was eventually an ' Inde- 
pendent' pastor at Henley-on-Thames. In the days of Charles I., Thomas 
Gilbert, known as the " Bishop of Shropshire," a clergyman of the Church of 
England, lost preferment, because he was ' ' much imbued with Noncon- 
formist ideas, and oft preached in a conventicle in the parish of St. Peter-le- 
Bailey. " He died in obscurity in St. Ebbe's parish, and was buried in St. 
Aldate's church. During the Commonwealth, John Owen, an ' Independent,' 
held the Deanery of Christ Church, and Dr. Goodwin, also an 'Independent,' 
the Presidency of Magdalen College. In 1654 the 'Quakers' first opened 
a conventicle at the house of Richard Beatrice, in New T -Inn-Hall Street, 
Oxford. Beatrice was a Quaker and a surgeon, living where St. Mary's 
College formerly existed. This sect was at many times grievously maltreated 
by the students, who often broke in upon them. One record states that two 
Quakeresses were in April, 1654, taken by the students into St. John's College 
quadrangle, and there mocked and stoned, hauled to the pump, and held 
whilst some pumped upon their necks and into their mouths, till they were 
nigh stifled to death and drowned; crying at the same time, "Never let 
them go home alive ! " and " Stone them to death ! " These two were named 
Elizabeth Fletcher and Elizabeth Homes. They were in the habit of 
preaching in the open air, and on one occasion were committed to prison by the 
Vice-chancellor, but were released and left the city. The 'Quakers' built 
a small meeting-house in Alfred Street, St. Giles, early in the present cen- 

First Margaret Professor of Divinity : Edward Wylsford, D.D., Oriel, 1497. 



NONCONFORMISTS: METHODISTS. 13 

tury. They have now no public place of worship in the city. In 1659, on 
July 31, there was a panic in St. Martin's Church, causing the soldiers to be 
called to arms, a cry being raised that the ' * Anabaptists and Quakers were 
coming to commit havoc ! " The occasion of this foolish alarm was caused by 
the displacement of some masonry, through the high wind prevailing at the 
time. In 1662 — the year of separation— the ' Presbyterians' and ' Protestant 
Dissenters' possessed two meeting-houses in the city ; and during the riots of 
1715, on May 28, three places of worship ('Anabaptists, Presbyterian, and 
Quakers') were greatly injured by the mischievous mobs then assembled. At 
the cessation of the riots, note was taken of the depredation committed, and 
an appeal made to the State for compensation, which was liberally met : 
a handsome sum being awarded towards the erection of a new place of wor- 
ship. Funds were raised to meet its additional expense, and the chapel was 
opened in 1721, on the New Road, exactly upon the site of the present Bap- 
tist chapel. The place of worship now in existence was built in 1780. 
The old Presbyterian chapel so riotously dismembered in ] 715, stood in St. 
Ebbe's Street. After this period the congregations of ' Baptists ' and ' Pres- 
byterians' merged into one, on the plan of 'open communion,' distinctions being 
waived, and relapsed into quietude. Thus matters remained until 1736, 
when George Whitefield, the Calvinist, of Pembroke College, which foun- 
dation he entered as a servitor, rising to a student, began his ' ' crusade of 
reformation," exhorting the people by public preaching. In this he was 
aided by John and Charles Wesley, the founders of Methodism — thus Oxford 
became the "birthplace" of the large and~ancreasing church of ' Wesleyan 
Methodists. ' John Wesley (born June 16, 1703— died 1791), entered Christ 
Church in 1720, and became a Fellow of Lincoln College in 1726. Those 
that gathered around him were named by the students "Bible-bigots," 
"Bible-moths," the "Holy Club," the "Godly Club," " Methodists," &c, 
the latter title arising from their methodical habits, and being also an allusion 
to the ancient School of Physicians, known by that name, from their minute 
and careful procedure. John Wesley, during his active life, preached 
40,000 sermons, wrote a vast quantity of hymns, and travelled nearly 300,000 
miles on preaching excursions. He preached his first sermon in Southleigh 
Church, a small edifice about nine miles from Oxford, and three from Witney. 
It can be reached by railway from Oxford via the Witney and Fairford line. 
The pulpit is still in existence ; it was presented to the church in 1712, by 
John Gore, Esq. The ' Wesleyans ' assembled for many years in a private 
house in St. Peter-le-Bailey, between the chapels of the old and new con- 
nexions, in the house of one Joseph Mears, where the first society was founded. 
They were often disturbed during worship. In 1743 a Methodist farmer was 
arraigned at the Oxford Assizes for permitting prayer-meetings to be held in 
his own house. The charge was, however, unsuccessful. In 1767, on March 
12, six undergraduates of St. Edmund Hall were expelled for holding 
' ' Nonconformist notions. " The charge stated that ' ' They had attended 
conventicles, preached in a barn to a mixed multitude, talked of ' drawing 
nigh to God,' ' offered extempore prayer,' observing that ' they must sit down 
and wait for the spirit,'" &c. In 1780 the 'Baptists' erected New Road 
Chapel, which was opened during the pastorate of the Rev. E . Prowitt. Two 
years later, during the " Gordon Riots," a mob broke into this chapel, tore 
down the pulpit, conveyed it to the banks of the canal, and threw it into the 
water. The Rev. James Hinton took the pastorship of this church in 1787, 
and ministered successfully for thirty- six years. From this time ' Noncon- 

First Professor of Natural Philosophy: Edward Lapworth, M.D., St. Alban Hall, 1618. 



14 NONCONFORMISTS : WESLEYANS. 



forinity' made rapid progress in the city ; so much so, that in Nov. 1792, 
Dr. Tatham, Rector of Lincoln College, made a public attack on their prin- 
ciples by a discourse from the pulpit of St. Mary's Church, which was 
afterwards preached in nearly all the parish churches of the city— in St. 
Martin's church the Mayor and Corporation were edified by it. Mr. Hinton 
replied to it— privately and publicly— for he felt it as a most unmerited 
censure upon a body of loyal people. He also published a pamphlet, entitled 
• -A Vindication of the Dissenters in Oxford," which had a large sale. In 1812 
another attack was made on dissent, in the ' Oxford Herald,' by John Coker, 
Esq. , a county magistrate, in which the Nonconformists were stigmatised as 
being " violently hostile to the Church of England." Knowing differently, 
Mr. Hinton replied to this in a masterly manner, completely overthrowing 
his antagonist, and rendering the attack futile. This was known in Oxford 
as "The Crusade of the Nineteenth Century." Mr. Hinton also kept a 
private academy ; and John Matthias Turner, a native of the city, who was 
appointed Bishop of Calcutta in 1829, received his early tuition under him. 
Dr. Turner entered Christ Church as a servitor in 1804, at the age of fifteen. 
In 1816 the ' Wesleyans' purchased a piece of ground in New-Inn-Hall Street, 
for the erection of a new and commodious chapel, and it was opened on 
Feb. 19, 1818. The ground and chapel cost nearly £4,000. Dr. Tatham, 
with great zeal, speedily found out what was in progress, and forbade the builders 
to continue, but without avail. The undergraduates were prohibited from 
attending the opening services ; and one of the University Proctors, to make 
sure that the course adopted would be properly observed, visited the chapel 
during the evening-service, and proceeding up the aisle, surveyed the 
congregation and preacher ; and, being apparently satisfied, retreated. At 
the opening services Dr. Adam Clarke, the commentator, preached in the 
morning, the Rev. Richard Watson in the afternoon, and the then well- 
known leader of the ' Wesleyans, ' the Rev. Jabez Bunting, in the evening. 
In 1830 the ' Primitive Methodists,' founded in 1810, by the Rev. Hugh 
Bourne, began their labours in Oxford. They have met with much oppo- 
sition, which may probably account for the comparative smallness of their 
numbers in the city. The sect have two small chapels in the city — one in 
New Street, St. Ebbe's, and the other in William Street, St. Clement's. 
In 1831 the Rev. H. B. Bulteel, a Fellow and Tutor of Exeter College, as 
well as rector of St. Ebbe's Church, embraced the thorough doctrines of John 
Calvin, and thereby gave great offence to the University. He preached a 
remarkable sermon in St. Mary's Church, before the University authorities, 
on Feb. 6, 1831, from the words, ' ' Now we have received the Spirit, which 
is of God." — (1 Cor. ii. 12). This discourse caused much excitement, and 
produced a reply from the then Regius Professor of Divinty (Dr. Burton) ; 
a discussion being entered upon, which was watched with great interest by 
the disunited sections of the church. In the summer of 1831, the Rev. 
gentleman, accompanied by the Rev. W. Tiptaft, Yicar of Sutton Courtney, 
Berks (who held similar doctrines), proceeded on a " preaching excursion" 
through the counties of Devon, Somerset, and Wilts, exhorting alike in 
churches, chapels, barns, and in the open air. For this, the Bishop of Oxford 
(Dr. Bagot), revoked Mr. Bulteel's license. Mr. Bulteel seceded; taking 
immediate steps for the erection of a chapel. The chapel was built, and 
opened (as 'Particular Baptist') on June 3, 1832. It cost about £4,000, 
and it is one of the plainest buildings in the city. Mr. Bulteel occupied the 
pulpit for fifteen years, desisting only through ill health. During the 

First Saville Professor of Geometry : Henry Briggs, M.A., Hc'toa, 1619. 



REMARKABLE NONCONFORMISTS. 15 

the erection of the chapel he preached in his private house in Pembroke 
Street ; and at one service, held in the garden attached, he publicly tore up 
the missive received from the Bishop. Shortly after Mr. Bulteel's secession, 
he was followed by the Rev. W. Tiptaft, who opened a small chapel at 
Abingdon. Both gentlemen are now deceased. The Rev. J. C. Philpot, 
Fellow of Worcester College, also seceded from the Church of England 
in 1831. He embraced the same "experimental" doctrines as Mr. Bulteel 
and Mr. Tiptaft. He was intimate with both gentlemen ; and for more 
than thirty years preached the anniversary sermons at Mr. Tiptaft's chapel, 
at Abingdon, known as the "Abbey." He likewise edited the "Gospel 
Standard." Mr. Philpot died at Croydon, Surrey, Dec. 9, 1869. The 
'Independents' or ' Congregationalists,' separated themselves from the New 
Road Baptist church in 1830, and in 1832 the present chapel was erected in 
George Street. A small body of 'Irvingites' opened a chapel in St. Cle- 
ment's about the same period. They made no progress, and are now not 
known in the city. In 1849 the portion of ' Wesleyans' known as the 
\ United Methodist Free Church,' separated themselves from the old con- 
nexion, and have worshipped in three distinct chapels. A new chapel has 
been lately erected by them, however, in New-Inn-Hall Street. The 
i Mormon' body have made some few attempts to establish themselves in the 
city, but have always failed. About 1850 the Brethren opened a place of 
worship, but are still few in number. A chapel built by the c Quakers' in 
Alfred Street, St. Giles, was let to the 'Brethren' until the lease expired, 
when it was taken by the " Tabernacle Baptists,' who now hold the chapel 
built by Mr. Bulteel, having purchased it for £1, 500. This sect is the most 
recent established in Oxford, and forms a branch of Mr. C. H. Spurgeon's 
Metropolitan Tabernacle church. The i Methodist Free Church' occupied 
both these chapels for short periods. In addition to these already enume- 
rated, a few other eminent Nonconformists who have been educated in 
Oxford may be mentioned : — The founder of the ' Antinomians, ' Tobias 
Crisp, of Balliol ; Tombes, of Magdalen Hall, named by Anthony a Wood 
the " Coryphaeus of the Anabaptists ;" Theophilus Gale, of Magdalen College, 
author of the "Court of the Gentiles;" Joseph Caryl, of Exeter, commen- 
tator on the Book of Job ; Dr. Samuel Annesley, of Queen's ; Dr. Edmund 
Calamy, of St. John's ; Bolton, the Puritan divine, of Lincoln ; Flavel, of 
University, and William Penn, the ' Quaker,' of Christ Church, from which 
foundation he was expelled for misconduct, and afterwards become founder 
of the state of Pennsylvania, America. Samuel Parker, fourteenth Bishop 
of Oxford (1686) was a zealous Presbyterian in his early days at the Univer- 
sity, while at Wadham College. He worshipped with a body in Holywell, 
who were denominated " Grewellers, " from their alleged fondness for Scotch 
oatmeal. Parker's connection with them was deemed fortunate. His suc- 
cessor, Timothy Hall, Bishop of Oxford (1688), was at one period a strict 
Nonconformist. 

Notices of eminent Episcopalians will be found appended to the Colleges 
and Halls at which they either graduated or became Fellows and Tutors ; 
and other matters of local and general interest will also be found under the 
different localities visited. 



First Saville Professor of Astronomy : Jokn Bainbridge, M.D., Merton, 1620. 




16 THE UNIVERSITY. 



THE UNIVERSITY. 



" A University was reared 
Ere yet the music of Messiah's name 
Had thrilled the world."— MONTGOMERY'S " OXFORD. 



ICH with, great names — the school of the island — the link of 
England to the learned of Europe. The English nature takes 
culture kindly. So Milton thought. It refines the Norseman. 
Hence the style and tone of English journalism. The men 
have learned accuracy and comprehension; logic and pace. 
When born with good constitutions, they make those eupeptic 
studying-mills, the cast-iron men, the dura ilia, whose powers 
of performance compare with ours as the steam-hammer with 
the musical-box ; and when it happens that a superior brain puts a rival on 
this admirable horse, we obtain those masters of the world, who combine the 
highest energy in affairs with a supreme culture. " — " English Traits/' by Ralph 
Waldo Emerson. 

The earliest annals of the University are involved to some extent in 
obscurity. So much do historians differ, that it is seemingly impossible to 
trace the exact period of its foundation : many dates having been given. 
Enthusiasts have essayed to place its earliest records at eleven hundred years 
before Christ. Others have brought its rise five hundred years nearer the 
Christian era. Dr. Ayliffe gives the credit to the Bishop of Auxerre of 
improving and systematising the course of instruction pursued in the ancient 
schools of the University. This was in a.d. 440. Middendorp avers that its 
rise was from the earlier date, and states that its history has been traced 
downwards. Caius, Fox, and Twyne agree that it originated from the planting 
of certain Greek schools at Greeklade (now Cricklade, in Wiltshire), and 
Latin schools at Lechlade (in Gloucestershire), which were afterwards re- 
moved to Oxford. There can be but little doubt that a system of scholastic 
training, partaking somewhat of the nature of a University, existed at 
Oxford about a. d. 730, when Ethelbald was king of Mercia, the city being a 
portion of that kingdom. Dr. John Ayliffe, a Fellow of New College, pub- 
lished an elaborate history in two volumes, in 1714, entitled " The Ancient 
and Present State of the University of Oxford." The work gave great 
dissatisfaction : so much so, that on Oct. 7, 1714, Dr. Gardiner, Warden of 
All Souls', and the then Vice-Chancellor, publicly condemned the history. 
On the 4th of February, 1715, the Doctor was expelled the University; 
Convocation on the following day unanimously consenting to the degradation. 
In 1773 the Rev. Sir John Peshall published his " History of the City and 
University," chiefly derived from Wood's manuscripts in the Bodleian ; 
and in 1810 Mr. Alexander Chalmers issued his "History of the University." 
Wade's " Walks through the University and City" appeared in 1816, and in 
1837 Dr. Ingram, of Trinity College, published his " Memorials of Oxford." 
Peshall dates its rise from the eighth century; Chalmers observes that 
" no document can be found which mentions Alfred the Great as a bene- 

First White Professor of Moral Philosophy: William Hill, B.D., Magdalen, 1S29. 






RIOTS BETWEEN " GO WN AND TO TVN." 17 

factor ;" still, it is generally conceded that Alfred aided the progress of the 
University, both by his purse and his presence . Alfred was born at Wantage, 
Berks, in a.d. 849, came to Oxford to reside in 886, and died in 901, exactly 
fifty years of age. It is reported that he founded and endowed three halls — 
the Great Hall of the University (on the site of University College), and the 
Little and Lesser Halls (one opposite the present University College, and the 
other on a portion of the ground where Brasenose College now stands), each 
being for twenty-four students. After his death, the University became 
gradually reduced, and did not rise in reputation until after the Conquest. 
In the reign of Henry I. (surnamed Beauclerc) it once again regained its 
prestige. In 1149, during the reign of King Stephen, the College of St. 
George, situated within the precincts of the castle, was founded. This was, 
so far as can be gleaned, an unchartered society, although having a code of 
statutes for its own government. Its rise dates from D'Oyly's college of 
secular canons being given up to Osney Abbey. In John's reign the number 
of students is given at 3,000. At this period an unfortunate occurrence took 
place, which somewhat clouded the University : the wife of a citizen was 
accidentally killed by a clerk-student of one of the halls. He fled to his 
rooms, whither the citizens proceeded, and seizing three guiltless students, 
threw them into prison. The king, who was then residing at Woodstock, gave 
orders for their execution, which sentence was carried into effect. The students 
of the University, much offended, left the city in great numbers, vowing they 
would not return. Laying a complaint before the Pope, an interdict was 
issued, suspending all teaching. The citizens, losing trade, acknowledged 
themselves in the wrong, and were sentenced to do penance in each parish 
church. Satisfaction being thus given, the students returned. In 1234 
another riot took place, by which the life of Otho, the Popish Legate, was 
placed in jeopardy. He was residing at Osney Abbey, and hid himself in 
the belfry, or his life would have been sacrificed. Thirty students had severe 
penances inflicted upon them for taking part in this riot. In the reign of Henry 
III. the students numbered, according to some authorities, 15,000 : one thou- 
sand being from the Paris University. St. Edmund Hall was founded in 
this reign, about 1226, by Edmund le Riche ; and six years after, in 1232, 
the statement, that has been much doubted, was put forward, that the number 
of students then at Oxford amounted to 30,000. Probably a mistake was 
made in the number, which more likely approached about half the quantity. 
In 1263 Prince Edward, on his return from Paris, marched towards Wales, 
coming to Oxford on his way, but was forbidden entrance into the city by 
the burghers, through the internal quarrels of the barons. The soldiers were 
quartered in the adjacent villages, and Edward stopped at Beaumont Palace, 
without the North Gate of the city. The soldiers, deeming themselves 
insulted, met the citizens on the next day, when a battle took place. The. 
students amalgamated with the adherents of the Prince, and the citizens 
were subdued. Merton College was founded about this period (in 1264). 
In 1344 and 1 349 the skirmishes between the southern men (so named from 
coming from the South-Trent district) and the northern men (formed of the 
Welsh and North-English students) were frequent. But the most fearful 
conflict known was that which took place on St. Scholastica's day, 1354. 
This continued for three days. It commenced in a tavern at Carfax, over a 
petty quarrel. On the second day the citizens sought the help of the 
country people, and completely overpowered the scholars, of whom numbers 
were killed and wounded. But, although successful for a time, the citizens 

First Regius Professor of Modern History : David Gregory, M.A., Ch. Ch.,1724. C 



18 TWO JOHN WI CLIFFS. 

paid a heavy debt for their victory. They were cut off from the privileges of 
the church, heavily fined, and condemned to observe an annual penance for 
ever in St. Mary's Church. The Mayor and sixty-two ^citizens having to 
proceed there in solemn procession, with ropes around their necks, to hear 
the Litany read, and paying a penny each for the obligation. This ceremony 
has, however, been long abolished. In the " Congregational History of 
Independency, 1200-1567," by Dr. Waddington, the city is thus pictured : 
" Oxford in the fourteenth century had little of the architectural beauty 
which made its streets of colleges and quadrangles so attractive in modern 
times. It resembled a fortress rather than a University. During a portion 
of the year it was enclosed with water, out of which certain islands arose, on 
which castles were erected for defence. It was, nevertheless, even at this 
period, a seat of learning, resorted to by foreigners, and of growing celebrity. 
Provision was made in four hundred seminaries for thirty thousand students." 
In the latter portion reference is undoubtedly made to the twelfth century : 
the large number of students before referred to being again mentioned. 
About 1360 Oxford was disturbed by the preaching and teaching of John 
Wicliff, the " Morning Star of the Reformation," or, as he was named by 
others, the "Gospel Doctor." And here a strange fact, little known, 
deserves record : there were two John Wicliffs striving for fame at this 
period, and hence has arisen much confusion. Again : both were Fellows of 
Merton College, and both afterwards heads of academical buildings. The 
John Wicliff, whose name will ever live, through his translation of the Bible, 
and hot persecution by the Papists, being in 1361, Master of Balliol, and 
the other, four years later, in 1365, Warden of Canterbury Hall, an insti- 
tution founded in 1363, and now absorbed into Oxford's noblest collegiate 
institution, Christ Church. The famous John Wicliff was born, in 1324, at 
Wycliff, near Richmond, Yorkshire, and educated at Queen's College, which 
he entered at the age of sixteen, in 1340. He became a Fellow of Merton 
College in 1346 ; Master of Balliol in 1361 ; Rector of Fylingham, Lincoln- 
shire, in the same year; Doctor of Divinity about 1364, and Rector of 
Lutterworth, Leicestershire, in 1375, presented to him by John of Gaunt, 
Duke of Lancaster. He held this rectory for nine years. Whilst engaged 
in the service of the church on Dec. 29, 1384, he was seized with a paralytic 
stroke— and two days after — the last day of the year — he ended his chequered 
career. The heresy he taught, and which brought down the persecution of 
the Romish church upon him, was that " The Scriptures were above the 
Church, and that the Church ought not to propose anything for belief which 
was contrary to the Scriptures. " He had many followers, forming a powerful 
party in the University. The malignity of the Pope (Gregory XL), was 
poured down upon Wicliff's shoulders : no less than five special Bulls being 
sent to England from Rome, calling upon the king and the governing powers 
of Canterbury, London, and Oxford, to do all they could to stop the advance- 
ment of the heretical doctrines of Wicliff. The following extract from an 
ancient work will probably give a clearer insight into AVicliff's ideas than any 
other we could present :— " 1376. In this tyme on Jon Wiclef, Maystir of 
Oxenforth, held many strange opiniones— That the Cherch of Rome is not 
hed of alle Cherchis— That Petir had no more auctorite thanne the othir 
Aposteles, or the Pope no more power thanne anothir prest. And that 
temporale lords may take away the godes fro the Cherch when the persones 
trespasin. And that no reules mad be Augustin, Benet, and Francevs, add 
more perfeccion over the Gospele thanne doth lym whiting onto^ a wal. 

First Lord Almoner's Reader in Arabic : Richard Browne, D.D., Trinity, about 1775. 



THE DA YS OF JOHN WI CLIFF. 19 

And that bischoppis schuld have no prisones, and many othir thingis. Upon 
these materes the Pope sent a Bulle to the Archbischop of Cauntibury and of 
London, that thei schuld areste the same Wiclef, and make hym to abjure 
the seid opiniones. " Wicliff had charged the Romish church with holding as 
many as fifty errors and hesesies, and this brought the myrmidons of the 
Pope against him with all the severity that that church knows so well how to 
use. He was summoned to attend a solemn conclave in St. Paul's, before 
the heads of the church. He went ; and the result was a war of words, which 
speedily led to blows — the riot lasting two days, and raging both between 
ecclesiastics and citizens. This was in 1377; and in 1380 he finished his 
translation of the Bible, without note or comment, being the first time the 
English Bible was given to the people. A reprint copy of his New Testament, 
rendered word for word, can be inspected in the library of the British and 
Foreign Bible Society. Blackfriars, London. As a curiosity we give a spe- 
cimen of the style and orthography : — " Therefore whanne Jhesus was borun 
in Bethleem of Juda, in the dayes of King Eroude : lo astronomyens camen 
fro the eest to Jerusaleme and seiden, where is he that is borun King of 
Jewis ? for we han seen his steere in the eest, and we camen for to wor- 
schipe him." — ("Matt. ii. 1, 2.) In a small volume, published on the occasion 
of the Jubilee of the Bible Society, entitled "The Book and its Story," a 
peculiar historical error appears respecting Wicliff and St. John's College. 
In giving a brief biographical sketch of Wicliff and his labours, it states that 
" he gave one manuscript of the Old Testament, written on vellum, with his 
own hand, to St. John's College, in Oxford." Now this was simply impos- 
sible, because St. John's College was not founded until one hundred and 
seventy years after Wicliff's death. Certainly the College of St. Bernard 
existed on the same site in 1436, but this was fifty-two years after his decease. 
In the days of Henry IV. a virulent persecution was instituted against the 
followers of Wicliff, headed by Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury. It was 
resented with great spirit — remonstrance and reproach being alike freely 
used. The teaching of the University was entirely suspended, and a reso- 
lution even carried to dissolve it altogether, if matters did not speedily 
change for the better. This determination was viewed so seriously, that 
Henry himself became a mediator, and several epistles were written by him 
to assuage the wounded feelings of the ill-used Wicliffians. This acted as an 
antidote ; and, after a stormy period, matters assumed their wonted serenity. 
Henry V., being partly educated within the walls of the University, had a 
very kindly feeling towards Oxford, and it became more flourishing ; but in 
the reign of Henry VI. , although he possessed a pious and mild disposition, 
the students decreased, and its revenues became almost obsolete. Edward 
IV. assumed the title of "Protector of the University," and much encourage- 
ment was bestowed by him on literature. Richard III. passed an act empower- 
ing the University to both import and export books as they needed. In the 
reign of Henry VII. shadows of discontent again fell upon the University — 
learning scarcely made any progress, and disputes arose between the Professors 
of Latin and Greek, which were speedily taken up by their followers — each 
taking a distinctive name : the Latins that of Trojans, and the Greeks that of 
Grecians. The names of Colet, Grocyn, Latimer, Lilly, Linacre, Tunstall, 
&c, shed much lustre upon this reign ; despite the acrimony displayed by the 
rival factions. Erasmus visited the University about this period, 1498, and 
it is said became a pupil of Grocyn. In the time of Henry VIII. things 
assumed a far more cheerful aspect. This was a most important period in^ 

First Professor of Music: Richard Nicholson, B.M., Magdalen, 1626. 



20 THE REIGNS OF HENRY VIII. AND MARY. 



University history. A scheme for the dissolution of the colleges, and appro- 
priation of their revenues, was laid before Henry, after the suppression of the 
monasteries. Henry seemingly scouted the scheme, expressing great indig- 
nation, and replied that, in his judgment, " no land in England was better 
bestowed than that which had been given to the University ; since, by their 
maintenance, the realm would be well governed when he was laid in the 
grave. " However, a blow was quietly struck, and ninety collegiate establish- 
ments were suppressed, but they were those of a minor nature. In addition, 
there were also suppressed 645 monasteries, 2374 chantries and free chapels, 
and 110 hospitals, in various parts of the kingdom. Their revenues, esti- 
mated at £160,000, and their treasures, some being especially rich in litera- 
ture and art, were taken to enrich Henry's private resources. Oxford was 
made into a Bishopric in this reign (1542), as reparation for the indignity 
practised towards the University. Iu the early part of Henry's reign great 
deference was paid to the University, and sanction was sought to two very 
important measures by Henry, viz., his projected divorce from Catherine of 
Arragon, and his recognition as supreme head of the English Church. To 
each°of these cordial assent was given, but the after procedure put an end to 
any more acquiescence in matters ecclesiastical. The third year of the reign 
of Edward VI. saw a very unjust and harsh measure of University reform, 
in point of religion, put in force by commissioners specially appointed. 
The college libraries were searched for superstitious manuscripts alleged to be 
within them. Many exquisitely-illuminated works were taken and committed 
to the flames, and other valuable ornaments defaced. A portion was of great 
value, and can never be replaced. This severe treatment caused quite an 
exodus of the students — the school-list only showing sixteen determining 
bachelors remaining at the following season of Lent. Mary's reign was full of 
depression. Learning was held in contempt. Scarcely one sermon was 
preached in a month. The Lecturers never performed their duties, and all 
accomplishments became seared with decay. A still deeper gloom was cast 
upon the University by the martyrdom of the "noble three" in this reign : — 
Bishops Ridley and Latimer, who were burnt at the stake in Broad Street, on 
October 18, 1555, and Archbishop Cranmer, who suffered March 21, 1556. 
Despite her Romanist opinions, Mary was generous to the University, con- 
firming its ancient privileges, and granting numerous additional advantages. 
The reign of Elizabeth was hailed as the commencement of a far more 
happier period, especially for those who had suffered deeply at the hands of 
Mary. Elizabeth, however, let twelvemonths elapse before she had the 
necessary changes carried into effect. Harshness was never used towards 
those who held Romish doctrines in high places ; they were merely called 
upon to resign. In 1560 not one theological exercise was performed in the 
Divinity School, only one in civil law, and but three in physic, so much had 
the University suffered through changes of faith. In the same year, not one 
degree was taken in divinity, law, or physic. Elizabeth incorporated the 
University in the thirteenth year of her reign, under the style or title of 
" The Chancellor, Masters, and Scholars of the University of Oxford for ever- 
more ;" but would not grant permission for it to send representatives to 
Parliament. The University was also released from the payment of first- 
fruits and tenths, and from subsidies on the temporalities or lay fees. James 
I. conferred upon the University (by royal letters patent) the privilege sought 
from Elizabeth — that of having two Parliamentary representatives. In the 
first year of his reign the plague raged with such violence in London, that 

First Laudian Professor of Arabic : Edward Pococke, D.D., Corpus, 1636. 



THE GREEK COLLEGE AT OXFORD. 21 

James removed his Court to Oxford. This was apparently in vain, for the 
epidemic followed in their train, and the city was severely visited. The 
students hastened into the villages around, and business was unknown — shops 
being closed, and hardly a person could be seen in the streets, in which the 
grass grew abundantly. Shortly after the plague moderated, disputes arose 
between the Papists and the Puritans to such an extent that even the stability 
of the throne was threatened. From 1642 to 1646 Charles I. was besieged in 
Oxford, and he held some few Parliaments within the city : the Com- 
mons assembling in the Convocation House, and the Lords in Christ Church 
Hall. At the surrender of the city, not a single privilege was lost by the 
citizens, but they were sorely impoverished in their condition. The acade- 
mical buildings were seriously injured, many having been used as granaries 
and storehouses. From 1650 to 1658 Cromwell was Chancellor, and the 
University was much changed in its constitution during his Protectorate. At 
the Restoration the University was once more placed on its former footing ; 
and, according to Lord Clarendon, it " speedily yielded a harvest of extra- 
ordinary good and sound knowledge in all parts of learning." James II. 
had a known leaning towards the Romish) faith, and this provoked much 
animosity towards him in Oxford. The foundations of Christ Church, 
University, and Magdalen had severe contests with the self-willed king, who 
was ultimately dispossessed of the throne, and obliged to flee the country. 
The introduction of Greek students was attempted in Oxford about 1689, 
Gloucester Hall (now Worcester College) being taken for the purpose of 
founding a Greek College. Strict rules, twenty in number, were drawn up 
for its government : the first stating il That there be a College in the Uni- 
versity of Oxford for the education of twenty youths of the Greek communion, 
in five years' residence," and the seventh, " That they all be alike habited in 
the gravest sort of habit worn in their own country ; and that they wear no 
other either in the University or anywhere else." They were not to go out 
of the College without special leave, or without a companion, and to have no 
vacations. Accordingly, in October, 1689, five youths were brought from 
Smyrna, and placed as students in Gloucester Hall ; Dr. B. Woodroffe, Canon 
of Christ Church, being appointed Governor of the College. After a brief 
trial, the attempt was found to be a failure ; for the youths were sorely vexed 
by agents of the Roman Catholic Church, who tempted them to leave the 
church of their fathers. They were inveighled to France, and thence to 
Holland, being kept at Louvain for five months by order of the Pope. After 
this they were sent to Paris, and then to Leghorn, from whence two escaped, 
and got back to England. They took refuge with a Mr. E. Stephens, who, 
when the opportunity offered, sent them to Smyrna with their faith unscathed. 
We find the close of the design noted in a letter from the Registrar of the 
Greek Church at Constantinople to Mr. Stephens, dated March 2, 1705 : 
"Henceforth the Church {i.e., the Greek Church) forbids any to go and study 
in Oxford, be they ever so willing. " Previous to this, in 1616, Metrophanes 
Critopulus, a Greek youth, was sent by the Patriarch Cyril Lucar, of Con- 
stantinople, to Oxford, for education. He was consigned to the care of the 
Archbishop of Canterbury — Dr. George Abbot, and was entered at Balliol 
College, where he studied for seven years. Returning to Constantinople, he 
rose to high position in the Greek Church, becoming Patriarch of Alexandra. 
It is not generally known that a Patriarch of the Greek Catholic Church was 
educated at Oxford so recently as the reign of James I. The ODly other 
Greek of eminence educated in the University was the Bishop of Smyrna, also 

first Professor of Botany: Robert Morrison, D.M., University, 1669. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNIVERSITY. 



at Balliol College, during the time of Archbishop Laud. In 1701 the degree 
(honorary; of Doctor of Divinity was conferred on the Archbishop of Phili- 
popolis, and in 1870 Alexander Lycurgus, Archbishop of Syros, Tenos, and 
Melos, was invested with the same honour in the Sheldoman Theatre. 
Several attempts have been made since the Reformation to found a Roman 
Catholic Cathedral, but hitherto without success. In later days the Univer- 
sity has brilliantly sustained its reputation— has had its silent revolutions in 
opinion, and "grown with the growth, strengthened with the strength, decayed 
with the decay, and risen with the rise of the nation, from the earliest moment 
of its history down to the last." 

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNIVERSITY. 

The University is not, as often supposed, a mere collection of Colleges, but 
a corporate body, having its title confirmed by a special Act of Parliament 
in the reign of Elizabeth (as before noted). Until recently it has always 
been governed by statutes of its own making. It possessed many privileges 
granted by a succession of Royal Charters. An Act of Parliament, passed in 
1854, interfered largely with this prerogative. The business is carried out by 
two bodies, known as the "House of Congregation" and the " House of Con- 
vocation." " Congregation" consists of Doctors (of each faculty) and M.A.s, 
who hold their position for two years after taking their degree. These are 
called " necessario regentes." Others are called " regentes ad placitum," and 
consist of resident graduates who are members of " Convocation." " Convo- 
cation" consists of resident and non-resident graduates who retain their names 
on the books of some College or Hall. " Congregation" confines its business 
almost exclusively to matters of legislation. " Convocation" entertains all 
questions relating to the government of the University, grants Honorary 
Degrees, and Degrees by Diploma. All new statutes must receive the assent 
of this body, who likewise append the seal of the University to all documents 
and petitions. " Convocation" numbers between 4,000 and 5,000 members, 
named upon their College-books. Special delegates are now assigned by this 
assembly to conduct business requiring constant supervision — such as that of 
the University Press, Estates, Accounts, &c. All questions, however, before 
coming to this body, must have been approved by the Hebdomadal Council 
(twenty- three in number) — an assembly elected by " Congregation" for six 
years. This board was originally formed in 1631, by Charles I., at the 
instigation of Archbishop Laud, under the title of the "Hebdomadal 
Board," but was remodelled in 1854. The title arises from " Hebdomadad" 
— weekly. 

The University consists of twenty Colleges and five Halls. The earliest 
College (University) was founded in 886, and the latest (Keble) in 1868. 
Each foundation is a distinct corporate body, with the exception of the Halls, 
and endowed with land and other properties. Two of the Halls, however, 
have had slight provision made in the shape of endowments by benefactors. 
The corporation of the Colleges, with two exceptions, is composed of four 
classes, viz. : The Head, Fellows, Scholars, and Graduates, whose numbers 
vary in the different foundations. Christ Church and All Souls' are the 
exceptions mentioned. The first being a cathedral establishment as well as 
an academic society, has, besides the Head, a body of Canons (six in 
number), and there is also a slight difference as to Fellows and Scholars— these 
being called Senior and Junior Students. At All Souls' there are no Scholars, 

First Sherardian Professor of Botany : John James Dillenius, D.M., St. John's, 1723. 



HEADS OF COLLEGES— TITLES— DEGREES. 23 

but a body of four students named Bible Clerks. At Magdalen the title of 
Demy takes the place of Scholar, while at Merton Scholars are known as 
Postmasters. The chief distinctions in the University members are those "on 
the foundation," and those "not on the foundation," — also known as "de- 
pendent" and "independent" members. The first receive emoluments from 
the Colleges, the second study at their own expense. Since 1868, however, 
another class of students has been introduced into the University : these are 
called "unattached," partaking of the educational benefits provided, and 
lodging at private houses, specially licensed for that purpose by a body of 
Delegates appointed to take their oversight. 

The Heads op the Colleges are appointed, with two exceptions, by the 
Fellows of each foundation. The two exceptions are Christ Church and 
Worcester — the Dean of Christ Church being in the gift of the Crown, and 
the Provost of Worcester in the hands of the Chancellor. 

The Heads of the Halls are appointed, with one exception, by the 
Chancellor, the exception being St. Edmund Hall — this being in the gift 
of the Provost and Fellows of Queen's College. The appointments are held 
for life. Private Halls are generally natoed after their Principals— viz., 
"Benson's" Hall, " Charsley's" Hall, &c. ^ 

The Titles conferred upon the Heads of the collegiate foundations are 
dissimilar : thus, Dean of Christ Church ; Master of Balliol, Pembroke, and 
University ; President of Corpus Christi, Magdalen, St. John's, and Trinity ; 
Principal of Brasenose and Jesus ; Provost of Oriel, Queen's, and Worcester ; 
Rector of Exeter and Lincoln ; Warden of All Souls', Keble, Merton, New 
College, and Wadham. The Heads of the Halls are all named Principals; 
those of Private Halls, Master. The latter requires a special licence. 

The Degrees to be taken are : Bachelor and Master of Arts ; Bachelor and 
Doctor of Music ; Student, Bachelor, and Doctor of Civil Law ; Bachelor and 
Doctor of Divinity ; and Bachelor and Doctor of Medicine. Twelve terms of 
residence are required before the first degree can be taken, embracing a period 
of three years. No further residence is required for any degree. The degrees 
are shown by a distinct form of academical attire. They are as follow : — 
Doctor of Divinity — three dresses. Processional habit : Scarlet cloth, black 
velvet sleeves and facings. Also a cassock, sash, and scarf. Convocation 
habit : Scarlet cloth, hood of the same colour (lined with black), and black 
silk scarf. M.A. gown beneath this habit. Usual habit : M.A. gown, with 
long sleeves, cut circular at the bottom. Hood : black silk (lined with crim- 
son). Doctor of Civil Law — three dresses. State habit (seldom worn) : Scarlet 
cloth, pink silk sleeves and facings. Bound black velvet cap. Degree habit : 
Scarlet cloth, faced with pink silk, scarlet hood (lined with pink silk). Usual 
habit : Black silk, richly ornamented with black lace. Bachelor of Civil Law — 
Black silk habit, with hood of purple silk (lined with fur). Doctor of Physic — 
There is but a very slight difference in the habits of Doctors of Civil Law and 
Physic. Doctor of Music — Processional habit : White damask silk, crimson 
satin sleeves and facings. Bound black velvet cap. Ordinary habit : Similar 
to those worn by Doctors of Law and Physic. Bachelor of Music — Similar to 
Bachelors of other faculties. Master of Arts— Black habit of princes-stuff, 
with long sleeves, cut circular at bottom. Hood of black silk (lined with 
crimson). Bachelor of Arts — Habit of princes- stuff, with full sleeves, looped 
at the elbow, terminating in a point. Dress-hood : black silk, trimmed with 
fur. Noblemen and gentlemen-commoners who graduate as B.A. or M.A. 
wear silk gowns. 

Tirst Professor of Kural Economy, attached to Botany : G. C. B. Daubeny, D.M. Magdalen, 1840. 



24 TERMS— ARMS— OFFICERS. 



Terms. —There are Four Terms in each year, viz. , Michaelmas Term (Oct. 
10th to Dec. 17th), Hilary or Lent Term (Jan. 14th to day before Palm-Sun- 
day), Easter Term (Wednesday after Easter-Sunday to Friday before Whit- 
Sunday), Trinity or Act Term (Saturday before Whit-Sunday to the Saturday 
after the first Tuesday in July. Congregation has power, however, to prolong 
Trinity Term, if necessary. Easter and Trinity Terms falling so close to each 
other are generally looked upon as one Term. Full Term commences on the 
Sunday after the first day of Term. Eighteen weeks' residence in the twelve- 
months are sufficient for the Four Terms— six weeks Michaelmas, six weeks 
Hilary, three weeks Easter, three weeks Trinity. 

The Arms of the University are emblazoned on a shield : azure on a 
book open proper, garnished Or ; on the dexter side, seven seals of the last, 
between three open crowns of the second. Motto: " Dominus illuminatio 
mea." — "The Lord is my light." The seven seals probably refer to the book 
of Revelations (v. 1), signifying the unsealing of Divine Eevelation, the 
fountain of all wisdom, by Christ. Preference is given, by Sir J. Wake, to 
the seven seals representing the seven liberal arts. 

The chief officers of the University are : — 

I. The Chancellor. —Now elected for life, but originally for one year 
only, and then for a series of years. Robert de Cricklade, at times called 
Canutus, is the first named Chancellor, and his year of office, 1159. Ralph 
Cole appears to have been the first who held the office for two years, 1233-4 ; 
Roger de Wesenham, three years, 1294-6 ; John Lutterell, five years, 1317- 
22 ; George Nevill, twelve years, 1461-72. Oliver Cromwell was Chancellor 
for eight years, 1650-8. The Duke of Welliogton (elected 1834) and the Earl 
of Derby (elected 1852) have been the last two Chancellors. Lord Derby died 
Oct. 23, 1869. The present Chancellor is the Marquis of Salisbury, elected 
Nov. 12, 1869, and installed at the Commemoration, 1870. No stipend is 
attached to the office, but it entails considerable expense upon its holder. 
According to etiquette, the Chancellor must only enter the University upon 
his installation, and at royal visits. His powers are, therefore, deputed to 
the Vice- Chancellor. Dress: Black damask-silk robe, richly ornamented with 
gold embroidery, rich lace band, and square velvet cap, with large gold tassel. 
Undress robe : similar to a D.D.'s 

II. The High Steward or Seneschallus. — Appointed by the Chancellor, 
and approved by "Convocation." The office is held for life. The salary, 
an ancient nominal one, is £5 per year. The duties are — To hear and decide 
upon charges of treason, felony, and other grave matters, when demand is 
made by the Chancellor. Members of the University are alone amenable. 
John Norreys, Esq., is the first-mentioned ofiicer in this capacity, in 1466. 
The Earl of Carnarvon now holds the post, being elected in 1859. There is a 
Deputy-Steward in connection with this post, at a salary of £2 per annum : 
Sir Roundell Palmer, M.P. for Richmond, and author of the "Book of 
Praise," now occupies the position. Elected 1852. 

III. The Vice- Chancellor (formerly known as "Commissary").— This 
officer is the resident head of the University. The salary is £600 per annum. 
The office is tenable for four years, and is taken in rotation by the Heads of 
Houses. William Farrendon, who held the position from 1400 to 1403, is the 
earliest mentioned. Dress : Doctor of the faculty to which he belongs. 

IV. The Proctors and Pro-Proctors. —These oflBces are held for one 
year. There are two Proctors and four Pro-Proctors. The Proctors receive 
£350 per annum each ; the Pro-Proctors, £80 each. The Proctors must be 



.First Professor of Poetry (by diploma) : Joseph Trapp, M.A., Wadham, 1708. 



UNIVERSITY OFFICERS— COSTUMES, &>c. 25 

M.A.s of four years' standing, and the Pro-Proctors of three years'. The 
election is made the first week in Lent, and the office is entered upon in 
Easter week. The election is made from each college in rotation, through a 
cycle of thirty years. Previous to 1629 " Convocation" elected them ; but, 
in consequence of disputations, the method was changed to the present style. 
They perambulate the University boundary nightly, to see that the students 
preserve proper decorum. The Proctors possess peculiar powers in making 
arrests, &c. Proctors Dress : Habit of princes-stuff, black velvet sleeves and 
facings. Small tippet attached to each shoulder. On particular occasions a 
large ermine hood is worn. Pro-Proctor's Dress: M.A.s habit, faced with 
velvet. Small tippet attached to left shoulder. In 1267 the Proctors were three 
in number, viz. , Roger de Plumpton, Henry de Godfrey, and Robert de Burgo. 
V. — The Public Orator. — This office was first established in 1564, on the 
occasion of Queen Elizabeth's visit to the University. At this period he is 
chosen by " Convocation, " and must be either a B. C. L. or M. A. The stipend 
is £20 yearly (derived from a benefaction left by Lord Crewe) and an addition 
of ,£130 from the University Chest. The- duties of the office are — To write 
addresses and letters of congratulation, &e) ; present those who are selected to 
receive honorary degrees ; deliver (alternately with the Professor of Poetry) 
the annual Creweian Oration at the Commemoration, and form one of the 
judges who decide upon the merits of the Prize Poems, Essays, &c. 

VI. Keeper of the Archives. — This officer has charge of the documents 
and muniments of the University. The salary is £100 per annum. The first 
instituted officer (Brian Twyne, the celebrated antiquary) was elected in 1634. 

VII. The Registrar. — He takes copies of all dispensations, elections, 
statutes, leases, &c, connected with the collegiate-foundations ; and also 
registers all the admissions to Degrees, giving certificates to persons who wish 
to have a guarantee of their University-membership. The salary attached to 
the office is £500 per annum. The election is vested in " Convocation," and 
with this office that of Registrar of the University Court is also combined. 

The other University Officers are the Public Examiners (16 in number), 
the Professors of the various faculties recognized by the University, 
and Delegates who have the management of its discipline and expenses. 

In concluding this division of the Guide, we append a notice of the costumes 
not previously noticed : — Noblemen, two dresses— Festive : Habit of purple 
damask-silk, ornamented with gold lace. Private : Habit of black silk, with 
full dress, and tippet attached to the shoulder. Square black velvet cap. 
Gentleman-Commoner — Dress : Habit of black silk, richly ornamented with silk 
tassels. Undress : Habit of black silk, plaited at the sleeves. Square black 
velvet cap, silk tassel, with both dresses. Student in Civil Law : Plain black 
silk habit, square cloth cap, silk tassel. Commoner: Habit of princes-stuff, 
without sleeves. Broad strip from each shoulder, gathered into plaits near 
the shoulder, reaching to bottom of dress. Square black cloth cap, with silk 
tassel. Servitor : Similar to that of Commoner, but no plaits at the shoulder, 
and cap without tassel. Scholars and Demys of Magdalen, Postmasters of Mer- 
ton, and Students of Christ Church, who have not taken a degree, wear a plain 
black gown of princes-stuff, with round full sleeves, half the length of the 
habit, and square black cap with silk tassel. 

Other matters of interest pertaining to the historical notes of the Uni- 
versity will be introduced whilst inspecting the buildings in our walk, bearing 
out the words of Webster in his "Dutchesse of Malfey :" 

" We never tread upon them but we set our foote upon some reverend historie." 

First Clinical Professor of Medicine : John Parsons, D.M. Student of Ch. Ch. 1780. 



26 THE RIVERS THAMES AND CHER WELL. 



THE ENTRANCES TO THE CITY 

Are four in number — east, south, north, west— all more or less picturesque. 
Three of the four cross those beautiful meandering rivers, the ''Thames," 
(locally named, for some distance, the "Isis,") and the " Cherwell." The 
western entrance crosses the Thames no less than seven distinct times in the 
space of one mile — these branches converging into one principal stream at 
Folly Bridge — the southern entrance. The visitor will find many points full 
of beauty — Nature, revelling in all her glory, upon the river-side walks. 
Huber, whom we have before quoted, says : "In one of the most fertile 
districts of that Queen of the Seas, whom Nature has so richly blest, lies a 
broad green vale, where the Isis (the Thames) and the Cherwell mingle their 
full clear waters. Here and there primeval elms and oaks overshadow them ; 
while in their various windings they encircle gardens, meadows, and fields, 
villages, cottages, farm-houses, and country seats, in motley mixture. " 

The Thames is the most important of English rivers, and forms the prin- 
cipal stream passing through and around Oxford. Two distinct places have 
been given as its source — both in Gloucestershire, on the southern slope of 
the Cotswold Hills, but about sixteen miles apart ; one called ' ' Thames 
Head," the other " The Seven Springs." The latter is, we believe, generally 
credited as being the true source. The upper part of the Thames — from its 
rise to about eight miles below Oxford, is locally called the "Isis." In no 
ancient document can such a name be found— the Town Clerk of Oxford, 
G. P. Hester, Esq., has inspected several hundred documents, many 
being in his possession, in not one of which is the Thames called the Isis, but 
always the former. Isis is undoubtedly a scholarly name given to the river, 
probably from its termination in its Latin form, "Tames-is." Some state it 
to arise from the goddess Isis, a mythological deity of the Egyptians, daughter 
of Saturn and Rhea, to whom there is or was a marble monument at Capua, 
bearing this inscription : "To thee, Goddess Isis, who art one and all things. " 
The Thames for twenty miles is wholly in Gloucestershire, then for a short 
distance it divides that county from Wiltshire. It next separates Berkshire, 
first from Oxfordshire and then from Buckinghamshire, afterwards dividing 
Middlesex from Surrey, and then to its mouth, Kent and Essex, falling into the 
German Ocean at the Nore, about 220 miles from its source. The area of 
the basin drained by the Thames is estimated at about 6,500 miles. From 
London Bridge to the Nore its length is forty-five miles ; from London to 
Oxford, 116 miles ; from thence to its source about sixty miles. At Rich- 
mond, the Thames becomes tidal. It is commonly called the Isis until it 
reaches Dorchester, eight or nine miles below Oxford, when it receives the 
small river Thame— and the fact of the two rivers uniting has led some people 
to imagine that from here the name of Thames properly commences. 

The Cherwell (pronounced Charwell), is a small, but in some parts, deep 
stream, rising in the Arbury Hills, near Daventry, Northamptonshire, about 
nine miles from the boundary of Oxfordshire. It passes in its course some 
few small towns and villages— including the ancient borough of Banbury. 
Its length is about forty miles — unnavigable ; being principally private waters, 
reserved for fishing, and presenting to the angler some good sport. It unites 
with the Thames at the south-eastern end of Christ Church river-side walks. 
On the waters of both the Thames and the Cherwell the 

first Aldrichian Professor of Medicine : Robert Browne, D.M., Worcester, 1S03. 



THE HIGH STREET OF OXFORD. 27 

White and Yellow Water Lillies (Nymphea alba and Nupha lutea) 
grow in profusion during the summer months. In these streams also 

The Crayfish or River Lobster (Astceus fluviatilis) can be netted in 
large numbers in the course of the season. 

The Eastern Entrance is from the two London roads ; viz. through 
High and West Wycombe, and Henley-on-Thames ; passing over Magdalen 
Bridge, by Magdalen College, into the principal or 

High Street of the city, poetically described by Montgomery as i ' The 
town's majestic pride ;" and by Wordsworth, who speaks of "the stream-like 
windings of that glorious street." Sir Walter Scott, in his "Provincial 
Antiquities," writes that " It cannot be denied that the High Street of Edin- 
burgh is the most magnificent in Great Britain, except the High Street of 
Oxford." The noble street is 2,038 feet in length, and eighty-five feet in 
width, lined with buildings of the noblest orders of architecture, displaying 
beauties confessedly unparalleled by any city in the world. The Churches of 
St. Mary-the-Virgin and All Saints', terminated by"that of St. Martin (Carfax), 
together with the Colleges of Magdalen, Queen's, University, and All Souls', 
present a coup oVceil not to be rivalled, f Up the High Street, in 1527, went 
the sad procession of students on their way to the Bible Auto de Fe', at the 
exterior of St. Martin's Church. Each carrying their Bible and a fagot, they 
slowly proceeded towards Christ Church, thence to the place of the fire, where 
the Bibles were thrown into the flames. They were afterwards imprisoned 
in the dungeons of Christ Church and Osney Abbey. Down the High Street, 
on March 20, 1556, slowly Cranmer wended his weary steps, bowed with age 
and trouble, on his way to St. Mary's Church, there to dispute with the 
Romish priests the efticacy of their false doctrines, and to protest against that 
"great thing that troubled his conscience," the belief that he had signed, 
through fear, previously. A century later we find mention of a far different 
scene, chronicled by Antony a Wood — "Monday, April 26, 1669, was the first 
day that the flying coach went from Oxford to London in one day. A. W. 
went in the same coach. The coach left the tavern door, near All Souls' 
College, at six in the morning, and at seven at night they were set down at 
their inn in London." All Oxford was amazed at this wondrous achieve- 
ment ! The street was alive at that early hour, to witness the departure of 
the flying vehicle. Naught that had transpired for many years bore com- 
parison with it, not even the entry of Charles I. from Edgehill, in 1642, nor 
the departure of the garrison when the city capitulated in 1646. And those 
were both exciting scenes — accompanied as they were by the clamour of bells 
and ej aculations of defeat on both occasions. In the following year a second 
flying- coach was placed upon the road between Oxford and London, without 
permission from the Vice-Chancellor, who, feeling his dignity insulted, put 
forth the subjoined notice : — "Whereas Edward Bartlet hath, without Licence 
from Me, presumed to set up a Flying Coach to travaile from hence to 
London : These are to require all Scholars and Members of this University 
not to make use of the said Flying Coach so set up by Edward Bartlet. — P. 
Mews, Vice-Chancellor, Oxon, July 20, 1670." Near this entrance, the first 
Coffee-house in England was opened in 1650. Noting this, we again consult 
Antony a Wood : "In this year, Jacob, a Jew, opened a coffee house at the 
Angel, in the Parish of St. Peter-in-the-East, Oxon, and there it was by some, 
who delighted in noveltie, drank." The "Angel" spoken of was a famous 
hotel, not long since demolished, the site being required by the University for 
the erection of a pile of buildings for the New Examination Schools. 

First Aldrichian Professor of Chemistry: John Kidd, D.M., Ch. Ch., 1803. 



28 FRIAR BA CON AND FOIL Y BRIDGE. 



The Northern Entrance is from the Banbury and Woodstock roads, 
converging into a fine thoroughfare near St. Giles's Church, 2,000 feet in 
length, and 250 in width. On one side stands the stately collegiate buildings 
of St. John's and Balliol Colleges ; and on the other, the magnificent Taylor 
Buildings, University Galleries, and the Randolph Hotel, terminated by the 
Church of St. Mary Magdalen, and the Martyrs' Memorial. At one period 
this entrance bore a comparison to the celebrated Boulevards of Paris ; but 
since the stately elms on the lower or western side have been taken down, 
this resemblance is, to a great extent, destroyed. In this street there is 
annually held the 

Pleasure Fair of St. Giles, in September, a relic of the Wakes of by- 
gone times, and still largely attended. 

The Southern Entrance, from the Salisbury and Abingdon roads, takes 
the visitor over " Folly Bridge," formerly of much greater length than now. 
It is supposed that a bridge existed at this crossing of the Thames in the 
Saxon Heptarchy, during the reign of King Egbert. In 1075, Robert D'Oyly, 
who fortified and enlarged Oxford Castle, rebuilt this bridge, calling it 
"Magnus Pons," a term answering to the one afterwards bestowed on the 
bridge — "Great Bridge," since called "Grandpont." This term is still in 
use, the thoroughfare from the bridge to the south retaining it. In the reign 
of King Stephen, a pharos (or watch tower) was erected on the bridge, in 
order that the surrounding country might be surveyed, during the incursions 
of hostile forces, &c. Fifty years beyond this period (1134-5), it was used as 
an observatory by the learned Friar Bacon, who from thence surveyed the 
" wonders of the skies." The days of Elizabeth saw a storey added to the 
tower, by a citizen named " Welcome." Being thought a waste of money, 
and a complete exemplification of folly, it became known as " Welcome's 
Folly," briefly used as " Folly," which has since been attached to the bridge. 
The tower was removed altogether on April 6, 1779. The following lines 
appeared in the ' St. James's Chronicle ; or, British Evening Post,' on April 
10, at the close of an article on its demolition : — 

" Roger, if with thy magic glasses Or to thy votaries quick impart 

Kenning, thou seest below what passes, The secret of thy magic art ; 

As when on earth thou did'st descry Teach us, ere learning's quite forsaken, 

With them the wonders of the sky ; To honour thee, and— save our Bacon ! " 
Look down on your devoted walls, 
O, save them, ere thy study falls. 

The bridge having existed for a long period, was at last deemed unsafe ; 
and in 1815 it was decided that it should be rebuilt, for which purpose a 
special Act of Parliament was obtained to raise the necessary funds and to 
confer the power of removal. Accordingly, in 1826, the present bridge was 
erected by Mr. Macintosh, after designs by Mr. Perry. The cost of the 
bridge was £10,000. In 1859 the approaches and other improvements cost 
an additional £8,000, the thoroughfare previously being exceedingly narrow. 
Near this spot the two counties of Berks and Oxon join, and in remote times 
both shires were governed by one Lord-Lieutenant ; and, in close proximity 
to the bridge, the Assize Courts and Gaol were known to stand, and also the 
ancient Church of Danesbourne (dedicated in 1132). No vestige of either 
now remains. The monastery of the Dominicans (built in 1224), was but a 
short distance from the bridge, and likewise the Franciscan monastery (built 
six years after, 1230). In the latter, Roger Bacon, the friar before mentioned, 
was buried in 1292. The view down the river from this point is very fine, 
especially during the practice of the University boating crews. The banks 

First Aldrichian Professor of Anatomy : Sir Christopher Pegg, D.M., Oriei, 1S09. 



DEPREDA TIONS B Y HIGHWA YMEN. 29 

are lined with the barges (used as reading and recreation rooms), belonging 
to the various colleges, while in the back ground rise the stately elms that 
fringe the beautiful water-walks of Christ Church. In one of the barges 
located by the water-side, tbe Lord Mayor of London was wont to take what 
was called the " Lord Mayor's View of the Thames." This was an annual 
procession from Oxford to London, by water, followed by an assemblage of 
boats, that the Lord Mayor and Corporation might view the beauties of 
"England's mightiest river, the hoary Thames. " Arriving at Staines, the 
company disembarked, and the sheriffs and aldermen who were not "free of 
the water," were "bumped" at the stone, named "Corporation Stone," and 
made free. Wine was afterwards served, and money thrown amongst the 
onlookers. This purposeless and foolish ceremony, now rightly abolished, 
cost the city of London ,£700 annually. 

The "Western Entrance to the city is the least picturesque of the four, 
although by far the most traversed, for here are situated the stations of the 
Great Western and North Western railways, and it is also the main road to 
Bath, Bristol, Cheltenham, &c. Within one mile of the city this road has 
seven bridges crossing the Thames ; an$ about eighty years back it was 
deemed the most dangerous, in consequence of the depredations of the high- 
waymen and footpads infesting it. In ' Jackson's Oxford Journal,' of Feb- 
ruary 28, 1784, the only Oxford paper then published, we read the following : 
" Between seven and eight o'clock last Monday evening, one of the Bath 
coaches was robbed on the galloping-ground above Botley, about two miles 
and a-half from this city, by two men on foot, who took from the passengers 
£24 in money, with their watches. But, at the request of the driver, they 
returned all the watches except one, and went off with their booty. There 
were six passengers in the coach and two outside." In 1776 the same coach 
was robbed, nearly on the same spot, by a single highwayman, on Dec. 5 ; 
and in March, 1775, Farmer Dover, of Botley, was waylaid and robbed, at 
Bullstrode Bridge, the fourth on this road, nearly losing his life. An asso- 
ciation of citizens was formed to prevent these numerous robberies — a sort of 
"vigilance committee." Their power was soon felt, for the molestations 
ceased. About two minutes' walk from the Great Western Station is the 
suburb of 

Osney Town, chiefly inhabited by persons employed on the railway. The 
population is close upon 2000, and both houses and inhabitants are increasing 
rapidly. This suburb is quite of recent formation, dating from 1848. There are 
three islands one upon another, and upon the ihird stood the rich and cele- 
brated foundation known as 

Osney Abbey, founded in 1129 by Robert Neale (or Nigel), at the request 
of his wife Edith, for a body of Augustinian monks. This abbey was most 
magnificent in all its appointments : Sir John Peschell says it was ' ' The envy 
of all other religious houses in England and beyond the seas." It boasted a 
church, enriched with a variety of chapels, and not less than twenty-four 
altars, with two lofty towers, in one of which hung a splendid peal of bells, 
including Oxford's renowned " Great Tom." At its dissolution in 1546 these 
bells were removed to Christ Church, and still remain within the campanile 
of the cathedral, except "Tom," which now hangs in a tower over the noble 
gateway of Christ Church. The bell was, however, recast in 1680. Osney 
Abbey was often graced with the presence of kings and nobles. In 1238 a 
serious riot took place at the Abbey between the retainers of Otho, the Papal 
Legate, and the Welsh scholars of the University— Otho's own brother being 

First Professor of Political Economy : Nas?au Wm. Senior, M.A., Magdalen, 1825. 



30 THE RAIL WA Y STA TIONS. 



slain, and himself placed in jeopardy. In 1265 Henry III. kept great state 
within its walls for seven days. It was also been used as a prison upon 
several occasions— at one period Thomas Manne was condemned to life 
imprisonment within the walls of the Abbey, but he escaped, was recaptured, 
conveyed to London, and burnt. Here some of the students were confined 
for reading the bible in the days of Wolsey. Henry VIII. ordered its close 
in 1546, and its revenues to go to the foundation of his College— Christ 
Church. Service was again renewed within the ruins in Queen Mary's reign, 
but in the Protectorate of Cromwell nearly every vestige was removed. 
Attached to Sheldon's Mill there is still a small portion of the Abbey remain- 
ing, used as a store- house. It can be inspected on application. Visitors will 
find a representation of the Abbey in a painted window in Christ Church 
Cathedral, near Bishop King's monument. Bishop King was the first 
Bishop of Oxford and the last Abbot of Osney Abbey. He received the 
episcopal mitre in 1542, and died on Dec. 4, 1557. Nearly opposite the 
remains of the Abbey stands 

St. Frideswide's Cemetery. — It forms the interment-ground of four 
parishes : St. Aldate, St. Ebbe, St. Peter-le-Bailey, and St. Thomas. Re- 
tracing our way, on the left, is the 

Great Western Railway Station.— This is a branch from the main 
line of the G.W.R. at Didcot, ten miles distant, and conveys the traffic- to 
Birmingham, -Wolverhampton, Worcester, Wales, &c. London can be reached 
by two routes from this station, viz. by the main line, via Reading, distant 
sixty-three miles, and via Thame and Wycombe branch, fifty-eight miles. 
The latter is a single line, and runs into the main line again at Twyford. 
The first route from London to Oxford was opened on June 12, 1844. It 
met with much opposition from the University authorities, who declared 
that accelerated communication with the metropolis was unnecessary. The 
second line was opened in 1864. Trains run at frequent periods. There is 
also through communication with all parts of the kingdom. Every infor- 
mation can be obtained at the stations, and at the Mitre Goods Office, in the 
High Street, adjoining the Market. Parallel with the Station of the G.W.R. 
is the 

London and North- Western Railway Terminus.— This Railway is 
a branch from Bletchley Junction on the main line, 31^ miles from Oxford- 
London is distant 78 miles by this route. The fares are the same, although 
the train-service is less frequent. There is also through communication with 
all parts, and the line likewise runs direct to Scotland, via the Caledonian 
system. Information required by visitors can be obtained at the terminus, 
or at the Goods Office, adjoining the Clarendon Hotel. The communication 
with Oxford was opened on May 16, 1851. On the opposite side of the road, 
at the back of Rewley Nursery, stands 

St. Thomas Church, founded in 1141 by the Canons of Osney Abbey, 
on the ground given by Bernard St. Waleri. It was first dedicated to St. 
Nicholas, Bishop of Myra. The tower, almost enveloped with ivy, was 
added in the fifteenth crntury ; and a new north aisle was added in 1847. 
The porch dates from 1621, and bears the arms of Dr. Burton, Ch. Ch.,then 
vicar. The Church is 100 feet in length. In the eastern window are repre- 
sentations of the "Paschal Supper," the "Crucifixion," and "Our Lord in 
Gethsemane." The chancel windows have illuminations of " SS. Thomas, 
Nicholas, and Frideswide. " The situation of the Church is very low, and it- 
has been flooded in former times, when the river has risen, notably in 1774, 

first Camden Professor of Ancient History : Degory Whear, M.A., Exeter, 1622. 



SIEGES OF OXFORD CASTLE. 31 

when the water was three or four feet deep in the body of the church for 
nearly a week. Several famous men have been connected with this Church, 
amongst whom have been the Rev. R. Burton, D. D. , author of the ' ' Ana- 
tomy of Melancholy," Vicar in 1616 (died in 1639) ; the Rev. Mr. Purchas, 
of St. James's, Brighton, the first editor of the ritualistic manual, " Direc- 
torum Anglicanum," Curate for some time, (his extreme views of ritualism 
causing his suspension by the late Bishop of Chichester, in 1868) ; the Right 
Rev. James Laird Batterson, of the Romish Church, said to have been 
appointed by the Pope, Archbishop of Glasgow and Primate of all Scotland, 
was also a Curate of this Church. Service on Sundays, at 11 a.m. (Matins), 
and 6 p.m. (Evensong), and every week day. The value of the living is 
£185 per annum ; the population of the parish, about 5,500. Proceeding from 
this point, the visitor commences the 

TOUR OF THE CITY. 

Passing up the New Road, crossing Pacey's Bridge, and turning into a lane, 
he observes the only remains of 

Oxford Castle. — This edifice was built 1 in the reign of William Rufus, by 
Robert D'Oyley ; and the one solitary tower, its sole memorial, is a remnant of 
six that at one period proudly reared their heads. A better specimen of old 
Saxon fortification cannot be well met with. It is supposed that a Castle 
existed on this spot anterior to the time of Rufus, for Mr. King, in his work, 
entitled "Vestiges of Oxford Castle," states that "it is evident that Ofta, 
Alfred and his sons, and Harold Harefoot, actually resided in the Castle. " 
He imagines that an edifice, with ditch and walls, was formed by King Offa ; 
and remarks that " in very old writings the castle or fortress is called ikfo£a." 
Whilst the foundations were being cleared for the new Gaol, an ancient Saxon 
crypt or chapel was discovered (called the Maud crypt), about 20 feet from 
the Castle tower. Unfortunately, the remains had to be removed ; but were 
replaced by the builder in a modern cellar, as near the spot as possible, and 
in the same relative situation, preserving the architecture of the roof. The 
tower now standing is of Saxon architecture ; and it is supposed to be the 
tower of the church at one time within the walls of the Castle — known as 
St. George's. During the Danish invasions, Oxford formed one of the seven 
burgs, or fortified towns, and is mentioned as such in Saxon chronicles. In 
1139, the castle was delivered up to the Empress Matilda, mother of 
Henry II. She was besieged here by king Stephen, in 1142 ; but, after 
a desperate resistance was compelled to fly. She escaped at midnight, during 
the continuance of a severe frost, over the ice to Abingdon, thence taking 
horse to Wallingford ; she was accompanied by three of her most devoted 
knights. In the reign of Henry III. (1231) the Castle and tower were used 
as a Gaol by the University ; and, shortly after as the common Gaol of the 
county, of which it is still part. The building was restored in a great mea- 
sure of Charles I. , during the siege of the city ; but, after its capitulation in 
1646, it was almost destroyed in 1649. Passing on, after inspecting the 
Castle tower, the visitor returns, noticing 

St. Peter-le-Bailey Parish Schools, built on the site of the old Oxford 
Pound, in 1845, at the expense of the Rev. C. Hales. They were opened 
by Dr. Macbride, Principal of Magdalen Hall. Opposite to this erection is 
the entrance to the Wharf of the 

Oxford Canal, commenced in 1754, completed in 1790. The canal is 
91 miles in length ; width at the surface, 28 feet ; at the bottom, 16 feet ; 

First Vinerian Professor of Common Law ; "William Blackstone, D.C.L,. All Souls', 1758. 



32 THE MUTINY IN THE OXFORD MILITIA. 



depth, -H feet. There are 42 locks in its entire distance, and it is crossed by 
about 250 bridges. One of its aqueducts, " Pedlar's Bridge," is formed of 
12 arches, each 22 feet span. It opens up communication between Birming- 
ham, Liverpool, Manchester, and the Wednesbury collieries. Noted for 
traffic at one time, but since the opening of the railways this has much 
diminished. It is the property of a company, in shares of £100. In times 
of prosperity these shares were worth upwards of £500 each. Crossing the 
road, he sees the 

Armoury and County Police Station. — The training-ground of the 
Oxfordshire Militia is in the rear of this building. The history of the county 
regiment has some points of interest. They were at the encampment on 
Brighton Downs, during the Napoleon panic, in 1793-4. This encampment 
has°been handed to posterity by the lyric effusion of ' ' Brighton Camp ; or 
the Girl I left behind me," music inherent to drums and fifes. After the 
encampment broke up, the Militia were removed to East Bletchington, near 
Newhaven, about nine miles from Brighton. Whilst there, a mutiny arose 
in consequence of the high price of provisions and the distress of the poor, a 
portion of the men broke into Messrs. Catt's mill, and distributed the 
flour, emptying also the contents of a corn vessel into the river. For this 
they were tried before a Court-martial ; two of their number, named Cooke 
and Parish, being condemned to be shot : the rest to be flogged. The 
sentence was carried into effect at Goldstone Bottom, a spot about two miles 
to the west of Brighton, on June 13, 1795. There is a print extant of the 
execution ; its size is about 18in. by 15in. It represents the men kneeling 
on their coffins, and is inscribed ' ' The Awful Scene or Ceremony of Two 
Soldiers, belonging to the Oxfordshire Militia, which were Shot on June 13. 
1795, in a Vale, while in camp at Brighton." Thirteen regiments were 
present at the execution. The bodies of Cooke and Parish were buried in 
Hove churchyard, at the western suburb of Brighton. The regiment, during 
the Crimean war, was stationed at Corfu for a short period. It was originally 
raised previous to the Norman conquest. Adjoining the Armoury is the 

Castle Mound, raised for the double purpose of defence and observation, 
and supposed to date from the ninth century. During the time the Castle 
was besieged by Stephen, it is described as being chiefly defended by two 
strong towers, "which," Dr. Ingram says, in his "Memorials of Oxford," 
" were most undoubtedly the great keep tower on the high mount, built by 
Robert D'Oyley, and St. George's tower, which there is so much reason to 
believe was the prior Saxon palace, and whose walls were near ten feet thick ; 
whilst its summit had the most truly ancient mode of protection for those 
who should be placed there to annoy the besiegers." Two mounts over 
against the keep were thrown up by Stephen, from which he battered the 
Castle incessantly, with the machines of war then in use. These were named 
1 ' Mount Pelham" and ' ' Jews' Mount. " On the latter some Jews were burnt 
to death ; and it is still known by this name to many old citizens. The 
mound is surrounded and surmounted by trees, presenting a very pleasant 
aspect. Entered from the top is a very ancient well-room, of the time of 
Henry II. , with a fine spring of water at the bottom. The depth of the well 
from the top of the mound is 72-feet. A portion of the room was used by 
Charles I. as a powder magazine. It is not generally shown to visitors, for 
an unfortunate occurrence happened in 1810 : Mr. Bartlett, a young citizen, 
whilst inspecting the mound with some friends, accidentally fell down the 
shaft, and was killed. Should the visitor desire to see the 

Eirst Anglo-Saxon Professor : Charles Mayo, M.A., St. John's 1795. 



EXECUTION OF ANNE GREEN 33 

Panorama of the Country from its summit, a magistrate's order must 
be procured. The next point of interest is the 

County Hall, erected in 1841, in the Anglo-Norman or Modern Castel- 
lated style, at a cost of ,£15,300. It consists of two handsome commodious 
courts, with ante-rooms, &c. , and offices for the Clerk of the Peace. Here 
the business of the county is transacted, the Assizes held, and the nomination 
and declaration of the knights of the shire take place. In the centre hall is a 
fine full-length portrait of the late W. H. Ashhurst, Esq., M.P. for the 
county from 1815 to 1830, and chairman of the Quarter Sessions from 1822 
to 1846. In the rear is the 

County Gaol, a massive structure, in keeping with the Hall. The prin- 
cipal buildings were erected from 1800-1805, from the designs of Mr. Black- 
burn, under the direction of Mr. Harris, builder, of Oxford, at a cost of 
,£19,033. It is approached from a courtyard, in which is situate the governor's 
residence. A brief record of a few criminals, remarkable in their several 
cases, is appended. On December 14, 1650, a servant girl named Anne 
Green, was hung in the castle-yard for murdering her illegitimate child. 
After hanging for half-an-hour, her body Was cut down and sent to the 
Anatomy School, Christ Church, but warmth being found, the knife was 
withheld, and she was resuscitated. This was the sensation of the day 
for some time, and several tracts and copies of verse celebrated the event. 
These are now very rare, but copies can be seen in the Bodleian Library. 
Dr. Bathurst, President of Trinity College, and afterwards Dean of Wells, 
wrote a Latin epigram upon the subject ; thus, translated : — 

" Thou more than mortal, that, with many lives, 
Hast mocked the sexton, and the doctors' knives ; 
The name of spinster thou mayest justly wed, 
Since there's no halter stronger than thy thread." 

Anthony a Wood narrates that the child was begotten by Jeffrey Reade, 
grandson to Sir Thomas Reade, of Dunstew, in Oxon. Mr. Edward Wood, 
Antony's brother, also wrote verses on the event ; and a Mr. Richard 
Watkins, of Christ Church, brought out a pamphlet entitled ' ' Newes from 
the Dead : or, a True and Exact Narration of the Miraculous Deliverance of 
Anne Green," &c. There was also another, with a woodcut representing the 
execution, and the sufferer recovering in bed, printed by J. Clowes, London, 
in 1651. Anne Green, after her restoration, retired to the village of 
Steeple Barton, where she married, and had three children. She died in 
1659. In 1654, two officers of the king's (Charles I. ) army, named Hussey 
and Peck, were executed for highway robbery. Their bodies were taken 
away by some Royalists, and buried at night in the old church of St. Peter- 
le-Bailey, which fell down in 1726. Antony a Wood says that this was the 
first or second execution he ever saw, and "it struck great terror into him." 
On May 4, 1658, a somewhat similar case to that of Anne Green, but more 
excessively cruel, took place in Oxford. A servant maid named Elizabeth, 
living with Miss Clive, in Magdalen parish, was executed at Green Ditch, 
St. Giles, without the North Gate, the public place of execution for the city, 
also for the murder of her illegitimate child. Her body was ordered for 
dissection ; but after it was taken from the gallows, Coniers, a young phy- 
sician, of St. John's College, and others, discovered life, and speedily restored 
respiration. She was taken to a public-house in Magdalen parish (the 
" Crown," latterly known as the "Bell," demolished to make room for the new 
Randolph Hotel), but the bailiffs of the city, getting news of the occurrence, 

First Professor of Latin Literature : John Conington, M.A., University Coll., 1854. D 



34 JONA THAN BRADFORD— MAR Y BLAND Y 



-went between twelve and one at night, broke into the house, seized her, 
placed her in a coffin, and conveyed her to Broken Hayes (near where the City 
Gaol now stands), and re-hung her on a tree. The poor creature was so 
sensible of her fate, that she ejaculated, "Lord, have mercy upon me!" 
The citizens were in a state of ferment, and threatened vengeance — but this 
passed over. On August 31, 1681, Stephen Colledge was executed, in a 
barbarous manner, for treason, in the Castle-yard. (See "Executions for 
Treason.") In May, 1723, a woman named Johanna Mead, a native of 
Coombe, near Woodstock, Oxon, was " burnt to death," for poisoning her 
husband. The execution took place at Green Ditch, without the North Gate. 
In 1736, Jonathan Bradford was executed at Oxford Castle. This event is 
well known as a case of circumstantial evidence. Bradford did not commit 
the murder, although discovered in the room, holding a lanthorn in one hand, 
and a knife in the other, over the murdered man's body. He stated that he 
went to commit the deed, but found it already done. This was disbelieved. 
He was tried at Oxford Assizes, then held in the Town Hall ; found guilty, 
and executed, maintaining his innocence to the last. His declaration of 
innocence was, however, true ; for (eighteen months after) the footman of 
the murdered man confessed the deed, when on a bed of sickness. He 
avowed that he committed the deed, took his master's property, and escaped 
back to his own room. The name of the murdered man was Hayes, and the 
deed was committed near Dorchester, at the junction of the four ways, on 
the London road, where Bradford kept the "Golden Ball" Inn. This case 
formed the plot of a favourite melodrama, entitled "John Bradford; or, 
the Murder at the Roadside Inn," and constituted a staple piece at many 
London and provincial theatres, when such dramas were more patronised 
than they are now. The Messrs. Chambers mention the crime in their 
" Useful and Entertaining Tracts," in cases of ' Circumstantial Evidence,' 
but neither date nor locality is given. This is likewise the course adopted 
in the "Wonderful Magazine," &c. In March, 1752, Miss Mary Blandy, 
daughter of the Town Clerk of Henley, Oxon, was executed at Green Ditch, 
for poisoning her father. This was a most painful event, she being un- 
doubtedly the dupe of Captain Cranstoun, a designing villain, a native of 
Scotland. Miss Blandy's trial took place in the Divinity School, and lasted 
thirteen hours ; the Town Hall, in which both City and County Sessions and 
Assizes were held, being rebuilding. It was clearly proved that she admi- 
nistered the poison. On the night previous to her execution, she made 
a statement that she was not aware of its poisonous qualities, for it had been 
supplied to her by Cranstoun. The captain admitted this afterwards, when 
he was in France. On arriving at the gallows, Miss Blandy reiterated her 
declaration, that " she was innocent of maliciously administering the poison, 
as she hoped f cr salvation in a future state. " She mounted the ladder — the 
halter was placed around her neck, and drawing her handkerchief over her 
face, after a brief prayer she gave the signal to the executioner, by holding 
out a small book she had in her hand, and helping to throw herself off the 
ladder. Her body was removed to Henley, and interred in the church at 
one o'clock the next morning, between her father and mother. Captain 
Cranstoun (a married man, and the father of children) died in Furness, 
afflicted with a severe disorder, on Nov. 30, 1752. In March, 1761, Isaac 
Darling, alias Dumas, the "gentleman-highwayman," was executed for high- 
way robbery, at Oxford Castle. This criminal had a remarkable existence ; 
being sentenced to death at Chelmsford, in 1758, when only eighteen years 

Tirst Boden Professor of Sanscrit : Horace Hayman Wilson, M. A., Exeter, 1832. 



D UMAS—LA Y—DA VIS— KALABERGO, &*e. 35 

of age, for robbing Captain Cockburn. He was reprieved on account of his 
youth, but transported for fourteen years, and afterwards pardoned on 
condition of serving as a private soldier in the Island of Antigua. He 
escaped to England, again turned highwayman, was nearly captured, seeking 
safety by entering as a midshipman on board the Royal George. He deserted, 
took to the road once more, and was captured for the third time for highway 
robbery, at Nettlebed, and paid the penalty of his crimes at the age of 
twenty-one. He had a great dread of dissection, and made arrangements 
with some bargemen previous to execution, to convey his body to St. Thomas' 
churchyard. They obeyed his injunction, filling his coffin with quicklime. 
On March 25, 1805, Thomas Davis was executed at the Castle, for forgery at 
Chipping Norton. He was attended by Mr. James Hinton, the Baptist 
minister, from his condemnation to the time of execution. In 1832, George 
Lay, alias Keats, was executed for highway robbery and attempted murder 
of Mr. Edward Pullen, at Culham Lock. A man named Gibbs was tried at 
the same assizes for arson, and condemned to death . Lay and Gibbs were 
executed together. The body of Lay was giyen up to his mother, who made 
an exhibition of it. Several other notorious criminals have suffered the extreme 
penalty of the law at Oxford Castle, the twoiast, being Kalabergo, the Italian 
(who murdered his uncle, near Banbury in 1852). and Noah Austin, who 
committed a somewhat similar murder (that of his sweetheart's father) in 1863. 
During the interval between Kalabergo 's condemnation and trial, he made a 
desperate attempt to escape, which was nearly successful. Leaving the gloomy 
associations of the prison, the visitor proceeds to the 

Diocesan Probate Court, a small modern Gothic building, erected in 
1864, and nearly facing the County Hall. Pursuing his course, he shortly 
arrives at the 

New Road Baptist Chapel, lying back from the main street, in a 
courtyard. This is the oldest dissenting place of worship in the city, being 
built in 1780 ; rebuilt in 1800 ; enlarged in 1819 ; heightened, new-roofed, 
and considerably improved in 1865. The interior presents a neat and light 
appearance. The Rev. James Hinton, before mentioned, laboured here for 
thirty-six years (from 1787 to 1823). A tablet, behind the platform, speaking 
of his faithful pastorate, concludes with the words : " His witness is in 
heaven, his record is on high." On one occasion that eminent minister, the 
Rev. Robert Hall, visited Mr. Hinton, and enjoyed his guidance through the 
buildings of the University. It is recorded that, when they stood on the 
summit of the Radcliffe Library, Hall was so impressed with the beauty of 
the scene — the towers, spires, and pinnacles — quadrangles, gardens, and 
groves — flowing rivers and belting hills, wood-crowned — and over all the 
clear blue-flecked sky — that he exclaimed, " Sir, sir, surely it is the New 
Jerusalem come down from heaven ! " Services are held in this place of 
worship on Sunday mornings at eleven, and on Sunday evenings at half- past 
six. Just about this point, from the gates of the Chapel to the opposite side, 
stood the 

West Gate of the City in olden times — the city walls taking a circuitous 
course around the ancient castle. This Gate was taken down in 1771. The 
visitor has now arrived at the second Church in the city, known as 

St. Peter-le-Bailey Church, founded in the time of St. Frideswide, 
a.d. 738-40. The earliest known records are about 1122, when Henry I. 
appointed a vicar to the living, and confirmed the holding to St. Frideswide's 
priory. The old Church fell down from sheer decay, in 1726, having stood 

Present Lee's Lecturer in Anatomy (founded 1750) : Henry Wentworth Acland, D.M., All Souls. 



36 ST PETER'S CHURCH— NEW INN HALL. 

nearly a thousand years. It was re-erected in 1740 ; in 1845 it was re-arranged, 
and open seats provided. It is a heavy plain-looking edifice, consisting of 
a nave and two aisles, and is about 70ft. in length and 38ft. in breadth. ! 
Antony a Wood states that the name of " Bailey," attached to this Church, 
is derived from Balliolium, a court of Justice, standing near this spot in 
Saxon times ; but Dr. Ingram, author of "Memorials of Oxford," thinks that 
the world Balliolium is a diminutive of Ballium—a fort, castle, mound, or 
prison. The word Bailie being often used in French for an entrenchment, 
gives, he imagines, the name to the Church, from its being built in the neigh- 
bourhood of the castle. In ancient documents it is styled " St. Peter ad 
castrum. " The court of which Wood speaks, Dr. Ingram remarks, was the 
Magnum Balliolium, and that stood near the west end of St. Martin's Church, 
in the churchyard. There is a court at York named the Bailey, and the 
court of Old Bailey, London. In 1635, William Sandbrook was Rector ; who 
was much admired for his bold puritanical preaching. There is a brass at 
the west-end of the Church, to the memory of Sir William Loughborough, 
Mayor of Oxford, in 1383, at the coronation of Bichard II., and to Dame 
Margaret, his wife. It was renovated in 1772, at the expense of Alderman 
Fletcher. The Alderman died in 1826, at the age of eighty-seven, and was 
buried in Yarnton Church, a village about four miles to the north of Oxford. 
It is traditionally related that he was buried in the stone coffin made for Fair 
Rosamond. His high altar tomb represents him clad in his aldermanic gown, 
his hands clasped in prayer. There is a bust of him in the Picture Gallery of 
the Bodleian Library. St. Peter's Church will shortly be removed, the great 
traffic at this part of the city necessitating such a course. The Oxford Local 
Board giving £1,400 in 1870, as a reimbursement to the Rector of the parish 
for its removal, and £250 (raised by subscription) being paid to the trustees 
of the New Road Chapel for the Chapel-house adjoining. A site for its re- 
erection has been secured by the Rector further up New-Inn-Hall Street. 
Services are held on Sunday morning at 11 ; afternoon, 3 ; evening, 6.30. The 
value of the living is £104 per annum. Population of the parish, about 1,200. 
Proceeding a short distance up Queen Street, the visitor will notice a unique 
Pargetted House Front, of plaister with ornamental devices. It will 
be found worthy of observation as a specimen of architecture now disused. 
The house is occupied by Mr. C. Bad cock, draper. Retracing his steps, he 
enters a narrow lane by St. Peter's Church, just noticed, and speedily reaches 
New-Inn-Hall, known at its foundation in 1340, as " Trilleck's Inn," 
belonging then to John Trilleck, Bishop of Hereford. It was purchased by 
William of Wykeham, founder of New College, in 1392. He afterwards 
devised the building to his own foundation. The present Hall, quite 
m oder j i in appearance, was built in 1833. The first Principal of whom we 
find mention was William Freeman, in 1438. The present Principal is the 
Rev. H. H. Cornish, M.A., appointed in 1866. Very few students matri- 
culate at the Hall now ; but, according to Wood, at one time it flourished, and 
produced many eminent men ap to the days of Edward VI. At the com- 
mencement of the civil war in 1642, it was suddenly deserted by the students, 
during which interval it was used as a royal mint. Here were struck the 
coins known as " Exurgat Money," so named from the legend on the reverse : 
Exurgat Deus dissipentur inimiei — (" Let God arise, and His enemies be scat- 
tered"). Upwards of 2,000 ounces of college plate were melted down for coins 
during that period. The Cistercian monks studied at this hall, while Arch- 
bishop Chichele was erecting St. Bernard's College (now St. John's). It is 

First Reader in Experimental Philosophy : Stephen P. Eigaud, ALA., Exeter, 1 81 ° 



THE OLD COLLEGE OF ST. MARY. 37 

known also as the Hall at which, several Welshmen of first class attainments 
have been educated. Five Welsh bishops were appointed from the Hall in 
rather more than thirty years, commencing with Arthur Bulkeley, Bishop of 
Bangor, in 1541, and ending with William Blethin, Bishop of Llandaff, in 
1576. In 1626, Christopher Eogers, M.A., of Lincoln College, a noted 
Puritan, was Principal ; Sir William Blackstone, the eminent lawyer, was 
also a Principal of this Hall. Brian Twyne, the antiquary, partly educated 
at Lewes, Sussex ; Sir W. Dunne, D. C. L. , the first University member of 
Parliament ; the Bev. W. Stone, B. C. L. , founder of the Almhouses in St. 
Clement's parish ; Dr. James Blackstone, son of Sir William, and Deputy- 
Steward of the University ; Dr. J. A. Cramer, Principal, and Dean of Carlisle ; 
Tovey, the author of the " History of the Jews in England." Alberic Gentilis, 
teacher of Civil Law, &c. have been connected with New Inn Hall. In 1868 
a small Chapel for the Hall was erected at its rear, from designs by 
G. Buckeridge, Esq. The style is Gothic, and the path leading to the Chapel 
is paved with black-and-red Warwickshire squares. Nearly opposite the Hall 
stands an 

Old Stone Gateway, a remnant of thejextinct 

St. Mary's College. It leads to Frewm Hall, the academical residence 
of H. E. H. the Prince of Wales, while he was pursuing his studies in Oxford. 
St. Mary's College was founded by royal letters patent, on Dec. 14, 1435, in 
the reign of Henry VI. , by Thomas Holden and Elizabeth his wife. It was 
dissolved in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. The statutes of the Library stated 
that " No scholar should occupy a book in the Library above one hour or two 
at the most, so that others shall not be hindered from the use of the same." 
The books were kept in a chest, and not chained to desks. It was a very 
common thing to write on the first leaf of a book, " Cursed be he that shall 
steal or tear out the leaves, or in any way injure this book." In 1498 
Erasmus, named the " King of the Schools," resided at St. Mary's College 
during his first visit to Oxford . From here he issued his " Novum Testa- 
mentum Grsecum." In 1654 the portion of the building remaining was used 
as a Quakers' Meeting-House. The 

First Wesleyaxi Chapel ever built in Oxford was erected on this spot 
about 1760. It was a plain unpretending building, and had a small piece of 
ground for interments at the back. John Wesley when in the zenith of his 
popularity preached several times in this Chapel, as well as to large assem- 
blies in the street from the window. The Wesley ans worshipped here until 
the present Chapel was opened. When disused as a Chapel, it was occupied 
as a school-room, and the Oxford Choral Society was founded there in 1819. 
When the Free Methodists seceded from the Wesleyan Methodists in 1849, 
the Oxford section of the " Methodist Republicans" likewise met in a room 
at this spot. On the opposite side of the street the 

New Church of St. Peter-le-Bailey will be built. Within a few yards 
stands the 

Wesleyan Methodist Chapel, erected in 1818, from designs by Mr. 
Evans, at a cost of .£4,000. Service on Sundays at 10.45 a.m. and 6.30 p.m. 
At the rear of the Chapel are spacious Sunday and Day Schools, well managed 
by a certificated master and efficient superintendents. The Schools were 
built in 1831, and accommodate about 300 scholars. Turning to the left, and 
proceeding a few paces, the visitor will see the 

United Methodist Free Church. The " Free Methodists" consist of 
an amalgamation of two Methodist bodies — the " Wesleyan Association' ' and 

First Crown Reader in Mineralogy : William Buckland, B.D., Corpus Christi, 1813. 



38 DEBATING SOCIETY— ST. MICHAELS CHURCH. 

the " Wesleyan Keformers." This union was formed in 1857. The secession 
from the " Wesleyan Methodists" took place in 1849, when Messrs. Dunn, 
Everett, and Griffith were ejected by the Conference for publishing the noted 
" Fly Sheets." One of the earliest "Wesleyan societies in England was formed 
by John Wesley in Oxford, about 1738, at the house of Joseph Mears, stand- 
ing midway between the chapel of the Wesleyan and Free Methodists. The 
New Chapel of the Free Methodists was erected in 1870-1, at the cost of about 
£1,600. The designs were furnished by Mr. J. C. Curtis, of Oxford. The 
style is of the Italian order. A spacious school-room is in the basement of the 
building. Service in the Chapel on Sundays at 11 a.m. and 6.30 p.m. Imme- 
diately opposite this building will be observed the 

Oxford Union Society's Rooms, erected in 1856. The designs were 
the work of Sir Thomas Deane and Mr. Woodward (of Dublin), architects of 
the University Museum, &c. The style, Early Gothic. The entrance from 
New-Inn-Hall Street is through a small ornamental ground. The institution 
forms a favourite lounge, being well supplied with books, newspapers, and 
periodicals. It was originally founded in 1825, and it is supported by mem- 
bers of the University, who pay a terminal subscription. The 

Debating and Beading- Room is a magnificent apartment, 62ffc. by 28ft. 
and 47ft. in height. The Weekly Debate held during term is very attractive. 
The encircling Gallery contains a first-class 

Library, constantly replenished from Mudie's and other sources. The 
Ceiling of this apartment is a masterpiece of painting, executed by Messrs. 
Morris, Tyrwhitt, and Swann. The ten compartments over the Gallery are 
scenes illustrative of " Exploits of King Arthur and the Knights of the Hound 
Table." Seven of these were painted gratuitously by different gentlemen 
Messrs. Hughes, Jones, Morris, Pollen, Princep, Rosetti, Spencer, and Stan- 
hope, and the remaining three were entrusted to W. Riviere, Esq. The whole 
were completed in 1852. The 

Writing and Retiring- Rooms of the institution are fitted with all modern 
appliances for comfort. The Principal Entrance to the building is by a 
passage leading to Frewin Hall, on the right of the Clarendon Hotel, in Corn- 
market Street. Proceeding a few paces up New-Inn-Hall Street, the visitor 
enters Cornmarket Street, and will perceive, immediately facing, 

St. Michael's Church, the second oldest Church in the city, dating from 
before the Norman conquest. The canons of St. Frideswide held the living in 
1122. The Church consists of a tower, nave, two aisles, and a chancel. The 
tower is Saxon, built of rubble, with quoins of finished masonry. The battle- 
ments were added in 1500. Two of the four belfrey-windows are divided by 
pilasters of rude workmanship, strongly bearing resemblance to the pen and 
ink drawings so frequently seen in Saxon manuscripts. The chancel is a relic 
of twelfth-century architecture. The ancient rood-screen divides the chancel 
from the nave, and there is another screen on the north. The south side is 
called the " Welsh Aisle," having some few Welsh members of Jesus College 
interred within it. The Lady Chapel (on the north side) has three beautiful 
niches, and three others are at the east end. In the east window is an illumina- 
tion, St. Edmund (le Riche), founder of St. Edmund Hall. The north chapel, 
with other portions, was rebuilt in 1833, when the organ was added. Other 
extensive alterations were made by Mr. G. Street in 1855. The living is in 
the gift of Lincoln College ; the value, £100 per annum. Population of the 
parish, nearly 1000. Service on Sundays at 11 a.m. and 3.30 p.m. Formerly 
attached to the Church was the 



First Crown Reader in Geology : William Buckland, D,D., Corpus Christi, ISIS. 



SHAKSPEARE AND SIR W. DA VENANT. 39 

North Gate of the City, removed in 1771. Over the Gate the 

Bocardo Prison stood. It was the city prison for malefactors and 
debtors. The debtors used to lower a hat from the windows by a cord, for 
receiving the charity of the passers-by, uttering the cry of " Pray, remem- 
ber the Bocardo birds ! " Archbishop Cranmer and Bishops Latimer and 
Ridley were confined in Bocardo previous to their martyrdom. From the 
roof of the prison Cranmer witnessed the death of his fellow prelates on Oct. 
15, 1555, suffering himself in the following March. The rooms also served as 
a depository for the city muniments. Proceeding onwards, the 

Clarendon Hotel, formerly known as the " Star," is passed by the visitor. 
The Hotel is noted for its accommodation, and contains a noble assembly-room, 
used for public entertainments, &c. The Clarendon Club (an assembly of gen- 
tlemen and citizens) meet in a spacious and elegant room, open daily from 9 
a.m. till 12 p.m., except Sundays, when it opens at 1 and closes at 10 p.m. It 
is well supplied with papers (metropolitan and provincial), magazines, &c. 
Entering a passage on the right-hand of the Hotel, the visitor arrives at the 
Union Society's Booms (previously described). Nearly facing is the building 
used by the \ 

Apollo Lodge of Freemasons (University), magnificently decorated 
and furnished. Passing on, through a low pointed gateway, overgrown with 
limes, approaches 

Frewin Hall, an ancient academical building, sombre and thoroughly mo- 
nastic in appearance. This was the residence of H.R H. the Prince of Wales 
while studying at Oxford in 1859-60. The Prince entered Christ Church, of 
which foundation he still remains a member. The honorary degree of D.C.L. 
was conferred on the Prince when he visited Oxford at the Commemoration of 
1863, accompanied by the Princess Alexandra, shortly after their marriage. / 
Nearly opposite the " Clarendon Hotel" stood the once-famed " Crown Inn,"Vf 
much frequented by Shakspeare in his journeys between London and Stratford- 
on-Avon. The inn was then kept by John Davenant, father of Sir William 
Davenant, poet. Sir William studied at Lincoln College, and was compli- 
mentarily termed the " Sweet Swan of Isis." He enjoyed the reputation 
during his lifetime of being Shakspeare's son. Pope remarks that " Sir Wil- 
liam seemed proud at having it taken for truth." He was born in 1605, just 
after Shakspeare's annual journey, and he was baptized on March 3, 1606, in 
Carfax Church, Shakspeare standing as his godfather. When Sir William wa* 
but ten years of age he wrote an ode, a very creditable production for a child, 
entitled " In Remembrance of Master William Shakspeare. " Aubrey states 
that Mistress Davenant was " a very beautiful woman, and a very good wit ; 
her conversation being exceedingly agreeable, but of very light import ;" while 
her husband was " a very grave and decent citizen, who looked after his busi- 
ness better than he did after his wife. " The evidence of the child's paternity 
rested upon the interest Shakspeare took in the boy, the gossip of the day, and 
Sir William's own admissions upon the subject. The incident. how ftYe r i ffivpa^ 
aninterest to the spot not lightly to be passed b v. The old " Crown Inn" was 
taken down in 1773, and tne inn" now known"a^the " Crown," on the opposite 
side of the street, must not be taken to have any association with Shaks- 
peare and his " Crown," although such is stated to be the case. In close prox- 
imity to the " Crown" stood the Oxford Public Pillory. The last instance 
of its use was in 1810, when a person named Tubb was exposed for perjury. 
Should the visitor require information as to trains, &c. , it can be obtained at 
the 

First University Reader in Logic : Richari Michell, B.D., Lincoln, 1839. 



40 CARFAX AND ITS ASSOCIATIONS. 

London and North- Western Railway Booking- Offices, adjoining 
the Clarendon Hotel. The spacious premises next but one are the 

Turkish Baths and University Lodgings, a noble pile of building, 
until lately known as the " Shakspeare Hotel," from surrounding associations. 
Built in 1864. The lodgings are replete with all modern improvements, and 
the baths are constructed on the most approved models. Adjoining are the 

Premises of Grimbly, Hughes, and Dewe, The style is modern 
Gothic. Erected in 1864, by Messrs. G. and T. Jones. Former premises 
have twice been destroyed by fire, the last occasion being on Sept. 23, 1863, 
when two lives were lost. In the Crown Yard, adjacent, are 

Parkers' Printing Offices. Messrs. Parker are the well-known ecclesi- 
astical publishers of Oxford and London. The ofiices are replete with all 
modern appliances of the typographic art. From the establishment are issued 
the well-known series of " Oxford Classics," the "Oxford University Calendar" 
(first published in 1809), the " Oxford Ten-Year Book," " Keble's Works," the 
" Penny Post,"&c. J. H. Parker, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., a member of the firm, 
has lately been engaged in pursuing researches amid the antiquities of Rome 
with great success. He has a collection of upwards of 1,800 photographs of 
the " Eternal City" and neighbourhood. At the corner of Cornmarket Street 
the visitor arrives at 

Carfax the junction of the four principal streets of Oxford, viz., the High 
Street (the London road, by two routes), Queen Street (the Bath, Bristol, and 
Cheltenham road), St. Aldate Street (the Salisbury, Southampton, and Win- 
' Chester road), and Cornmarket Street (the Banbury, Birmingham, and Wood- 
stock road). The name " Carfax" is a corruption of Quatre-voies (quarter- ways), 
four distinct roads. The term is used in other provincial towns of the king- 
dom where a similar junction occurs. Carfax is one of the most interesting 
spots in Oxford. Here stood the tavern '' Swyndlestoe" (afterwards called the 
" Mermaid"), from whence commenced the massacre on St. Scholastica's Day, 
Feb. 10, 1354. The fracas lasted three days ; great damage being committed, 
and many lives lost : it is stated that as many as sixty-three students were 
killed. For this mischief, the city authorities were brought to task before a 
tribunal, and condemned to attend St. Mary's Church annually (the Mayor, 
two bailiffs, and sixty citizens, representing the number slain) whilst a mass 
was celebrated for the souls of the slain students, and afterwards to pay one 
penny each : " forty of which pence shall go to forty poor scholars, and the 
rest to the curate." Tradition states that the Mayor was obliged to wear a 
halter around his neck (afterwards changed to a silken cord), but this has no 
real foundation. In Elizabeth's reign a sermon and prayers were substituted 
for the mass ; and in course of time a litany only was read. In 1641 the 
Mayor and twenty citizens only attended ; but the Vice- Chancellor refused to 
have the service held unless all were present. In 1800 the Mayor neglected 
the ceremony, and the University demanded a heavy fine for the non-observ- 
ance. In 1825 the custom was abolished ; but an oath was demanded by the 
University from the Corporation, binding them to hold its ancient privileges 
intact. This was conceded, and taken annually until about 1854, when that 
observance was also discontinued. The conflict in 1354 arose through 
some students being served with bad wine by the landlord of the tavern (John 
de Croydon). Enraged, they broke the vessel containing the wine over his 
head. Eesenting the treatment, he sought the assistance of the citizens, and 
the conflict commenced. The " Town and Gown" melees probably arose from 
similar frays. In 1527, during the " Bible Persecutions," a bible-fire was made 

First Ireland Professor, or Exegesis of Holy Scripture : E. Hawkins, D.D., Oriel, 1S47. 



ST. MARTIN'S CHURCH. 41 

at Carfax. On July 21, 1721, the last public whipping at the " cart's-tail" 
recorded in Oxford, took place from Carfax to the East Gate of the city — the 
length of the High Street — on an adventurer who tried to trepan some students 
of Brasenose to drink the Pretender's health (James HI.). He was taken to 
the Castle, tried at the assizes, and sentenced to be whipped, as mentioned. 
The public " whipping-post" at which criminals were flogged remained at 
Carfax for over a century after this, and the " stocks" were also in close 
proximity. In January, 1793, the effigy of Tom Paine, the noted sceptic, was 
publicly burnt at Carfax: a copy of his famous work, " The Rights of 
Man," being placed in his left hand, and a pair of stays under the right arm. 
A Saxon court of justice, named Magnum Balliolium, stood formerly at 
Carfax, at the west-end of the churchyard ; it was at a later period used as 
a council chamber by the Corporation, and is noticed in the city records as 
Gidalla, or Gildam Mercatorium. Attached to the east-end of the Church 
was a sheltered recess, named " Pennyless Bench," (taken down in 1747). 
A large and handsome Conduit was erected in 1610, at Carfax, at a cost of 
£2,500, by Otho Nicholson, Esq., of Ch. Ch., to furnish pure water to the 
citizens from the spring on the Hincksey) hills. It was removed in 1787, 
being deemed an obstruction, and presented by the city to the Earl of 
Harcourt. who re-erected it on the summit of a hill in Nuneham Park, (six 
miles from Oxford,) where it still remains. Cornmarket Street was anciently 
called North-gate Street, but received its present name from the cornmarket 
being held in a shed with a leaden roof, supported by pillars, in the centre 
of the street. The shed was erected in 1536, by Dr. Claymund, President of 
Corpus Christi College. Here stand the publishing offices of the ' Oxford 
Journal,' originally started in 1753, and printed here until the last few years. 
The Church at Carfax is named 

St. Martin's Church. It is of modern erection, with the exception of 
the tower. The ancient edifice was built probably about a.d. 500. It was 
dedicated to St. Martin, Bishop of Tours, France, who died in 399. Canute 
gave the advowson to the Benedictine Priory, at Abingdon, about 1032, and 
it was then named Monasteriolum. It was rebuilt in the twelfth century — 
the tower now standing being a relic of that Church. The present building 
was erected in 1820-2 : the first stone being laid on Oct. 23, 1820, and service 
celebrated on June 16, 1822. The architects and builders were Messrs. 
Harris and Plowman, of Oxford. The expenses were defrayed by public 
subscription. It consists of a nave, chancel, and side aisles. The tower 
(containing a peal of six bells), was formerly much higher, but it was lowered 
in 1 341 (the fourteenth year of king Edward III. 's reign), on complaint of the 
students, "because the townsmen could, in time of combat with them, 
retire there, as to their castle, and from thence gall and annoy them with 
arrows and stones. " Records inform us that the ancient Church was sur- 
rounded by a grave-yard ; but, as the city increased, it was absorbed for 
building purposes. An account of the Church, in Br. AylifFe's "History of 
Oxford," leads to the supposition that a public passage or thoroughfare 
existed at one period in the centre of the Church, the historian remarking 
that " the citizens, in their mad freaks, slew a scholar of noble birth, whom 
they met late at night, passing through St. Martin's Church." Similar 
thoroughfares existed formerly in the Cathedrals of London and Winchester. 
There is an ancient Font in the Church, much mutilated, but interesting to 
the antiquary as a good specimen of the style of the fourteenth century. 
The large eastern window, a richly illuminated one, was inserted in 1866, in 

First Slade Professor of Art : John Ruskin, M.A., Christ Church, 1869. 



42 THE TOWN HALL. 



memory of James Morrell, Esq., who was a great benefactor to the city. 
He died in 1863. St. Martin's is now a rectory in the gift of the Crown. In 
addition to the Rector, there are four Lecturers, appointed by the city through 
the Corporation, each Lecturer taking duty once a month. Two of the Lec- 
tureships were founded in 1578, with an annual stipend of twenty marks, 
further increased and endowed in 1778, by the Earl of Lichfield and W. 
Wickham, Esq. The Earl left a legacy of .£1,000, which his trustee invested 
in ten ,£100 shares of the Oxford Canal Company, and Mr. Wickham gave 
five additional shares in the same enterprise. These now pay a dividend of 
about eight per cent, per year, and each Lecturer receives £10 annually from 
the city. They are exempt from episcopal visitation ; and, on becoming 
vacant, are a source of spirited competition, forming one of the few con- 
necting links between the City and University. There was also a Header, 
appointed by the Dean of Christ Church, receiving £20 per annum, from 
a legacy left by Bishop Fell, " that prayers might be read daily in a church 
of Oxford, every morning at nine, and evening at eight o'clock." The 
readership is now abolished. The Mayor and Corporation attend divine 
service at Carfax every Sunday morning at eleven, walking in procession 
from the Town Hall to the Church, preceded by the Mayor's Sergeant, carrying 
the city mace. Service is also held on Sunday evening. The value of the 
living is £62 per annum. The population of the parish, 377. In 1606, on 
March 3, Shakspeare stood as godfather to Sir William Davenant, in this 
Church. On June 1, 1715, in the evening, between seven and eight o'clock, 
a man known as " Cornish Tom," at one time a soldier, attempted to fly 
from the tower of Carfax Church, but his apparatus failed, and he came with 
great force to the ground, nearly breaking his neck. In 1782, the oratorio 
of "Judas Maccabeus," was publicly performed in the Church for the benefit 
of the organist. Edward Woodman, Alderman, and six times Mayor of the 
city, was buried in Carfax Church, in the twelfth year of Henry VII. 's reign. 
The ancient figures striking the quarters of the hour of the clock attached to 
this edifice, may be seen in the Mayor's Parlour at the Town Hall. Passing 
over into St. Aldate's Street, the visitor will observe 

The City Police Station (shortly to be removed), and immediately 
opposite, the 

Oxford Savings Bank, erected in 1867. The style is Modern Gothic. 
The noble central window is worthy of inspection. The Oxford Savings 
Bank was originally founded in Queen Street, in 1816. Adjoining is the 
• Town Hall, built in 1751-2, chiefly at the expense of Thomas Rowney, 
Esq., M.P., and then High Steward of the city. The structure is two storeys 
in height : the lower formed as a piazza or corridor, with a handsome pedi- 
ment surmounting the centre. The upper storey contains a large assembly 
room, the whole length of the building. The dimensions of the Hall are- 
length, 135 feet ; breadth, 31^ feet. The exterior of the building has a 
statue of Mr. Rowney, placed in a niche in the centre. The statue was 
presented by Charles Tawney, Esq., and sculptured in Caen stone by Mr. 
Grimsley. In the reign of Henry II. the citizens converted an old hall, 
known as "Bates" or " Baptist Hall," into a place for public meetings. It 
stood on the site of "Grafton House," opposite the present building. After 
that place was vacated for the more commodious one, it became the " Fleur- 
de-Lis " Inn, and the property of Antony a Wood. The present Hall stands 
on the ground occupied by the Domus Conversorum, or " House for Converts 
from the Jewish Persuasion. " The Assizes were held at one period in the 

First Hope Professor of Zoology : J. Westwood, M.A., Magdalen, 1861. 



PUBLIC LIBRARY— COUNCIL CHAMBER. 43 

large upper room ; they now take place at the County Hall. The City 
Quarter Sessions are still held in the Hall. In 1814, the Prince Regent 
(George IV. ), the allied sovereigns of Russia and Prussia, the Duke of York, 
and several other noble and eminent persons were presented with the 
honorary freedom of the city in the Town Hall. In 1832, the Princess 
Victoria (now Queen), received a congratulatory address in the same chamber, 
on November 8. In October, 1835, Queen Adelaide was presented with 
a loyal address from the Corporation ; and in 1863, the Prince and Princess 
of Wales likewise received a similar ovation. One of the earliest Flower Shows 
in England was held at the Town Hall, on August 5, 1752. The Druids' 
Dinner (Lodge 59), is annually held in the Hall, and is one of the events of 
the year. Proceeding by the covered way adjoining, the visitor enters the 

City Public Library, established under Ewart's " Free Libraries Act. " 
Opened as a Reading-room on June 1, 1854, and the Lending-library (now 
comprising 6,000 vols), on Nov. 5, 1857. A Reference-library, having many 
valuable works, is also attached. The Library is well-supplied with the 
London and local newspapers, magazine®, and reviews, and is largely at- 
tended by citizens. Open from 9 a.m. till 10 p.m. (Sundays excepted). The 
expenses are met by a provision in the local rate. Beyond the charge of one 
shilling per annum to borrowers of books (who require the security of two 
ratepayers) no fee is required. The Librarian's salary is £100 per annum, and 
the Sub-Librarian £52. In the Town Hall yard are the 

Hustings of the City, from which the members are nominated and 
declared. The city is at present represented by two Liberals : the Right 
Hon. Edward Cardwell, her Majesty's Secretary of State for War; and 
William Vernon Harcourt, Esq. , Q. C. , Professor of International Law at the 
University of Cambridge. Both elected (under the provisions of the New 
Reform Bill) in Nov. 1868. One hundred years previously, (in 1768,,) the 
Mayor and Corporation of the city were imprisoned for five days in Newgate 
Prison, for offering to dispose of the city seats to Sir Thomas Stapleton and 
the Hon. Robert Lee, for the sum of £7,500. The money was required to 
pay an old debt due from the city to sundry individuals. A public repri- 
mand was given to the offenders at the Bar of the House of Commons. They 
submitted to the authorities, but not with good grace, for it is stated that 
during their incarceration, they completed another bargain with Lord 
Abingdon and the Duke of Marlborough for the privilege of representing the 
city. On the north-side of the yard stand the 

City Police Court and Audit-Koom. These buildings have been 
lately enlarged. On the upper storey is the 

Council Chamber (a portion of the old Guild or Town HaU). It con- 
tains a few portraits of past and present city dignitaries. The 

New Police Station and Superintendent's Residence adjoin the Police 
Court. The Station has been transformed from Kempe Hall, an ancient aca- 
demical building. The University and City Police Forces, for many years 
two distinct corps, were amalgamated, by Act of Parliament, on January 1, 
1868: The next building is the 

Corn Exchange, erected in 1863, from designs by S. L. Seckham, Esq., 
city architect, by Mr. John Dover. Length, 100ft. : width, 50ft. ; height, 
45ft. It is constructed of ornamental brick, with dressings of carved stone. 
The Exchange is the property of the Corporation, who let it on Saturdays to 
the Corn Exchange Company. At other periods it is let for entertainments, 
meetings, &c. Adjoining is 

First Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum: Robert Plott, D.C.L., University, 1683. 



44 POST OFFICE— ST. ALDATE' S CHURCH. 



Nixon's School, one the oldest Free Schools in England. It was founded 
in 1658, and opened April 19, 1659. John Nixon, after whom the School is 
named, was an Alderman of the city, thrice Mayor, and once, by a double re- 
turn, M.P. in 1641. He gave £600 to purchase .£30 per annum for a school- 
master, to educate forty boys, freemen's sons. Joan Nixon, his wife, also left 
an estate, about 18 acres, at Bletchington, Oxon, the rents of which were to 
be applied to apprenticing two boys from the School annually. The Charity 
Trustees manage the School. To increase the master's salary (at present 
about ,£100 per annum) a limited number of elected pay-boys are admitted. 
John Nixon died April 14, 1662, aged 73, and was buried in St. Mary's 
Church, near the south door (see " St. Mary's Church"). In the lower storey 
of the School, conjoined to the Post Office, is the 

Electric- Telegraphic Office, under the management of the Postmaster. 
Previously to the purchase of the telegraphic systems by the Government 
(Feb. 1870) Oxford had three distinct offices. Adjoining is the 

Post Office. Three London, one East, North, South, and West of Eng- 
land, and Channel Islands, besides various local mails are despatched daily. 
Oxford possesses one postal privilege : London Letters can be posted up to 12 
p.m., reaching Tnivn for the first morning delivery. The usual branches (Money- 
Order, &c. ) are attached. Leaving the various buildings at the Town Hall, 
crossing the road, and proceeding about one hundred yards down St. Aldate 
Street, the visitor arrives at 

St. Aldate's Church, originally founded, it is supposed, about the middle 
of the sixth century. St. Eldad or Aldate, corrupted at times into St. Old or 
Told, was a Bishop of Gloucester, who lived about 450, and to whom the 
Church is dedicated. The first Church was built of wood, re-erected of stone 
in 1004. It was afterwards used as a cloister to the Priory of St. Frideswide. 
The present edifice consists of a nave, chancel, side aisles, and tower. The 
south aisle was added in 1335, the north in 1455. The Church was consider- 
ably improved in 1862 ; and it is now one of the most commodious churches 
in the city. The spire, being deemed dangerous, was taken down in 1862. 
The benefice was presented to Pembroke College, by Charles I. , in 1641, but 
it is now vested (by purchase) in the trustees of the Rev. Chas. Simeon. In 
the interior the visitor will notice the Font of very rich design : dating from 
the fourteenth century ; it is in good preservation. The south aisle contains a 
fine Altar Tomb of alabaster, to the memory of John Noble, LL.B. Principal 
of Broadgates Hall (now Pembroke College,), who died in 1522. The inscrip- 
tion (nearly obliterated) is " Have pity on me, for the hand of God hath 
touched me" (Job xix. 21). Beneath the Church is a vaulted Crypt, long used 
for a charnel-house, but lately cleaned out and repaired. The value of the 
living is £137 per annum. The population of the parish about 2000. Ser- 
vice on Sundays at 11 a. m. 3.30 and 6.30 p.m. The Church is situated at the 
comer of Pembroke Street, known years back as "Penny-farthing Street, 
corrupted from " Penyverthing" Street, so named from William Penyverthing, 
Provost of Oxford in 1240. 



Should the visitor, before inspecting Pembroke College and Christ Church, 
have a desire to visit the district of the city known as 

The Friars, he will proceed along Pembroke Street, noting a few ancient 
houses in his progress, shortly arriving at 

St. Ebbe's Church. The present building is of modern erection, being 
rebuilt early in the present century, and opened on Feb. 9, 1816. The Church 

First Keeper of the University Museum : Professor J. Phillips, ilagdalen, 1360. 



ST. EBBE'S CHURCH. 45 

is of the pointed style of architecture, designed and built by Mr. W. Fisher. 
The old Church was taken down in 1814, with the exception of the tower, 
which was adapted to the present building. This tower is a relic of the ' olden 
time ' and is built of rubble. It has no staircase in the interior, but con- 
tains a peal of six bells. There is a curious Norman doorway forming the en- 
trance to the vestry. The cost of rebuilding the Church was £3,000 : the 
building was restored and enlarged in 1866. The foundation of the ancient 
Church is involved in obscurity. It was dedicated to St. Ebba or Ebbe, 
Abbess of Collingham, and daughter of Ethelfrid, King of Northumberland. 
She died in 685. In 1005 the Church was given to the Abbey of Eynsham : 
but in 1546 it became Crown property, through the suppressive measures of 
Henry VIII. The benefice was sold under the Augmentation Act in 1864, 
being bought by Lord Shaftesbury. The value is ,£111 per annum. The popu- 
lation about 5000. Sunday-service at 11 a.m. and 6.30 p.m. The Rev. W. 
W. Champneys, Dean of Lichfield, and formerly Canon of St. Paul's Cathedral, 
at one period held the incumbency. The late Rev. F. W. Robertson, M.A. 
(Brasenose College), was Curate of St. Ebbe, and afterwards Perpetual Curate 
of Trinity Chapel, Brighton. Some of the earliest of those masterly discourses 
which gained the rev. gentleman so much repute, where preached in St. Ebbe's. 
There is a memorial window in Brasenose College Chapel, and also in Trinity 
Chapel, Brighton. His bust has likewise been placed in the Picture Gallery 
of the Bodleian Library. He was interred in the Extra-Mural Cemetery, 
Lewes Road, Brighton. A handsome tomb has been erected to his memory 
by the congregation of Trinity Chapel. It bears two inscriptions, surmounted 
by bas-relief medallions. The following inscription was placed on the tomb 
by his congregation : — 
"M.S —The Rev. Frederick William Robertson, M.A., Perpetual Curate of Trinity Chapel, 
Brighton. Born Feb, 27, 1816; Died Aug. 1, 1853. Honoured as a minister, beloved 
as a man, he awakened the holiest feelings in poor and rich, in ignorant and learned ; 
therefore is he lamented as their guide and comforter by many who, in the bond of 
brotherhood, and in grateful remembrance, have erected this monument. Glory to the 
Saviour, who was his all." 
On the opposite side the inscription testifies to the esteem in which he was 
held by the members of the Brighton Mechanics' Institute. Passing down 
the turning by St. Ebbe's Church, the visitor enters the precinct of ' ' The 
Friars " so called from the monasteries of Dominican and White and Grey 
Friars at one period standing in different parts of the locality. The thorough- 
fare at the bottom is named "Littlegate," a small postern in the city walls 
being about this spot. Facing St. Ebbe's Street stands 

Adullam Chapel, erected in June, 1832, from designs by Mr. Fisher, 
at the cost of .£4,000. It is a very plain edifice, both externally and inter- 
nally. The Rev. H. B. Bulteel was the first minister. He seceded from the 
Church of England in 1831, and preached here for about fifteen years. 
It was afterwards occupied for nearly seven years by the United Methodist 
Free Church ; and was finally purchased by a congregation of Strict 
Baptists, in 1869, for the sum of £1,500. The property is freehold, and 
includes a minister's residence at the rear. The Rev. C. H. Spurgeon is the 
treasurer of the chapel, and has preached some few times within its walls. 
Service on Sunday at 11 a. m. and 6. 30 p. m. In New Street, a few yards 
distance, is a small unpretending 

Primitive Methodist Chapel. Service on Sundays at 11 a.m. and 
6 p.m. Retracing his steps, past Adullam Chapel, and passing down Com- 
mercial Road, the, visitor approaches the 

First Keeper of the University Archives : Brian Twyne, B.D., Corpus Christi, 1634. 



46 PEMBROKE COLLEGE. 

Oxford Gas Works, standing on the banks of the Thames. They were 
erected in 1818— the foundation stone being laid on Sept. 14— and within 
twelve months after the City and University were supplied with gas : the 
public lighting of the city taking place on Sept. 6, 1819. In 1869, powers 
were obtained from Parliament to extend their system to the villages within 
a radius of four miles round the city. Close by is the District Church of 

Holy Trinity, erected in 1845. Style, Early English, from designs by 
Mr. Underwood. It cost £3,400, the amount being raised by subscription. 
The patronage of the Church is held alternately by the Crown and the Bishop 
of the diocese. Service on Sundays at 11 a.m. and 6.30 p.m. Proceeding 
from this Church again into Commercial Road, the visitor, taking a detour to 
the left, passes into Speedwell Street, and from thence into St. Aldate's 
Street, proceeding up which, he will come upon a picturesque residence, 
often overlooked, standing back from the street. It is known as 

Bishop King's House, and it was built in 1546, for Bishop King, last 
abbot of Osney Abbey, and first bishop of Oxford. The residence in the 
front is one of the best specimens extant of a style now disused : the par- 
getted or fancy stucco. The ceilings of the interior are richly decorated in 
the peculiar manner of that early period — the arms of king Edward VI. being 
often interwoven among the traceries. The front of the house was rebuilt in 
1628 ; and at the time of the Protectorate it was occupied by Colonel Unton 
Crake, of the Cromwellian army, and M. P. for the City of Oxford. It is now 
used as a lodging-house. Some slight damage was inflicted on the building 
by fire, March 1870 ; but it was fortunately extinguished before any serious 
consequence ensued. About fifty yards further up St. Aldate's, stood the 

South Gate of the City, removed with the others in 1771. It was 
well fortified with towers, and the public way below was for a long period 
known as " Tower-hill." Close by are the 

Almshouses, founded by Cardinal Wolsey, but not thoroughly finished 
until 1834. The almsmen (twenty- four, ) must have served either in the 
army or navy, and are nominated by the Dean and Chapter of Christ Church. 

The visitor has now again reached the spot from whence he diverged to 
visit St. Ebbe's Church, &c. Passing St. Aldate's Church, to the right, he 
will " To Pembroke turn— there Johnson dwelt." 

Pembroke College, the eighteenth in numerical order, was founded 
June 29, 1624, as a "Perpetual College of Divinity, Civil and Canon Law, 
Arts, Medicine, and other Sciences," under the style and title of "the 
Master, Fellows, and Scholars of the College of Pembroke, in the University 
of Oxford, of the foundation of King James, at the cost and charges of 
Thomas Tesdale and Richard Wightwick." Tesdale was the first scholar 
placed in Abingdon School by the founder, John Rossye, in 1563. He left 
£5,000 endowment to Pembroke College. He died at Glympton, Oxon, in 
1610. Wightwick was Rector of East Ilsley, Berks. It is named after 
William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, Chancellor of the University at its 
foundation. Queen Anne attached a Canonry in Gloucester Cathedral, for 
ever, to the Master. Many Halls stood on or near this spot : Segrirn (in the 
eleventh century), Broadgates (in the reign of Henry VI.), Mioote, Aula 
Bovina (or Beef), Durham, St. James, and Dnnstan. The College has the 
patronage of nine livings. The number of members on the books is nearly 300. 
Dr. Thomas Clayton was the first Master, appointed 1624 ; the present, Eev. 
Evan Evans, M. A., appointed 1864. Henry Wightwick, the second Master, 

First Bodleian Librarian : Thomas Jones, D.D., New College, 159S. 



PEMBROKE COLLEGE— EMINENT MEN. 47 

was ejected by the Parliamentary Visitors soon after his election. He 
protested against such unseemly] proceedings. He was restored in 1660. 
Fourteen Masters have held position since the College foundation. The 
earliest of the College buildings date 1670 ; the Gothic font was added in 
1830. The Fellows' Building was erected in 1846 ; and in 1855 and 1869, 
further additions were made ; the College now presents a decided modern 
appearance. The visitor will observe over the entrance gateway (built in 
1694) a curious oriel window, constructed on the model of the remains of 
one in John o'Gaunt's palace at Lincoln. In the south-west angle of the 
first quadrangle stands 

The Library, an elegant apartment, recently improved, at a cost exceeding 
£2,000. In the windows are the arms of various benefactors and the founders, 
by Egginton. It was formerly the Hall, and the refectory of Broadgates 
Hall. Dr. Clayton (the first Master), presented many of the books. Dr. 
Hall (Master in 1664, and Bishop of Bristol in 1691), at his death in 1709, 
bequeathed his whole collection to the Library; and Dr. Johnson (the 
lexicographer), a short time before his decease, also gave his library to the 
College. There is a handsome bust of therdoctor, by Bacon, in the Library, 
given by Samuel Whitbread, Esq. The first Library of the College was in 
room over the south aisle of St. Aldate's Church. 

The Hall, a well-proportioned room, on the west side of the second 
quadrangle, is the principal feature of the college. It was erected in 1848, 
by Mr. Hayward, of Exeter. The elaborately-designed roof is of open 
timber work. A fine bay-window contains the arms of the founders in 
stained glass. Some few portraits adorn the walls, including one of Dr. 
Johnson, by Sir Joshua Reynolds. 

The Chapel, a small Ionic building, stands on the south side of the second 
quadrangle. Principally built at the expense of Bartholomew Tipping, Esq. , 
of Oxford. He published a whimsical pamphlet on "Eternity," and he was 
named in derision, "Eternity Tipping." It was consecrated in 1732 by Dr. 
Potter, Bishop of Oxford. The interior is neatly fitted up. The altar- 
piece, presented by Joseph Plymley, Esq., B.A. (afterwards Archdeacon 
Corbett, of Salop), is a copy of Rubens' "The Saviour after His Resurrection," 
by Cranke, in the Cathedral at Antwerp. 

Eminent Men educated at Pembroke College and Broadgates Hall. — 
Bishop Bonner (the persecutor in the reign of Mary, known as the ' ' Bloody 
Bishop"). Cardinal Philip Ressyngton (at one period a noted follower of 
John Wycliff). John Pym (the patriot, admitted in 1599, at the age of 15). 
Beaumont (the dramatist, known in conjunction with Fletcher). Judge 
Blackstone (author of the Law Commentaries ; Fellow of All Souls' College 
and Principal of New Inn Hall). Camden (the antiquary, after he left 
Magdalen College, before entering Christ Church). Heywood, Hawkins, 
Graves, Southern, and Shenstone, poets (the "nest of singing-birds"). 
George Whitefield, from the Crypt School, Gloucester, founder of the 
Calvinistic Methodists, and chaplain to the Countess of Huntingdon, was a 
servitor at Pembroke for eighteen months. He was ordained by Bishop 
Benson, of Gloucester, on Trinity Sunday, 1736. Whilst at Pembroke he 
writes, " I always chose the worst sort of food. I fasted twice a week. My 
apparel was mean. I wore woollen gloves, a patched gown, and dirty shoes ; 
and though I was convinced that the kingdom of God did not consist in meat 
and drink, yet I resolutely persisted in these voluntary acts of self-denial, 
because I found in them great promotion of spiritual life." Sir 

First Radcliffe Librarian : Francis Wise, B.D., Trinity, 1750. 



<18 SIX THOS. BROWNE'S EVENING HYMN. 

Thomas Browne, B. A. (author of "Religio Medici," and one of the earliest 
English Evening Hymns (written 1642, fifty-nine years before Bishop Ken's 
"All praise to Thee, my God, this night," afterwards altered to the well- 
known "Glory to Thee," &c.) Ken's hymn was written in 1697. Sir 
Thomas Browne's hymn was as follows : — 



" The night is come ; like to the day- 
Depart not Thou, great God, away ; 
Let not my sins, black as the night, 
Eclipse the lustre of Thy light. 

" Thou, whose nature cannot sleep, 
On my temples sentry keep ; 
Guard me 'gainst those watchful foes 
Whose eyes are open while mine close. 

" While I do rest my soul advance, 
Make my sleep a holy trance : 
That T may— my rest being wrought. — 
Awake unto some holy thought ; 



' And with active vigour with runne 
My course as doth the nimble sunne. 
Sleep is a death. make me try 
By sleeping, what it is to die ; 

' And as gently lay my head 
On my grave as now my bed. 
Howe'er I rest, great God, let me 
Awake again at last with Thee, 

* And thus assured, behold I lie 
Securely, or to wake or die. 
These are my drowsie days ; in vain 
I now do wake to sleep again. 



" come that hour when I shall never sleep again, but wake for ever." 
Dr. S. Johnson entered the college, as a commoner, October 31, 1728, aged 19. 
He resided there about three years. His rooms were over the gateway, second 
floor. The embarrassment of his father's affairs necessitated his removal 
before the allotted period. Carlyle says, " He suffered much from poverty : 
proud as the proudest, poor as the poorest, stoically shut up — silently 
enduring the incurable. What a world of blackest gloom, with sungleams 
and pale tearful moongleams, and flickerings of a celestial and infernal 
splendour, was this that now opened for him !" Sir John Hawkins remarks 
that ' ' he had scarcely any change of raiment : but one pair of shoes, which 
were so old that his feet could be seen through them." A new pair was 
placed outside his chamber one morning by direction of a gentleman. 
Johnson, on discovering them, felt insulted, and indignantly flung them 
away. The degree of M.A. was conferred, by diploma, on Johnson in 1755, 
and in 1773 the D.C.L. degree, also by diploma. A trait of Johnson's 
character is noted by Mr. Andrew Millar, the publisher of his dictionary. 
His patience being quite exhausted by Johnson, Mr. Millar, on receipt of 
the last sheet of the work, acknowledged it thus, "Andrew Millar sends his 
compliments to Dr. Samuel Johnson, with the money for the last sheet of 
the dictionary, and thanks God that he has done with him !" To which 
Johnson replied that "He was happy to find Mr. Millar had the grace to 
thank God for anything !" Johnson's definition of a note of admiration (!) 
is capital : — 

" I see— I see— I know not what : I Presenting to my contemplation 
I see a dash above a dot ! A perfect point of admiration ! " 

It is curious that one of Dr. Johnson's intended standard works — the sub- 
ject, " Epigrams" — should have been carried out by a graduate of Pembroke 
College nearly a century after the Doctor's decease. Such, however, is the 
case : the Rev. Henry Philip Dodd, M.A., compiling " The Epigrammatists : 
a Selection of Epigrammatic Literature of Ancient, Mediseval, and Modern 
Times. " This volume — containing over 600 pp. of Epigrams (Greek, Latin, 
and English), with biographical and other notes, so masterly executed — would 
have delighted Johnson. The Rev. Robert Main, the present Radcliffe 
Observer, also graduated at Pembroke College. Dr. Jeune, the late Bishop of 
Peterborough, who died in 1868, was Master of Pembroke College for twenty 
years, 1843-63. He defined Oxford as "a city of palaces, towers, and 
pleasant waters !" Dr. Jeune was Vice-Chancellor in 1858-63, during the 

First Radcliffe Observer : Thomas Hornsby, D.D., Corpus Christi, 1772. 



CHRIST CHURCH— CARDINAL WOLSEY. 49 



residence of the Prince of Wales in Oxford ; in 1864 Lord Palrnerston pre- 
sented Dr. Jeune to the Deanery of Lincoln ; and in 1865 he was raised to 
the Bishopric of Peterborough, which he held but three yea,rs. In the 
interesting " Gossipping Guide to Jersey," by Capt. F. B. Payne, F.R.S.L., 
is a notice of the family of the deceased Bishop. Speaking of the town mills, 
the Captain remarks, "This place is interesting, for it once belonged to the 
descendants of a refugee Huguenot, whose son, solely by hard work, and a 
courage that made him surmount the dispiriting influence of some servile 
trade to which he was apprenticed, rose to be a clergyman, the Dean of his 
native isle (Jersey), and subsequently the talented and learned Master of 
Pembroke College, Oxford, the Vice- Chancellor of that University, the 
host of our future king [the Dean of Lincoln, the Bishop of Peterborough], 
and the valued confrere of all the savans of our kingdom. Let no man despair 
of fame when he contemplates the vigorous ambition and the undaunted 
perseverance of Francis Jeune." Leaving Pembroke College and its 
interesting associations, the visitor retraces his footsteps, and crosses the road 
to the collegiate foundation of 

fcgr" Christ Church, the most extensive and one of the richest establish- 
ments in Oxford. "In its structure, at once a Cathedral and a College, it 
unites in itself the offices and duties peculiar to each." Its architectural 
points are many — from the rude rubble masonry of the Saxon to the Modern 
Decorated of the present era. The founder of Christ Church was Cardinal 
Wolsey (born at Ipswich, March, 1471), Lord High Chancellor of England, 
Cardinal of the Order of St. Cecilia, Archbishop of York, &c. Wolsey 
entered the University of Oxford at the age of fourteen, in 1485, at Magdalen 
College. He took the degree of B.A. in 1486, being named the "Boy 
Bachelor," and shortly afterwards the M.A. degree. He then successively 
became a Fellow of the College, Master of Magdalen School, and Bursar 
of the College. He left Oxford in 1500, to take the Rectory of Lymington, in 
Somersetshire, and after this he rose rapidly, standing sponsor to Henry 
VIII. who ascended the throne at the age of sixteen. Patronised by the 
King, and possessing talent far in advance of the age in which he lived, 
Wolsey almost directed the State Government : ' ' his word was fate ; his 
will law.'' In 1514 he built Hampton Court Palace, which he presented to 
the King ; in 1519 he endowed seven Lectureships in the University ; and on 
July 13, 1525, by letters patent from the King, he founded Christ Church, 
dedicated to " The most Holy Trinity, the Blessed Virgin, St. Frideswide, 
and All Saints," and to be styled "Collegium Thomse Wolsey Cardinalis 
Eboracensis. " Forty religious houses were suppressed to form an endowment 
for "Cardinal's College." The foundation stone of the building was 
laid on July 17, 1525, with great pomp and ceremony, at the south-eastern 
corner of the great quadrangle, by John Longland, Bishop of Lincoln, who 
preached a discourse apropos to the occasion, in Latin, from Proverbs ix. , 1 
— "Wisdom hath builded her house." In 1527 Wolsey founded a second 
College in his native town — Ipswich, Suffolk. When Henry VIII. disputed 
the legality of his marriage with Catherine of Arragon, in 1529, Wolsey 
took the part of the injured Queen, lost the King's favour, became attainted, 
and had his lands and goods confiscated. He was pardoned the following 
year (1530), but his ill fortune preyed deeply on his mind. In October, 
1530, he was arrested for high treason, and, whilst on his way to London, 
was taken ill, and died at Leicester Abbey, Nov. 29, in the same year. Such 
anxiety had Wolsey about his College, that it is said in the midst of his trials 

First Public Orator : Roger Marbeck, M.A., Student of Ch. Ch., 15G4. E 



50 RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS FROM CH. CH. 



his earnest petition was addressed to the King that " His Majesty would 
suffer his College at Oxford to go on !" But upon Wolsey's attainder the 
works were stopped, until the University urged the King to proceed. Henry 
VIII. consented to become patron of the foundation, and on July 8, 1532 y 
he refounded the College by letters patent, dedicated as before, but named 
" King Henry the Eighth's College," giving it an animal revenue of £2,000. 
This was of short continuance, for on May 20, 1545, it was again refounded 
under the present mixed form of a Cathedral and academic College, being 
styled the " Cathedral Church of Christ in Oxford of King Henry the 
Eiohth's foundation. " Osney Abbey was made into a Bishopric in 1542, and 
in 1 546 this was transferred to Ch. Ch. Six Bishops' Sees were created in 1542 : 
Bristol, Chester, Gloucester, Oxford, Peterborough (the last two being taken 
out of the See of Lincoln), and Westminster (the latter suppressed by Edward 
VI.) Christ Church takes rank as the thirteenth foundation in Oxford, and 
possesses the patronage of ninety-eight livings. The original foundation 
consisted of a Dean, eight Canons, eight Chaplains, one hundred Students, 
Schoolmaster, eight Clerks, and eight Choristers, One studentship was 
added in 1664, by the benefaction of William Thurstone, Esq. Sixty of the 
students were elected from the scholars of Westminster School, the re- 
maining forty-one by the Dean and Canons in succession. The present 
foundation is formed of the Dean, six Canons, twenty-eight senior and 
iifty-two junior Students, six Chaplains, an Organist, eleven Clerks, and 
eight Choristers. Twenty-one junior students are elected from Westminster 
School ; three in a year, tenable for seven years. The number of members 
on the books at Christ Church ranges between 900 and 1,000. The 
first Dean of Christ Church was Dr. Robert Noake, appointed 1500 (before 
the erection of the present College) on the Monastery foundation. John 
Hygden, appointed 1532, was the first Dean upon Wolsey's foundation ; and 
Richard Coxe, appointed 1546, upon Henry the Eighth's foundation. Dr. 
H. G. Liddell, the present Dean, was appointed in 1855. Thirty-eight Deans 
have been appointed since the foundation. Four great religious movements 
have originated with members of this establishment, viz. : — Wicliff's 
in the fourteenth century. James the Second's in the seventeenth century, 
when the foundation was made the battle-ground between Protestantism 
and Popery, by the machinations of the King, who appointed Dr. John Massey 
as Dean (the twenty-third), well known as a notorious Catholic. He was 
also made Chancellor of the University. He erected an altar, and celebrated 
daily mass in the Cathedral ; and this was one of the causes which dethroned 
James, and led to his ignominious flight from the kingdom. Wesley's and 
Whitefielb's in the eighteenth century. Dr. Posey's and his sympathisers 
in the nineteenth century. The exterior of Christ Church presents a 
striking appearance, from its architectural extent and excellences — its turrets, 
or bastions, and balustrades conveying ideas of amplitude, magnificence, and 
power. In length it is about 400 feet. The centre is relieved by the noble 

" Tom" Gateway (formerly called " Fayre Gate"), surmounted by a cupola 
or dome in the Tudor style, completed by Sir Christopher Wren in 1682. 
The visitor will enter the precincts of Christ Church through this gateway, 
so named from the bell " Great Tom" in the tower above, from which 
" The waving sounds of Wolsey's bell float o'er the city." 

" Tom" Tower was commenced at the foundation of the College, but 
remained incomplete until Sir Christopher Wren took up the work, and 
finished it in 1682. The basement is a superb architectural composition, but 

First Bampton Lectures preached by James Bandinel, D.D., Jesus Coll.. 17S0. 



« GREAT TOM" AT OSNEY AND CH. CH. 51 

its leading lines were abandoned by Sir Christopher, who had but few ideas 
of Gothie design in detail. 

" Great Tom," which forms one of the many attractions of the College, 
weighs 17,000 pounds, and the clapper 342 pounds. The hours are struck 
by a heavy clock hammer, weighing 54| pounds. " Tom" is 7ft. 9in. in 
height, 21ft. in girth, 7ft. lin. in diameter, and 6in. thick at the striking 
place. The key of Tom is A. The bell is slung upon a staging of massive 
oak timber. Turning to the left, after passing the gateway, the visitor enters 
a small doorway, which will take him direct to " Tom," by ascending a spiral 
staircase of some hundred steps. Through the latticed windows of the tower 
a fine view is obtained of Oxford. ' ' Tom" originally hung in Osney Abbey 
campanile — "the largest and loudest of Osney bells." Its name has been 
changed thrice. At Osney, when first hung, it was called "Marie," and 
shortly after baptized " Tom," supposed in honour of Thomas a Beckett. On 
the demolition of Osney, " Tom" was removed to Christ Church. In the 
reign of Queen Mary, Dr. Tresham again changed its name to "Mary" in 
honour of the Queen. It is stated that Bishop Jewel was writing a com- 
plimentary letter to her Royal Highness when the bell first chimed ; upon 
which Dr. Tresham, who was in company- with Jewel, exclaimed, "How 
musically doth sweet ' Mary' sound !"' "Alas!" quaintly says Fuller, "it 
rang the knell of gospel truth !" In 1680 " Tom" was recast by Christopher 
Hodson, of London, at the cost of Bishop Fell. It bears this inscription : — 
"Magnus Thomas Clusius Oxoniensis, renatus April 8, 1680" — ("Great Tom, 
the door-closer of Oxford, renewed April 8, 1680"). " Tom" was also recast 
once or twice between 1600-20, but the casting was unsuccessful. On the 
latter occasion Bishop Corbet wrote some pleasant lines in Latin upon 
" Tom's" renewal, from which an extract : — 

"Old Tom's grown young again : the fiery cave I Eor all you see was but an hour's birth ; 
Is now his cradle that was erst his grave. Look on him well ! My life I do engage 

He grew up quickly from his mother Earth, | You ne'er saw a prettier baby for his age ! " 

The lines in Milton's "II Pensieroso" are supposed to have reference to the 
sound of " Tom" being borne over the waters in time of flood : — 
" Over some wide-watered shore, swinging slow with sullen roar." 

Milton resided near Shotover, about four miles from Oxford, whilst writing his 
poem. A very characteristic anecdote is related of that eminent geologist, 
Dean Buckland, in connection with some necessary repairs taking place 
in his lifetime to the turret of " Tom" Tower. The Dean, being unable to 
ascend the scaffolding to view the progress of the work, in which he took 
great interest, used to watch the masons in their labours, from the windows 
of his lodgings in the quadrangle, with a powerful telescope, one he had 
purposely to examine the distant rocks and strata in his tours. The masons, 
having just laid a faulty piece of stone, observed by the Dean with the aid of 
his glass, were sorely puzzled and dismayed on his desiring them to take it 
out and insert a perfect stone, for they had deemed themselves totally 
unnoticed. Dean Buckland used to chuckle over the masons' chagrin when 
he related this anecdote. Every night, punctually at five minutes past nine, 
"Tom" tolls 101 strokes, the number of students on the original foundation. 
Descending, the visitor stands in the 

Great Quadrangle, the most noble court in Oxford, measuring 264ft., 
by 216ft., designed by Wolsey, but left unfinished, through loss of kingly 
favour. Dr. John Fell added to it, and the north side was completed at the 
restoration of Charles II. There is a greensward in the centre, with reser- 

Remarkable Meteoi? observed at Oxford, December 16, 1664. 



52 THE QUADRANGLE AND HALL. 



voir and fountain. It is said that an ancient stone cross and pulpit stood 
there ; and from the latter, Wicliff used to preach to large congregations. 
A statue of Queen Anne is on the inner side of "Tom Tower," facing the 
greensward. Over the gateway of the south-east corner of the square is a 
statue of Cardinal Wolsey, by Francis Bird, of Oxford, placed there by 
Bishop Trelawney, of Winchester, in 1719. Over the north-east angle is a 
statue of Bishop Fell, given by Bishop Hammond, of York. Crossing the 
quadrangle, to the south-east angle, a noble staircase of elegant design and 
workmanship (dating from 1640, but lately improved) is approached, pro- 
ceeding up which, the visitor enters 

The Hall, a magnificent apartment, one of the finest in Europe. It is 
approached by a wide stone staircase, having a handsome balustrade of the 
same material : above is a fine vaulted roof of the most exquisite fan- work, 
supported by a noble pillar eighty feet in height. The groins in the angles 
of the roof deserve special notice, being examples of splendid carving. It 
was built in 1529, in the reign of Henry VIII. The Hall is in length, 115ft. ; 
in width, 40ft. ; in height, 50ft. The lofty and ornamented roof is formed 
formed of Irish oak, decorated and carved in a recherche manner, with occa- 
sional gilding, exhibiting nearly 300 armorial bearings of the two founders — 
Cardinal Wolsey and Henry VIII. The sides of the room are of panel 
wainscot, and the windows of intersected Gothic. The large oriel at the 
upper end of the south side has a carved roof of a beautiful design. The 
window on the north-side is a splendid specimen of the art of heraldry, 
executed by the Messrs. Powell, of London, at the cost of the Ven. Arch- 
deacon Clerke, Sub-Dean of the College. Two of the four centre lights 
represent the Prince of Wales' feathers, the Red and White Roses of England, 
the Thistle, and the S or link between St. George and the Dragon in the 
Order of the Garter. There are also the seven sets of arms borne by H. R. H. , 
and the initial letters A. E. The lower part of the two lights bears an 
inscription: "Albertus Edwardus, Principis Wallise, Dux Cornubia, admis- 
sus die Octobris, 1859." The motto, " Ich Dien," is likewise emblazoned 
across the bottom. The two parallel lights bear the arms, motto, and 
insignia of Prince Frederick William Charles of Denmark, with the initials 
F. F. , and exhibiting red castles and white elephants. The motto : ' ' God 
og Kongen." Across these two lights stands the inscription: " Christimus 
Fredericus Gulielmus Carolus heris Danse, admissus Octobris 20, 1863." 
The upper lights represent the Christ Church arms, (two black rooks, a red 
rose on a gold ground, a large white cross with a red lion in the centre, and 
four blue lions' heads on a black surface) ; the City arms ; the arms of the 
Archdeacon of Oxford (the Virgin Mary and Child) ; and the private crest of 
the donor, with the initials, " C.C.C." In connection with the latter, the 
window bears the following : " Alumnus, 1814 ; Canonicus, 1845 ; Sub- 
Deaconus, 1851; anno salutis, 1867." Beneath this, " Hanc fenestram in 
honorem illustrium decorum Princeps ornandum curavet Carolus Clerke, 
S.T.P., Hujusce Adies." The window altogether is a most magnificent 
specimen of the art of illumination, and commemorates not only the entrance 
of the two Princes as scholars on the royal foundation, but also their visit to 
the city in 1868. Amongst the interesting features of the Hall are the 
portraits adorning the walls. These are considerably over one hundred in 
number, and are specimens of the best masters. Holbein, Sir Peter Lely, 
Vandyke, Hogarth, Gainsborough, Raphael, Mengs, Van Loo, Sir Godfrey 
Kneller, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Sir Martin Shee, have each, with several 

H.R.H. the Prince of Wales matriculated at Christ Church, October, 1859. 



CHRONICLES OF CHRIST CHURCH HALL. 



53 



other masters, contributed to the riches of this gallery of portraits. In the 
valuable picture of Wolsey, by Holbein, a view of the College as then existing 
is introduced, comprising the Cathedral, Hall, and Kitchen. Probably this is 
the most ancient representation of any part of the buildings. There is a 
drawing of the buildings by Neele, in 1566, preserved in the Bodleian 
Library. At the upper end is a bust of George IV., by Chantrey. The 
Hall was originally paved with green and yellow tiles, in number 2,600 ; 
each hundred costing three shillings and sixpence. In 1751, it was beautified 
at the expense of the Rev. Canon Gregory ; and in 1801 two new Gothic 
chimney pieces of Somersetshire stone were erected from a plan of Mr. Wyatt. 
If possible, a glimpse should be obtained of the Hall at the dinner-hour : 
the arrangements partaking thoroughly of feudal times— the Peer, Dean, 
and Canons occupying the dais ; the Masters and Bachelors the side- 
tables ; and the Undergraduates the lower end. The Hall has had many 
novel scenes enacted within its walls. In 1533, Henry VIII. was enter- 
tained at a banquet. During the reign of Edward VI. public declamations 
were held . Dramatic performances took place in 1566 and 1592 before Queen 
Elizabeth ; in 1603, 1615, and 1621, before James I. ; in 1636, before 
Charles I. The play, in 1615 (Feb. 13), was entitled " Technogamia ; or, 
The Marriage of the Arts ;" by Barten Holyday. Whether it was too grave 
or scholarly for the King, or whether the ^actors had taken too much wine, 
his Majesty wished several times to withdraw. But he was persuaded to 
remain to its close, lest the students should be discouraged. To celebrate 
this, a certain witty scholar wrote the following : — 



"At Christ Church ' Marriage' done before the 

King, 
Lest that those mates should want an offering, 



The King himself did offer— What, I pray' 
He offered twice or thrice to— go away ! " 



Of the play in 1636, Antony k Wood writes that the scenes, stage, ma- 
chinery, &c, were almost the first attempts of the kind made in England, 
"to the end that posterity might know that what is now seen in the play- 
houses in London, belonging to his Majesty and the Duke of York, is 
originally due to the invention of Oxford scholars. On Queen Elizabeth's 
first visit to Oxford, the comedy of "Palsemon and Arcite," written by 
Ludovicus Vives (of Corpus Christi College), was performed before her 
Majesty. Two evenings were employed in the performance, and the Queen 
was delighted with it ; promising the author great advancement. A melan- 
choly feature, however, happened during its representation : a scaffolding 
fell down, and three men were killed on the spot. The Queen was much 
affected by this calamity, but this soon wore away, " for the power of the 
comic poet was so great, that it made her laugh, whether she would or no." 
Charles I. in 1644 assembled and addressed his fragment of a Parliament 
(43 peers and 118 commoners) in this building, in opposition to that which 
sat at Westminster. Many other English Sovereigns have been entertained 
in the HalL Handel, the celebrated composer, gave concerts in the Hall, 
on July 12 and 13, 1733. A public banquet was given on June 14, 1814, to 
the Allied Sovereigns, the Duke of York, Prince Metternich, Marshal Prince 
Blucher, &c. The Hall was filled with distinguished persons of rank, science, 
and art (900 in number). The veteran Blucher addressed the assemblage 
in his native tongue, "which was immediately eloquently translated into 
English by the Prince Regent (George IV. )" During the visit of the Allied 
Sovereigns to the city great festivities were kept : banquets, balls, and con- 
certs in one incessant round. The "High" and other thoroughfares were 



H. ft.H. the Crown Princa of Dsamark matriculated at Christ Church, October, 1863. 



54 CHRIST CHURCH CATHEDRAL. 



magnificently illuminated at night ; but the illuminations were spoilt by a 
sudden and tremendous thunder-storm which dispersed the crowd m all 
directions, and dissolved the spell like a transformation-scene in a pantomime. 
Alexander and his sister, the Duchess of Oldenburg, were in the crowd, 
having escaped from the great dinner in the Radcliffe Library, to see the 
illuminations. The Duchess introduced the Oldenburg bonnet, celebrated 
by Moore, in the "Fudge Family :"— 

" A charming new bonnet, set high up and poking. 
Like a pot that is set to keep chimneys from smoking." 

On Tuesday, Nov. 1, 1859, H.R.H. the Prince of Wales took his seat, as an 
undergraduate, at the noblemen's table, all the members of the foundation 
being attired in their full-dress gowns. The roof of this noble Hall was 
greatly damaged by fire on Candlemas Eve, 1719, and again in 1809. Under 
this splendid apartment is the 

Common Room, fitted up chiefly at the expense of Dr. Busby, Master of 
Westminster School, who left a bequest for the purpose. There are several 
portraits in this room, including Cardinal Wolsey, Henry VIII., &c. ; a bust 
of Dr. Busby, by Rysbach ; and a few engravings, amongst which is a fine 
one of Dr. Markham, Archbishop of York (given to his widow by George IV. 
who was one of the Doctor's pupils), presented to the College by the executors 
of the family. Emerging from the Common Room, and passing down a 
flight of steps to the right, the visitor arrives at the 

Kitchen, an interesting specimen of an ancient English cooking apart- 
ment, remaining as erected by Wolsey in 1528. Here is to be seen a curious 
Gridiron, supported by four wheels, measuring 4ft. Gin. by 4ft. lin., used 
for dressing whole joints prior to the introduction of spits or ranges. The 
Kitchen was the first part of the College finished, a fact which gave rise to 
some ironical and witty remarks by the censors of that period. Leaving 
the Kitchen, bearing to the right after ascending the stairs, the visitor will 
speedily arrive at the 

Cathedral and College Chapel, originally the Priory Church of St. 
Frideswide, founded in or about the eighth century. The prevailing style 
of the whole building, except the choir, is Norman ; but many features of 
Saxon architecture occur likewise. The existing structure was partly built 
in the reign of Henry I. The building is cruciform ; length from east to 
west, 154ft. ; from north to south, 102ft. ; height, western part, 4Hft. ; 
choir, 37^ft. ; breadth, nave and side aisles, 54ft. From the inter- 
section of the nave and transepts rises a square tower, surmounted by an 
octagonal spire, one of the earliest in the kingdom, but forming no part of 
the original design. The spire is 144ft. in height. The tower contains 
a fine peal of ten bells, six of which were brought from Osney Abbey, when 
that conventual establishment was abolished in 1546. These are well-known 
aud commemorated by the glee, written by Dean Aldrich, commencing : — 

" Hark ! the bonny Christ Church bells— 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,— 
They sound so wond'rous great, so woundy sweet, 
As they trowl so merrily, merrily," &c. 

The edifice is entered by a Saxon doorway, and the choir presents much 
of the Saxon character also. The massive Saxon pillars on each side, with 
their ornamented capitals, and double arches — a lower arch springing from 
carbels attached to the pews, are beautiful conceptions. A passage runs by 
three sides of the choir, amidst the pillars and other ornamental architecture*. 
Within the last quarter of a century, the Cathedral has undergone many 

H.R.H. Prince Hassan, son of the Khedive of Egypt, matriculated at Ch. Ch., October, lSti£>. 



THE ILL UMINA TED WIND WS. 55 

extensive alterations and repairs, and was entirely renovated in 1870, under 
the direction of Mr. G. G. Scott, R.A. 

Full Cathedral Service is performed daily. In the morning at ten 
o'clock ; in the afternoon at five. These services are open to the public. Two 
other services are also held for the students — the prayers being read in 
Latin. A similar custom to that observed in St. George's Chapel, Windsor, 
takes place in the Cathedral : the versicle, " Lord, save the Queen," with 
the response, is chanted at the end of the anthem, before the prayer for the 
Queen. 

The Pulpit, the seat for the Vice -Chancellor opposite, and a portion of 
the Altar Plate, were brought from Osney Abbey. The pulpit is supported 
by a small ornamental oak pillar, and it is surmounted by a finely-carved 
canopy. The Altar Plate is very ancient, and beautifully chased. The organ 
is a powerful one, its tone being remarkably rich. The choir has been con- 
siderably augmented and improved of later years. 

The Latin ChaPi-l, formerly called the " Lady Chapel." It was added 
in the reign of Edward II., about the year 1351 Bloxham says : " It was 
the custom in ancient times for lords of the manor, and persons of great 
wealth and importance, to build small chapels or side-aisles to their parish 
churches ; and these were endowed with lands sufficient for the maintenance 
of one or more priests, who were to sing masses at the altar erected therein, 
to some favourite saint, for the soul of the founder, and those of his ancestors. 
These chantry chapels also served as the place of interment for the founder 
and family." 

The Illuminated Windows deserve especial notice. The antiquary 
will find much that is interesting to him. Surrounded by hallowed asso- 
ciations of past ages, when the building re-echoed with the hymns and chants 
of the old monks, the words of the sweet blind poet Milton, will be brought 
forcibly forward : 

"But let my due feet never fail With antique pillars massy proof, 

To walk the studious cloisters' pale, And storied windows, richly dight, 

And love the high embowered roof, Casting a dim religious light." 

Many of the illuminated windows were destroyed at the Reformation. 
One of the most ancient is the north window " The Murder of St. Thomas a 
Becket," dating from the thirteenth century, if not earlier. In the west 
window is "St. Martin dividing his Coat with a Beggar," also figures of SS. 
Augustine, Blaise, and St. Frideswide, with her parents. In the north aisle 
of the nave the window represents " Peter's Release from Prison," painted 
and presented by that excellent limner, John Oliver, in 1700, in the eighty- 
fourth year of his age. The south aisle window is a painting by Abraham 
Van Linge, 1631, of " Jonah Viewing Nineveh ;" another window in the same 
aisle contains " The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah," also by Van Linge. 
1634 ; and there is a third window in the Latin Chapel, by the same artist, 
" Christ Disputing with the Doctors," date 1640. In a window in the north- 
aisle of the choir is " Bishop King," the first Bishop of Oxford, in his epis- 
copal robes, with a mitre on his head, and a crozier (or pastoral staff) in his 
hand. In the back-ground, the ruins of Osney Abbey, of which he was the 
last Abbot. This window was taken down, and preserved by one of the 
Bishop's family during the usurpation, in 1648, and put up again at the 
restoration, in 1660. " The Crucifixion" is represented in the initials I.H.C. 
in the window of the Dormitory, parallel with the Latin Chapel. In the 
same window is "The Blessed Virgin surrounded by glory," contained in 

First Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race, Henley-on-Thames, June 11, 1829. 



56 MONUMENTS IN THE CATHEDRAL. 



the letter M. The most recent addition is the eastern window, erected in 
1854, by Henry and Alfred Ge'rente, of Paris, representing " The Principal 
Events in the Life of Our Saviour." It is a splendid specimen of illumi- 
nation. There was formerly a window by Sir James Thornhill, in this space 
—a curious admixture of the Nativity and the Epiphany. A melancholy 
recollection is attached to the Ge'rentes' window : Henri was seized with an 
attack of the Asiatic cholera, ravaging Oxford during his stay here, and he 
died in severe agony. The larger proportion of the windows were restored 
in 1870. 

The Monuments in the cathedral are of great antiquity, and of beautiful 
workmanship. Under the great window of the north transept is one to the 
memory of James Zouch (died 1503), a benefactor to the works in progress 
in the fifteenth century. There are four other tombs between the archts 
dividing the Latin Chapel from the middle north aisle. On the first lies the 
supposed effigy of Henry de Bathe, Justiciary of England, who died in 1252. 
It has also been averred to be of later date, viz., 1425, and erected to 
the memory of Sir George Noers. The second is said to be that of Prior 
Guimond (beneath a triple-gabled canopy), to whom has been falsely 
attributed the foundation of the Cathedral. He died in 1149. The third, 
Lady de Montacute (daughter of Sir Peter de Montfort, of Beldesert Castle, 
and wife of Barcn Montacute, aucestor of the Salisbury family), She died 
about the year 1353. Her effigy on the tomb is in the costume of the period. 
She gave Christ Church Meadow to St. Frideswide's, and to her munificence 
also has been ascribed the Latin or Lady Chapel. The fourth is the shrine 
of St. Frideswide, foundress of the Priory (died 740). It is supposed that 
this shrine was erected about 1480, over a tomb which bore the brass effigies 
of a man and woman, said to have represented Didan and his wife Saxfrida, 
the parents of St. Frideswide. It consists of a large altar-tomb, over which 
is a magnificent Gothic shrine, richly decorated with tabernacle- work. A 
canopy of vaulted stonework, beautifully executed, separates the upper 
division of the shrine from the lower. The upper stage, formed of wood, 
is richly carved and handsomely canopied. The bones of the saint are 
supposed to have been removed here, from the altar or reliquary in the 
Latin Chapel, in 1289. On the removal of a quantity of rubbish from the 
Latin Chapel some years ago, a 

Curious Piece of Ancient Sculpture was discovered, built into the 
wall. Three sides of it are now exposed, on which are cut some rude designs : 
the fourth side is immured in the buttress of the Chapel. Some imagine it 
to be the altar or reliquary of St. Frideswide ; ethers take it to be an ancient 
font. Dr. Ingram, in his "Memorials of Oxford," inclines to the first of 
the suppositions, remarking that it was probably hidden " lest puritanical 
zeal should destroy it." The figures symbolised are, 1st, "The Fall of Man ;" 
2nd. "The Patriarch Abraham about to slay Isaac;" 3rd. either k 'The 
Departure of Isaac and Ishmael from Abraham, or " The Last Judgment." 
During the alterations made in the Cathedral in 1856, a small and remark- 
able Crypt was discovered under the choir, between the north and south 
piers of the tower. Its length, 7ft ; breadth, 5ft. 6in., and about the same 
height. Supposed to be the original vault of St, Frideswide, or a chamber 
prepared for the use of a concealed person while practising monastic miracles. 
There are many other monuments in the Cathedral including that of Bishop 
King, in the south aisle of the choir. At the west-end, under the 
window, is a memorial of Bishop Lloyd (of Oxon) ; and on a pillar between 

Oxford and Harvard Universities' Boat Race, on the Thames, Augi> 



HORSLE Y &> DEAN J A CKSON—DEAN ALDRICH. 57 

the two aisles north of the choir is the monument of Robert Burton, author 
of the " Anatomy of Melancholy," with his effigy. It bears the following 
inscription, written by himself, and placed here by his brother — the Leices- 
tershire antiquary : " Paucis notus paucioribus ignotus, hie jacet Democritus 
junior, cui vitam dedit et mortam, Melancholia. Obit. VIII. Id Jan. a.c. 
M.DC.XXXIX." ("Known to few, unknown to less, here lies Democritus, 
Junior, to whom Melancholy imparted both Life and Death. Died the 
eighth day of January, in the year of Christ, 1639.") A calculation of his 
nativity also appears on the monument. Burton entered Brasenose College 
in 1593. In the nave, near the third pillar from the west, lies George 
Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne, a celebrated metaphysician. He died Jan. 14, 
1753. The white marble tombstone bears Pope's Eulogy, "To Berkeley 
every virtue under heaven ." A fine marble statue, by Chantrey (for which 
he received £1,000) of Dean Cyril Jackson, stands in the north transept. 
Dean Jackson was a remarkable man — noted for his great intellectual power. 
Dr. Pusey received the following anecdote of the Dean from Bishop Lloyd. 
On one occasion Bishop Horsley and Dean Jackson had a famous argument 
as to whether God could be better reached by His creatures through the 
exercise of their intellects or through the exercise of their affections. They 
sat late into the night debating the point. Bishop Horsley advocated the 
claims of intellect. This ground, the Dean, -sti p by step, made him give up ; 
till at length he exclaimed, in a spirit of humility, " Then my whole life has 
been one great mistake !" Dean Henry Aldrich, likewise lies buried in the 
Cathedral. He died Dec. 14, 1710. Aldrich is well known for his skill in 
music, logic, the classics, and architecture — either of which would alone have 
given him fame. He published many of the Greek classics, a system of logic, 
wrote many piceces of music, and designed All Saints' Church, Trinity 
Chapel, and superintended the Peckwater quadrangle of Ch. Ch. Two of his 
glees we note : " Hark ! the bonny Christ Church bells," and "A Smoking 
Catch," to be sung by four men smoking their pipes, not more difficult to sing 
than diverting to hear. " It was composed to be sung by the Dean himself, 
Mr. Sampson Estwick, and two other smoking friends. The words, " I prithee 
Sam, fill," plainly point to Estwick, The Dean was very fond of his pipe — 
in fact, it formed quite a topic of conversation among the students. A 
student, on one occasion laid a wager with an unbelieving friend* that the 
Dean was smoking at that instant— about ten o'clock in the morning. To 
settle the disputed point, and to convince his friend, away they sallied to the 
Dean's residence. They were admitted, and entered the study, telling the 
purport of the visit. The Dean smiled, and good-humouredly replied, "You 
see, sir, you have lost your wager, for I'm not smoking; but — filling my 
pipe ! " In the garden of the celebrated Canon Pusey, stands the Oldest 
Fig Tree in EDgland, imported from the Levant, by Pococke, the Orientalist. 

THE BISHOPRIC OF OXFORD. 

Was founded Jan. 6, 1542, by Henry VIII. out of the See of Lincoln. The 
present value of the See of Oxford is ,£5,000. It includes the County of 
Oxford and the Archdeaconries of Berks and Bucks. Population, 515,083 ; 
acres, 1,385,779; Rural Deaneries, 32: Benefices, 631; Curates, 341; 
Church-sittings 218,415. The Arms of the See. — Sable a fesse Argent, in 
chief three ladies' heads crowned Or, arrayed and veiled of the second : in 
base, an ox, of the last, passant over a ford, proper. Thirty-one Bishops 
have held the mitre since the See was founded, viz. : — 

Dr. Pusey suspended for two years, for teaching the Real Presence, May 14, 1843. 



58 



LIST OF BISHOPS OF OXFORD. 



I. Robert King, last Abbot of Osney, and 
first Bishop of Oxford. Appointed Sept. 1, 
1542. Held the See fifteen years. Died Dec. 4, 
1557. Buried on the north side of the high 
altar of the Cathedral. 

Thomas Goldwell, Bishop of St. Asaph, ap- 
pointed by Queen Mary to succeed Bang, Nov. 
9, 1558. Mary, however, died a month after, 
and Goldwell never took the Bishopric. He 
died at Borne, 1580. The See vacant nine years. 

II. Hugh Curwen, formerly Archdeacon of 
Oxford, Archbishop of Dublin, and Lord Chan- 
cellor of Ireland. Translated Oct. 14, 1567. 
Held the See but one year, dying in the Octo- 
ber following, at Burford. Buried in Burford 
parish Church. The See again vacant twenty- 
one years. 

III. John TJnderhill, a native of Oxford, 
Hector of Lincoln College, and Chaplain to the 
Queen. Consecrated Dec. 14, 1589. Held the 
See three years. Died in great poverty at 
Greenwich, May, 1592. Buried in the middle 
of the Choir of the Cathedral. The See vacant 
eleven years ; making a lapse of forty-one years 
out of Elizabeth's reign of forty four years. 

IV. John Bridges, Pemb. Hall, Cambridge, 
Dean of Salisbury, and Prebendary of Win- 
chester. Consecrated Feb. 12, 1603. Held 
the See fifteen years. Died at Marsh Baldon, 
May 26, 1 618. Buried in the chancel of Marsh 
Baldon Church. 

V. John Howson, Student of Christ Church. 
Canon of Hereford. Consecrated May 9, 1619. 
Held the See nine years. Translated to Dur- 
ham, 1628. Buried in St. Paul's Cathedral. 

VI. Bichard Corbett, Student of Christ 
Church.- Consecrated Oct. 19, 1628. Held the 
See four years. Translated to Norwich, 1632. 
Buried in Norwich Cathedral. 

VII. John Bancroft, student of Ch. Ch., 
Master of University College, and Prebendary 
of St. Paul's, London. Consecrated June 10, 
1632. Held the See eight years. He improved 
it in value, and erected the Episcopal Palace 
at Cuddesdon. Died Feb. 1640. Buried under 
the south wall of Cuddesdon Church. 

VIII. Robert Skinner, Fellow of Trinity 
College, Oxford, Bishop of Bristol, 1636. Trans- 
lated to Oxford, 1641. Held the See twenty- 
two years, including the time he was from it 
during the period of the usurpation (ten years), 
at which period he retired to the Rectory of 
Launton. He was one of the twelve Bishops 
who protested against the Protectorate, for 
which he was imprisoned in the Tower of Lon- 
don for eighteen weeks. At the Bestoration 
in 1660, he again took his former position. He 
was translated to Winchester, 1663. Died in 
1670. Buried in Winchester Cathedral. 

IX. William Paul, Canon of Chichester, 
and Dean of Lichfield. Consecrated Dec. 20, 
166:1 Held the See eighteen months only. 
Died suddenly at Chinnor, May 24, 1665. Buried 
in Baldwin Brightwell Church. He desired to 
rebuild Cuddesdon Palace, destroyed during the 
civil war. The materials he had collected^ but 
death intervened. 

X. Walter Blandf©rd, Warden of Wad- 
ham College, Prebendary of Gloucester, and 
Dean of the Chapel Royal. Consecrated Dec. 
3, 1665. Held the See six years. Translated to 
Worcester, 1671 ; died in that city, and buried 
in the Cathedral. 



XL Nathaniel Crewe, Rector of Lincoln 
College, Dean of Chichester, and Clerk of the 
King's Closet. Consecrated July 2, 1671. Held 
the See three years. Translated to Durham, 
Oct. 1674. 

XII. Henry Compton, Canon of Christ 
Church, Master of St. Cross's Hospital, near 
Winchester. Consecrated Dec. 6, 1674. Held 
the See just over twelvemonths. Translated 
to London, Dec. 11, 1675. Died at Fulham, 
July 7, 1713. Buried in Fulham Churchyard. 

XIII. John Fell, Student of Christ Church, 
Canon of Christ Church. Consecrated Feb. 6, 
1675. Held the See eleven years. During the 
civil war he fought valiantly as a cavalier, and 
was obliged to flee England. He returned to 
England at the Bestoration of Charles II. Died 
July 10, 1686. Buried in the Cathedral, in the 
Latin Chapel : a handsome marble monument 
showing the spot. He rebuilt Cuddesdon Pa- 
lace, and added the buildings to Christ Church 
that bore his name. His whole income he ex- 
pended in works of charity and piety. 

XIV. Samuel PAKK.ER,Archdeacon and Pre- 
bendary of Canterbury. Consecrated Oct. 17, 
1686. Held the See but one year. Died at 
Magdalen College, 1687. Buried in Magdalen 
College Chapel. In early life he was a zealous 
Puritan, but came over to the Church party. 
James II. made him a Privy Councillor and 
President of Magdalen College. 

XV Timothy Hall. Consecrated Oct. 7, 
1688. Appointed by James II. but not installed, 
the King having to leave England. Hall was 
in early life a Nonconformist. Died at Hack- 
ney, April 10, 1696. 

XVI. John Hough, President of Magdalen 
College, Prebendary of Worcester. Consecrated 
May 11, 1690. Held the See nine years. Trans- 
lated te Lichfield, 1699; to Worcester, 1717. 
Died May 8, 1743. Dr. Hough was suspended 
from his Presidency of Magdalen College, by 
King James, but restored by William III. 

XVIL William Talbot, Dean of Worcester. 
Consecrated Sept. 24, 1699. Held the See six. 
teen years. Translated to Salisbury, April 23, 
1715 ; to Dublin, Oct. 1721. Died in 1730. 
Buried in St. James' Church, Westminster. 
Whilst Fishop of Oxford he recovered one of 
the original endowments of the See. the only 
ancient demesne left. 

XVIII. John Potter, Canon of Christ Church, 
and Regius Professor of Divinity. Consecrated 
May 15, 1715. Held the See twenty-two years. 
Archbishop of Canterbury. 1787. Died sud- 
denly, of an apoplectic fit, Oct. 10. 1747. Buried 
at Croydon. Was the son of a linendraper at 
Wakefield, Yorkshire. 

XIX. Thomas Secker, Prebendary of Dur- 
ham, Dean of St. Paul's. London, and Bishop 
of Bristol. Translated to Oxford. May. 1737. 
Held the See twenty-one years. Archbishop of 
Canterbury, ] 75S. Died August 3. 176S. Buried, 
by his own directions, in the passage leadiug 
from the garden door of his palace to the north 
door of Lambeth Church. He forbade any 
monument to be placed-qver his grave, or epi- 
taph to be written for him. 

XX. John Hume, Prebendary of Westmin- 
ster, and Bishop of Bristol on the advancement 
of Dr. Secker, in 1737. Consecrated Bishop of 
Oxford in 175S. He held the See eight years. 
Translated to Salisbury, 1766. Died 11 



Milton's " Pro Populo Anglicano Defensio" and " Iconoclastes" burnt at Oxford, Aug. - 



LIST OF BISHOPS OF OXFORD. 



m 



XXI. Robert Lowth, New College, Tutor 
to the Duke of Devonshire, Bishop of Kilniore, 
Bishop of St. David's. Translated to Oxford, 
Sept. 1766. Held the See ten years. Trans- 
lated to London, April, 1777. Died November, 
1787. Buried at Fulham. 

XXII. John Butler, Archdeacon of Surrey. 
Appointed Bishop of Oxford, 1777. Held the 
See eleven years. Translated to Hereford, 1788. 
Bishop Butler rose from an obscure position, 
and was believed to have come from Germany. 
His position was locally unpleasant, from the 
fact of his not being a graduate at either Uni- 
versity. He was placed on the Bishops' Bench 
by Lord North, for publishing some political 
articles in his favour during the American war, 
under the signature of " Vindex." He died at 
Hereford in 1802, and was buried in the Cathe- 
dral of that See. 

XXIII. Edward Smallwell, Canon of Christ 
Church, Chaplain to the King, Bishop of St. 
David's. Translated to Oxford, 1788. Held the 
See eleven years. Died (unmarried) at Cuddes- 
don, June 26, 1799, much impoverished, leaving 
effects barely sufficient to discharge his debts. 

XXIV. John Randolph, Student of Christ 
Church, Proctor of the University, Regius Pro- 
fessor of Greek and Divinity, Canon of Christ 
Church, Prebendary of Salisbury. Elevated to 
the Bishopric, 1799. Held the See eight years. 
Translated to Bangor, 1807 ; to London, 1809. 
Bishop Randolph was violently opposed to the 
system of education promulgated by Joseph 
Lancaster, and was a great upholder of the 
"National School" scheme. He had not the 
slightest sympathy (it is said) with the efforts 
of the Bible Society. He passed the greater 
part of his life in the University ; and the Crown 
complimented that body when it nominated 
him to the See. Died (suddenly) July 28, 1813. 
Buried at Fulham. 

XXV. Charles Moss, Student of Christ 
Churcn, Canon of Bath and Wells, Prebendary 
of Salisbury. Elevated to Oxford, 1807. Held 
the See four years. Breaking a blood vessel, 
he never recovered, and died at Cuddesdon, 
Dec. 16, 1811. aged 50 (unmarried). The new 
and beautiful furniture of the principal rooms 
in Cuddesdon Palace he bequeathed as an heir- 
loom to the See ; £3,000 were also left in aid of 
the Wheatley Schools, conducted oi: the system 
of Dr. Bell. 

XXVI. William Jackson, Student of Christ 
Church, Prebendary of York, Regius Professor 
of Greek, Canon of Christ Church, Lincoln's Inn 
Preacher. Elevated to the Bishopric, 1811. Held 
the See four years. Son of Dr. Jackson, the 
eminent physician at Stamford. Bishop Jack- 
son was elected King's Scholar at Westminster 
School, at the early age of thirteen. Whilst an 
undergraduate at Oxford, he obtained the 
Chancellor's Latin Verse Prize ; being the first 



alleged instance of that Prize being obtained 
by an undergraduate. The Prince Regent 
(George IV.) personally offered the Bishopric 
to Dr. Jackson. Died (unmarried) at Cuddes- 
don, Dec. 2, 1815, aged 65 years. 

XXVII. Edward Legge, Student of Christ 
Church, Dean of Windsor, Fellow of All Souls' 
College. Consecrated Bishop of Oxford, 1815. 
Held the See twelve years. Seventh son of 
William, second Earl of Dartmouth. Elected 
Warden of All Souls' College, 1817 ; resided 
chiefly at Oxford. Died (unmarried) at his 
lodgings at All Souls' June 27, 1827. Buried in 
the College Chapel. Bishop Legge was a most 
liberal donor to charities. He left £80,000. 

XXVIII. Charles Lloyd, Regius Professor 
of Divinity in the University. Consecrated 
March 4, 1827. Held the See two years only. 
Bishop Lloyd was Tutor to the late Right Hon, 
Sir Robert Peel, Burgess for the University, 
and subsequently Prime Minister. 

XXIX. Richard Bagot. Student of Christ 
Church, Fellow of All Souls' College, Dean of 
Canterbury. Consecrated August 23, 18J9. Held 
the See sixteen years. Third son of the first 
Lord Bagot ; succeeded to the Earldom of Jer- 
sey, (fourth Earl,) Dec. 21. 1806. Translated to 
the See of Bath and Wells, Nov. 1845. Died 
Oct. 1868. 

XXX. Samuel Wilberforce, Oriel College, 
Rector at Brightstone, Isle of Wight (first 
living,) 1830, Archdeacon of Surrey, Chaplain 
to His Royal Highness Prince Albert, Almoner 
to the Queen, Canon of Winchester, Dean of 
Westminster. Consecrated Nov. 30, 1845. Held 
the See the longest period known— twenty-four 
years. Translated to Winchester, 1809. Third 
son of the celebrated late William Wilberforce, 
Esq. M.P. for Yorkshire. His lordship traces 
his descent from Ugerus (temp. Henry II.),who 
assumed the name of Wilberfoss, from lands 
acquired by marriage with the daughter and 
heir of William Kyme, Lord of Wilberfoss. 
During his lordship's connection with the See of 
Oxford nearly two millions of money were ex- 
pended in Church-building, restoration, &c. 
Culham Training School, and Cuddesdon Theo- 
logical College were erected chiefly by the 
Bishop's efforts. He was also most prolific with 
his pen; having written an "History of the 
American Church," The Rocky Island," " Aga- 
thos," " The Bible Patriarchs" ^published in 
the ' Sunday Magazine') Sermons, <fcc. 

XXXI. John Fielder Mackauness, edu- 
cated at Merton College ; B A. 1844; Fellow of 
Exeter, 1845 ; Vicar of Taredbigge, near Broms- 
grove ; Rector of Honiton, 1855 ; Prebendary 
of Exeter Cathedral. Consecrated at West- 
minster Abbey, Jan. 23 ; enthroned, Feb. 1870. 
Doctor of Divinity by diploma. Elected to 
Oxford on the translation of Bishop Wilber- 
force to Winchester. 



Leaving the Cathedral, the visitor approaches 

The Chapter House and Cloisters. The Cloisters have lost much of 
their former beauty, but still present many points of interest, including an 
excellent window of the latter end of the fifteenth century. The Chapter 
House (built in the 13th century), is entered from a beautiful Saxon door, 
probably erected previous to the Cathedral. A special order is required to 
view this apartment, which is 54ft* long, and 24ft. wide. The foundation or 



The Jews offer to purchase the Bodleian Library for an Exchange, 1649. 



60 " WILLIAM" AT THE ANATOMICAL THEATRE. 

dedication stone of Wolsey's College at Ipswich (laid June 15, 1528, by the 
Bishop of Lydda), is preserved in the wall of the Chapter House. It is 
engraved in Dr. Ingram's "Memorials of Oxford." 

The Grammar School, for choristers and others, adjoins the present 
Lecture-Room, formerly 

The Anatomical Theatre. It is a handsome convenient edifice, adapted 
in every respect for its peculiar purpose. It was commenced in 1776, partly 
from benefactions left by Dr. Friend, and Dr. M. Lee, the latter gentleman 
endowing the lectureship attached, known as " Lee's Lecturer in Anatomy." 
There were some excellent wax models in the Theatre, purchased at Florence 
by the Messrs. Duncan, of New College, presented by them ; and a skeleton 
of a woman who had ten husbands was also shown. She was executed at the 
age of thirty-six for the murder of four. There were the skeletons of severa 
other criminals in this room, including that of Covington (a very strong mus- 
cular man, having an extra rib). He was executed for a barbarous murder at 
Gangsdown Hill, near Nettlebed. These with many specimens of anatomy, 
&c, have been removed, by permission of the Dean and Chapter, to the 
University Museum, Parks. In the building at Ch. Ch. the celebrated Dean 
Buckland, often practised anatomy, attended by a celebrated character known 
as ' ' William, " of whom his son thus speaks, in his ' ' Curiosities of Natural 
History :" — "At that time (1829) there lived in the Anatomy School, all 
among the skeletons and preparations, a very old man named ' William. ' 
I don't believe he ever had any other name, for he was always known in 
Oxford as 'William.' He wore the old fashioned knee-breeches, gaiters, and 
long-tailed black coat ; and was the most curious weazened old fellow ever 
beheld : his face looked exactly like a preparation, and on his little round 
head (more like a skull than a head), he wore a very old wig. Altogether, 
he looked much like a skeleton with clothes on ; and I coufess that, when a 
little boy, I had the greatest awe and respect for 'William,' particularly when 
he let down from its aerial position the skeleton of the man who murdered 
the lady at Abingdon. This skeleton had a rope attached to it, and it was 
suspended high up in the air in the centre of the Anatomy School. It was 
'William's' favourite ' lion ;' and when I went to see him he always let down 
the skeleton to give a lecture on the beauties of anatomy, and the atrocity of 
murder. The rope was just long enough to allow the skeleton's feet to touch 
the ground, and it used to come down thump on the floor, making its arti- 
culated bones rattle again ; and then, when on the floor, the slightest touch 
would make it reel and roll about, swinging its gaunt arms in all directions." 
'William' used to watch all dissections narrowly, with his hands in his 
pockets, looking, as he was, a perfect character. Once he suffered 
severely from eating an overdose of ' dissected crocodile,' which had been 
cooked from curiosity. ' William' certainly did not become a connoisseur in 
that commodity." Tne visitor will, on leaving the Anatomical Theatre, pass 
again into the Cloisters, proceeding through which, he will enter the back 
courtyard of 

The New Buildings, erected from designs by Sir Thomas Deane. Style : 
Modern Venetian Gothic. Cost : £20,000. Commenced in 1862 ; finished 
in 1866. Length, 300ft. ; height of central tower, 90ft. The buildings pro- 
vide fifty additional sets of rooms for the students. They are erected on the 
site of the Chaplains' Quadraugle and Fell's Buildings. From the New Build- 
ings, the visitor enters the beautiful umbrageous walks of the College. 

The New Meadow Walk, 600 yards in length from the New Buildings to 

Curious Tornado at Oxford, causing serious damage, January, 1792. 



THE BROAD WALK— SHOW SUNDAY. 61 

the path fronting the river. This walk was commenced in 1868, and, when 
the young elms and poplars planted on each side arrive at maturity, the 
promenade will rival the famous 

Broad Walk, a most splendid avenue of about a quarter-of-a-mile in 
length (quite straight) and 50ft. wide, lined on each side with tine elm 
trees, meeting at the top, forming a beautifully sheltered retreat. The 
meadows surrounding the walks were given to Christ Church principally by 
Lady Montacute. It is supposed that these walks were a part of Wolsey's 
original design. The Broad Walk was raised by direction of Bishop Fell, 
and again by Dean Aldrich. There is a peculiar local celebration in con- 
nection with this walk deserving of passing notice. On Show Sunday, the 
Sunday preceding Commemuration, the College Principals, Fellows, M.A.s, 
B.A.s, citizens, visitors, &c, perambulate this walk in double columns in 
the evening, from six till nine o'clock. The dresses worn oy the numerous 
pedestrians form a scene of great novelty, backed as they are by the dark 
green foliage of the trees, and the emerald green of the sward. A descrip- 
tion of the Commemoration of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, in 
'Macmillan's Magazine," thus pictures this scene: "In the evening there 
was a promenade under the elms of the broad road which divides the fields 
of Merton from the deep water meadows of-Christ Church. A double column 
of the beautiful, the gay, and the digninep, paced backwards and forwards. 
The brocades of the ladies — black and amber, blue and gold ; their patches 
(and they wore these, we may be sure, in the Tory fashion, and preferred 
the Jacobite white rose to the Whig Sweet William) ; the scarlet-and-crimson 
of the Doctor of Civil Law, the more harmonious scarlet-and black of the 
Doctor of Divinity, the pink-and-white damask of the Doctor of Music, the 
Proctors' fur-and-velvet, the Noblemen's brown-and-gold, the Fellow-Com- 
moners' silk, and the Servitors' ragged serge and fustian : all these gave the 
scene a tone of more than mediaeval richness. " The origin of the custom is 
unknown. There is a capital engraving of this scene in the ' Graphic' 
newspaper, June 25, 1870. Proceeding up the Broad Walk, the A T isitor finds 
himself upon the tree-fringed 

River-Side Wales on the banks of the rivers Cherwell and Isis (Thames), 
a mile-and-a-quarter in extent. There are many seats in different parts of 
these walks, where the visitor may lounge for awhile, and survey the beauties 
of the scene. At the east portion the confluence of the two rivers takes place. 
Continuing the walk, we arrive at the College barges (richly decorated), 
forming Club and Reading-rooms for the University members. If desirous 
of enjoying a cruise on the river, every description of boat can be here 
engaged for large or small parties. 

THE UNIVERSITY BOAT RACES. 

The Races during the Lent, Easter, and Trinity Terms make the Thames a 
scene of much animation. The contests lie between the different College- 
crews, precedence being claimed on "bumping" another boat. The boats are 
eight-oared, and the crews are distinguished by the various colours of the 
Colleges . The Oxford Unversity Crew practice in the Lent Term, previously 
to engaging in the Annual Match between Oxford and Cambridge, generally 
rowed in March or April. This contest has been popularly called the " Derby 
of the Thames." The first race was rowed on June 11, 1829, in Henley-on- 
Thames Reach. Distance, 2^-miles. Oxford won easily in fourteen minutes, 
thirty seconds. The Oxford Crew were — Mr. J. Carter (St. John's), Mr. E. 

Shocks of Earthquake felt in Oxford, 1764, 1775, and 1868. 



62 OXFORD, CAMBRIDGE, 6- HARVARD RACES. 



I. Arbuthnot (Balliol), Mr. J. E. Bates (Ch. Ch.), Mr. C. Wordsworth (Ch. 
Oh.), Mr. J. Toogood (Balliol), Mr. T. Gamier (Worcester), Mr. G. B. Moore 
(Ch. Ch.), Mr. G. Staniforth (Ch. Ch., stroke), Mr. W. R. Freemantle (Ch. 
Ch., coxswain). Dress: Jerseys, black hats, and handkerchiefs. Boat: 
Green. Built by Davis and King, Oxford. Average weight of the crew : list, 
to list. 51bs. The Cambridge Crew were — Mr. Houlds worth (Trinity), Mr. 
A. Bayford (Trinity Hall), Mr. Warren (Trinity), Mr. Merivale (St. John's), 
Mr. Entwisle (Trinity), Mr. Thompson (Jesus), Mr. Selwyn (now Bishop of 
Lichfield, St. John's), Mr. Snow (St. John's, stroke), Mr. Heath (Trinity, 
coxswain). Dress : White, with pink handkerchiefs. Boat : Pink-and- white. 
Built by Searle and Son, Lambeth. Average weight of the crew : lOst. ll^lbs. 
Cambridge won the toss. The start took place at 7 p.m., the boats going off 
at a splitting pace, the Oxford boat ahead almost at the first stroke ; but 
upon their arrival at the point of the curve, probably through over- eagerness, 
they locked with the bow-oar and No. 3 oar of the Cambridge boat. This was 
a "foul;" and a fresh start was agreed upon. Having gone off again, the 
Oxford boat drew away at every stroke, and on reaching the bridge were con- 
siderably in advance. The winners were greeted with deafening cheers by the 
assembled multitude ; and on their landing, the bells struck up a merry peal. 
The second race was not rowed until 1836, when Cambridge won, and also in 
1839-40-1. Those four races were rowed from Westminster to Putney. In 1842 
Oxford won over the same course. The remaining races were rowed between 
Putney and Mortlake. In 1845-6-9 Cambridge won. In 1849-(foul)-52-4 Oxford 
won. Since 1855 the race has been rowed every year ; Cambridge winning 
in 1856-8-60— Oxford, 1857-9, and from 1861-9 successively. In 1870, after nine 
defeats, Cambridge won the race, the speed being a trifle below the average 
rate of the last few years. Resulting from the world-wide interest taken in 
these races, a challenge was sent from the Harvard University Crew, America, 
to the Oxoniaus. After negociating for nearly two years, the challenge was 
accepted ; the race was rowed on the Thames from Putney to Mortlake, on 
August 27, 1869. It was one, if not the most exciting of all races ever rowed, 
and attracted close upon a million spectators. Harvard took the lead on the 
start, and held it for some distance ; when Oxford passed her, but the boats 
kept nearly level for a short period. Oxford became winner, after a closely 
contested race, lasting twenty- two minutes, fifty seconds. The start took place 
at 5.14 p.m., and the result was telegraphed to America before six. The 
crews were as follow— Oxford : Mr. F. Willan (Exeter), list. 101b.; Mr. A. 
C. Yarborough (Lincoln), 12st. 21b. ; Mr. J. C. Tinne (University), 13st. 81b. ; 
Mr. S. D. Darbishire (Balliol, stroke), list. 61b. ; Mr. F. H. Hall (Corpus," 
cox.), 7st. 21b. America : Mr. J. S. Fay (Boston), list. lib. ; Mr. F. O. Lyman 
(Hawian Islands), list. lib. ; Mr. W. H. Simmonds (Concord), 12st. 21b. ; Mr. 
A. P. Loring (Boston, stroke), list. ; Mr. A. Burnham (Chicago, coxswain), 
7st. 101b. Oxford won by about two boats'-length. 

The Procession of Boats, on the Monday in Commemoration week, is a 
sight worthy the attention of the visitor. The various boats that have taken 
part in the races of the season row past the victor, stationed at the University 
Barge, saluting. The flags of the Colleges are as follow : — 



The University.— Dark blue, with light blue 
shield in centre, bearing University Arms. 

University Boat Club— Dark blue, with 
white initial letters of Club in centre. 

University College.— Blue flag with yellow 
cross in the centre. 



Balliol.— White cross dividing flag into four 
quarters, two blue, two red : top staff cor- 
ner bearing two shields with amis of the 
College. 

Exeter.— Red flag, bordered white fringe, and 
white cross dividing. 



The English (now the Royal) Agricultural Society founded at Oxford, July 17, l6o9. 



PROCESSION OF BOATS— COLOURS. 



65 



Merton. — White flag with red cross in centre. 
Oriel.— Wide blue and and white horizontal 

stripes. 
Queen's. — White flag with three red eagles and 

wide blue border. 
New.— Orange centre with wide purple border, 

shield in top-staff corner. 
Lincoln.— Blue flag with mitre in centre. 
All Souls'. — No boat. 
Magdalen.— Red flag with shield in top-staff 

corner. 
Brasenose.— Yellow flag divided by red cross, 

B.N.C. yellow in centre. 
Corpus Christi. — Red flag with pelican in the 

centre. 
Christ Church.— Blue flag incised with white 

fringed border and white cross dividing. 
Trinity.— White flag with double-headed grif- 
fin in centre, green and yellow. 



St. John's. — White with blue cross dividing, 
and lamb and flag in centre. 

Jesus.— Green and white perpendicular bars, 
bordered white fringe. Griffin bearing ban- 
ner in centre. 

Wadham. -White flag with pale blue Maltese 
cross in centre. 

Pembroke — White-and-red horizontal stripes, 
with red rose in centre. 

Worcester.— White flag with pink cross in 
centre. 

Keble.— No boat at present. 

St. Mary Hall.— White flag, black cross. 

Magdalen Hall.— White, blue border. Fleur- 
de-lis in centre. 

New-Inn-Hall.— No boat. 

St. Alban Hall —No boat. 

St. Edmund Hall.— Red-and-yellow horizontal 
stripes. 



Re-entering the precincts of Christ Church, by the gateway of the New 
Buildings, passing through the Cloisters, from thence along the upper terrace 
of the Great Quadrangle, the visitor enters the 

Peckwater Quadrangle, deriving its name from an ancient Hall kept by 
Richard Peckwater, standing at the south-west corner of the present court. 
Ralph Peckwater conveyed it, in 1260, to Giffard, Baron Brimsfield, founder 
of Gloucester Hail. Peckwater Hall was used as place for study in Civil Law 
until the reign of Henry VIII. Vine Hall £tood formerly on the east-side of 
this Quadrangle ; and, during the time Duppa was Dean of Ch. Ch., it was 
formed, in conjunction with Peckwater Hall and other buildings, into the 
present noble square. In 3705 the east, north, and west sides were rebuilt 
from a design of Dr. Clarke, under the superintendence of Dean Aldrich. 
Canon Antony Radcliffe bequeathed £3,000 towards the building, which is 
supposed to be one the most correct examples of Palladian architecture in the 
kingdom, excess of ornament being studiously avoided. It comprises seventy- 
two sets of rooms and a Canon's residence. The balustrade and pediment 
around the court was renewed with Bath stone in 1829. On the south-side of 
the Peckwater Quadrangle will be observed the 

Library and Pictuke Gallery, with its superb front of massive Corin- 
thian pillars, resembling the Basilica of Antonius of Rome. Standing apart 
from any other building, and yet forming one side of the square, its promi- 
nence confers a grandeur to the elevation. It was commenced in 1716, but not 
completed until 1761. The design was furnished by Dr. Clarke, Fellow of 
, All Souls', M. P. for the University, &c. The lower portion of the edifice 
forms the Picture Gallery, the upper the Library. Entering the 

Picture Gallery the visitor will find a very rare collection of paintings — 
valuable in every point of view. They were principally bequeathed by 
Brigadier- General Guise in 1765, and the Hon. W. T. H. Fox-Strangways in 
1828. Those in the west gallery are of the celebrated Italian schools, 
arranged chronologically from Cimabue to the Caracci. Several are original 
specimens of the early masters before oil painting being practised. About 
three hundred paintings are comprised in the gallery, and a special catalogue 
may be obtained from the porter. At the entrance are a few busts, including 
one of Brigadier-General Guise, Georges I., II., III., Dr. Frewin, a celebrated 
physician, from whom Frewin Hall is named, &c. There is an excellent 
portrait of General Guise, by Sir Joshua Reynolds ; King Henry VIII. and 
; Wolsey, by Holbein ; No. 40 is a Sudarium or Veronica, being a supposed 
\ representation of the face of Christ on a handkerchief, by Titian ; No. 56, 

Royal Agricultural Society's Second Show at Oxford, five days, July 18-22, 1870. 



64 THE EXPULSION OF JOHN LOCKE. 

Christ in His youth, with a representation of His future sufferings, by Alboni ; 
No. 71, " The Assembly of the Gods," painted on paper; No. 113, Angels 
Playing on Musical Instruments— a very curious specimen of the finger 
organ of the time, called a regal ; No. 131, Madonna and Child, very ancient ; 
No. 173, " The General Resurrection," a Venetian picture of good character ; 
No. 199, a similar subject ; No. 230, Mountebank on horseback, drawing a 
clown's tooth ; No. 259, a Butcher's Shop, by A. Caracci. This picture is 
almost priceless. The painter has in this picture portrayed the features of 
all the members of his family in the garb of butchers, so painted to check 
the vanity of his mother, who was exceedingly proud of the merits of her 
sons. No. 264, an octagonal picture on black marble, by Caracci. The 
greater portion of the paintings are of a sacred character. On the elegant 
staircase leading to the upper room is a full-length statue of John Locke, 
author of the "Essay on the Understanding." The statue is by Roubilliac. 
Locke was on the foundation of Christ Church in 1684, but it being reported 
that he was disloyal, letters passed between the Earl of Sunderland and 
Bishop Fell on the matter, Bishop Fell taking Locke's part, but stating he 
would obey the commands of the Government respecting him. Locke was 
abroad at the time, and the Bishop wrote to say that if he was not in England 
and at the College by January 1, 1685, he should proceed to expel him for 
contumacy. The following was the answer from the Earl of Sunderland : — 

" To the Bishop of Oxford. —Whitehall, Nov. 12, 1684. 
" My Lord. — Having communicated your lordship's letter of the 8th, to Ms Majesty, he has 
thought fit to direct me to send you the inclosed, containing his commands for the immediate 
expulsion of Mr. Locke. Sunderland." 

" To the Right Reverend Father in God, John, Lord Bishop of Oxford, Dean of Christ Church, 
and to our trusty and well- beloved, the Chapter there. Right Reverend Father in God, and 
trusty and well-beloved, we greet you well. — Whereas we have received information of the 
factious and disloyal behaviour of Locke, one of the students of that our College, we have thought 
fit hereby to signify our will and pleasure to you, that you forthwith remove him from his 
student's place, and deprive him of all rights and advantages thereunto belonging. For which 
this shall be your warrant. And so we bid you heartily farewell. Given at our Court of White- 
hall, the 11th of 2STo member, 1684. By his Majesty's command. Sunderland." 

The Reply of Bishop Fell :— 

" To the Earl of Sunderland. —Nov. 15, 1684. 
"Right Honourable.— I hold myself bound in duty to signify to your lordship, that his 
Majesty's command for the expulsion of Mr. Locke, from this College, is fully executed. 

" JOH. OXON." 

From the Picture Gallery the visitor ascends into 

The Library, a beautiful apartment, in length 142ffc. by 30ft. broad ; 
height, 37ft. The ceiling is richly ornamented with delicate stucco-work, 
and the wainscot and pillars are of the finest Norway oak. It is full of 
treasures of literary productions, from the earliest to the present age. 
Amongst them can be seen Wolsey's Prayer Book, elaborately illuminated, 
reported to be the last executed in this style in England ; a French Psalter, 
presented by Queen Elizabeth in 1599, beautifully bound in embroidered 
crimson velvet, set with pearls, a splendid specimen of caligraphy by Mrs. 
Esther Inglis [the Book of Proverbs, and a volume of French Verses, written In 
a magnificent style by the same lady, every chapter of the Proverbs being in 
a different handwriting, are preserved in a glass case in the Bodleian Library] ; 
the Original Score of Hie May-Day Hymn sung or. Magdalen College Tower, 
composed by Benjamin Rogers, Doctor of Music in the University, 1685 
(the author of the words is unknown) ; some rare works of Erasmus and 
Martin Luther ; rare Manuscripts in great numbers ; cabinets of Coins and 
Medals, many thousand volumes of works in all classes of literature, &c. The 
coins comprise Anglo-Saxon, Roman, Arabic, Indian, and other foreign and 

The " Leviathan " of Thomas Hobbes, the infidel, burnt in the Schools Quadrangle, 1683. 



EMINENT MEN OE CHRIST CHURCH. 65 

English specimens of great rarity, including complete sets of the remarkable 
Zodiac Cuius of Hindoostan. Brown Willis would have left his coins and 
manuscripts to the College in 1716, amongst which were his " Notitia Par- 
liamentarian' and the work on the " Abbeys and Conventual Cathedral 
Churches,' 1 but, strange to say, the offer was rejected. The Library, how- 
ever, has had several beneficent donors, including Dr. Burton, Dean Aldrich, 
Otho Nicholson, Archbishop Wake, the Earl of Orrery (Charles Boyle), Drs. 
Barton, Brown, Stratford, &c. Marble busts of Nero, Seneca, Cicero, and 
Ceres stand at either end ; and in a recess is the statue of Venus (supposed), 
dug up near the town of Pella, in Macedonia, in 1805, and presented to Christ 
Church by A. K. Mackenzie, Esq., a student of the foundation. This 
statue, with four busts of benefactors (including that of Dean Gaisford), were 
mischieviously destroyed by undergraduates of the foundation on the night of 
May 17, 1870. A pane of glass was taken from one of the Library windows, 
the window unfastened, the building entered, and the art-treasures passed 
out to those assembled. A fire was kindled in the centre of the Peckwater 
Quadrangle, the statues placed therein, and destroyed. For this wanton 
act three students were expelled, three more rusticated (or sent from 
Oxford in disgrace) for twelvemonths, and the rest otherwise punished. This 
outrage, and the mercy shown, called forth severe comments from the public 
press. Leaving the Library, we enter a small square, known as 

The Canterbury Quadrangle, named from the old foundation of Can- 
terbury College, formerly standing on this site. It was founded in 1363 by 
Simon Islip, Archbishop of Canterbury, for the study of Canon and Civil 
Law. Islip appointed a John Wicliff its second Warden on Dec. 14, 1365, 
but he was ejected by Islip' s successor. Sir Thomas More, Lord Chancellor 
of England, studied at Canterbury College under Linacre in 1497. Lloyd, 
in his "British Worthies," thus speaks of Sir Thomas More : — " His poems 
were acute, his speeches pure and copious, his Latin elegant, yet his head 
was knotty aud logical ; his diet was temperate, his apparel plain, his spirit 
tractable and condescending (though very discerning) to the meanest man's 
counsel, his virtues solid, not boasted. In a word, the foundation of his life 
was as low as the building was to be high." Henry VIII. added the remains 
of Canterbury College to Christ Church when it was more largely endowed. 
In 1775 the north and east sides were rebuilt, and the south side in 1783, chiefly 
at the expense of the Primate of .Ireland (Dr. Robinson), who gave £3, 000 
towards the cost. The magnificent gateway, of tlie Doric order, was built 
in 1778. The designs were furnished for the whole by Mr. Wyatt. 

Eminent Men connected with the royal foundation. Montgomer}-, in his 
unjustly-criticised poem of " Oxford," writes — 

" From Christ Church, a daz?]ing host appears whom Fame has hallowed." 

Chalmers, in his "History of the University," says, " The literary history 
of Christ Church might be extended to several volumes." Viscount Sidmouth, 
Viscount Canning, Sir Robert Peel, the Duke of Wellington, Lord Derby, 
and William Ewart Gladstone, Premiers of England ; Sir George Corne- 
wall Lewis ; Thomas Otway, author of "Venice Preserved," born at Trctteii 
Sussex (died miserably in London in 1651) • John Ruskin, Slade Professor of 
Art, author of " The Stones of Venice," &c. ; the Marquis of Dalhousie and 
Lord Elgin, Governors-General of India (the former the annexator of Oude) ; 
Dr. Pusey, the famous Tractarian ; Nicholas Brady, joint writer with Tate 
in the poetical version of the Psalms ; Lord Byron, whose character has lately 
been traduced by Mrs. Beecher Stowe ; Earl Shaftesbury, philanthropist ; 

First Oxford and Cambridge Cricket Match, June 4, 1837— unfinished. p 



66 JOHN WESLEY'S SERMON IN ST. MARY'S. 

Camden, Hutton, Drake, and Burton, antiquaries ; Dr. Scott, Master of 
Balliol College (joint author with the Dean of Ch. Ch. of the most elaborate 
and successful Greek Dictionary ever issued) ; the Rev. Clayton Mordaunt 
Crach erode, -who left £30,000 in books, prints, and coins to the British 
Museum ; William Penn, Quaker, founder of Pennsylvania (expelled for 
alleged misconduct) ; John Locke, who entered Christ Church in 1651. He 
wrote his " Esoay on the Understanding" in 1670, and was expelled as 
before mentioned, in 1684; Ben Jonson (he was created M.A. in 1619, 
having resided at Ch. Ch. for some period by invitation— the words on 
Jonson's tombstone, so well known and often quoted, "O rare I^en Jonson," 
arose from the ridicule cast upon the Puritans in his play of •' B^tholom^w 
Fair," written in 1614) ; Sir Philip Sydney ; Rev. J. C. Byle, vicar of Strad- 
broke, Suffolk ; and lastly, John and Charles Wesley, founders of the sect of 
Wesleyans, the most powerful dissenting bodj in the kingdom. It has been 
remarked that " While John Wesley roused the hearts of the people to sing, 
his brother Charles put songs into their mouths. " Charles Wesley wrote 
more than 900 hymns of various metres, several volumes of poems, and many 
other works never published. As a preacher Charles Wesley was more 
popular than his brother, especially in the open air. The Rev. Luke 
Wiseman, one of the most famous Wesley an preachers of the nineteenth 
century, says that "The hymns of Charles Wesley were of incalculable value 
in the promotion of that work in which he and his brother laboured, for 
they answered the purpose of a liturgy — a form of sound words expressive of 
the feelings of the people, especially when sang to the plaintive music of 
some of their old tunes." Charles Wesley's compositions are still widely 
circulated, the total issue being about 6,000,000 copies, the present demand 
for Wesleyan hymn books being at the rate of 130,000 copies yearly. Pre- 
vious to his visiting America in 1735, John Wesley preached in St. Mary's 
Church on June 16, 1734. The sermon " smacked of treason," and Charles 
Wesley noted it thus : — "My brother has been much mauled, and threatened 
more, for his Jacobite sermon in St. Mary's. But he was wise enough to 
get the Vice-Chancellor to read and approve it before he preached it, and 
may therefore bid Wadham, Exeter, and Christ Church do their worst. " He 
was ordained in 1725, and shortly afterwards appointed Greek Lecturer. In 
scholastic attainments he was before most men of his age. He had a ready 
wit, a refined taste, and a cheerful temper ; and under this surface such 
strength of will, steadiness of aim, invincible perseverance, and prodigious 
power of work lay concealed, that Lord Macaulay writes — "His genius for 
government was not inferior to that of Richelieu," and that "his eloquence 
and logical acuteness might have rendered him eminent in literature." He 
was rather below the middle height, well proportioned, with not an atom of 
superfluous flesh, his activity and health being fully preserved by temperance 
and exercise. His mode of life was (1), constantly rising at four o'clock for 
about fifty years ; (2), generally preaching at five in the morning, " one of 
the most healthy exercises in the world," by his own words ; (3), never 
travelling less, by sea or land, than 4,500 miles in a year. John Wesley 
preached his first sermon in Southleigh Church, Oxon, in 1725 ; and with a 
notice of nearly his last effort in the pulpit we close our notice of Ch. Ch. 
It is from the "Diary of Crabb Robinson" (of Cambridge): — "In October, 
1790, shortly before his death (he died March 2, 1791), Iheard John Wesley 
in the great round meeting-house at Colchester. He stood in a wide pulpit, 
and on each side of him a minister, and the two held him up, having their 

First Outrigged Eight-oar Boat Race between Oxford and Cambridge, lS^O* 



CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE— BISHOP FOX. 67 

hands under his armpits. His feeble voice was barely audible, but his 
reverend countenance, especially his long white locks, formed a picture never 
to be forgotten. There was a vast crowd of lovers and admirers. It was 
for the most part pantomime, but the pantomime went to the heart. Of the 
kind, I never saw anything comparable to it in after life. So greatly was 
the preacher revered, that the people stood in a double line to see him as he 
passed through the street on his way to the chapel. After the people had 
sang one verse of a hymn he arose, and said — ' It gives me great pleasure to 
find that you have not lost your singing. Neither men nor women — you have 
not forgotten a single note, and I hope that, by the assistance of the same 
God who helps you to sing well, you will do all other things well.' A 
universal ' Amen' followed. At the end of every head, or division of his 
discourse, he finished by a kind of prayer — a momentary wish, as it were, 
not consisting of more than three or four words, which was always followed 
by a universal buzz. His discourse was short, his text I could not hear. 
After the last prayer, he rose up and addressed the people on liberality of 
sentiment, and spoke much of refusing to join with any congregation on 
account of difference in opinion. He said, ' If they do but fear God, work 
righteousness, and keep His commandments, we have nothing to fear.' " 
Mrs. Oliphant, in portraying John Wesley in her "Historical Sketches," 
says — ' ' The lesson he had to teach he did it not with the wisdom of a sage, but 
with all the force, the energy, and high devotion of a true man. He might 
have chosen a better way — less extravagaut/more shapely and gracious ; but, 
with all his faults, he did it thoroughly and well." 

The visitor will leave the precincts of Christ Church by the Canterbury 
Gale, nearly facing Oriel College. Crossing the road, and keeping to the right, 
he will almost immediately enter 

Corpus Ghristi College. This College was founded by Royal licence, 
on March 1, 1516, by Richard Fox, Bishop of Winchester, and Lord Privy 
Seal to Henry VII; and Henry VIII. It stands as the twelfth in the nume- 
rical order of foundation, and has the patronage of twenty-two livings. The 
College buildings occupy the site of five ancient halls, viz., Nun Hall, Corner 
Hall, Urban Hall, Beke's Inu, and Nevill's Inn. Over the entrance in 
Merton Street, is a statue of the founder, in his episcopal robes, with mitre 
and crozier, under a rich Gothic canopy. The number of students, &c, average 
about one hundred and thirty. The foundation consists of a President, 
twenty-four Fellows, and twenty-four Scholars. The first President of the 
College was Dr. John Claymond, appointed in 1517. The present, Dr. James 
Norris, appointed in 1843. Siuce its foundation twenty-one Presidents have 
held office. The charter states that it was founded "to the praise and honour 
of God Almighty, the most Holy Body of Christ, and the Blessed Virgin 
Mary, his mother ; as also of the Apostles Peter, Paul, and Andrew, and of 
St. Cuthbert, and St. Swythune, Patrons of the Churches of Exeter, Bath, 
Wells, Durham, and Winchester, always to be called Corpus Christi College.' 9 
This name was intended to perpetuate the Roman Catholic doctrine of tran^ 
substantiation : the chalice and paten over the gateway form an evidence of 
this beyond refutation. In the statutes of the foundation, Bishop Fox says, 
"We have resolved to constitute within our bee-garden for ever, right skilful 
herbalists, therein to plant and sow T stocks, herbs, and flowers of the choicest, 
as well for fruit as thrift, that ingenious bees swarming thitherward may 
thereout suck and cull matter, convertible not so much into food for them- 
selves, as to the behoof, grace, and honour of the old English name, and to 

First Balloon Ascent in Oxford, from the Botanic Gardens, November 12, 17&7, 



66 SKETCH OF BISHOP FOX. 



the praise of God, the Best and Greatest of Beings." The fame of this College 
for learning began with its very foundation, and hardly a College has sur- 
passed the memorabilia of its history. Richard Fox was born at Ropesley, 
near Grantham, Lincolnshire; and afterwards proved to possess "talents 
which qualified him for the highest employments in Church and 
State, and consequently recommended him to the notice of his sovereign. 
Prelate, statesman, architect, soldier, herald, and diplomatist, he appears to 
have combined extraordinary powers and capacities." He entered Magdalen 
College, but, through the ravages of the plague, left the University (of which 
he was the Chancellor in 1500), and entered Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, of 
which he became Master in 1507. Bishop Fox was in France for some time 
with Henry, Earl of Richmond (afterwards Henry VII.), and was employed 
by him in several delicate missions. After the downfall of Richard III. on 
Bosworth Field, in 1485, and the accession of Richmond as Henry VII., the 
rise of Fox became very rapid. He was appointed to the Sees of Exeter, Bath. 
Wells, and Durham, in about the space of twelve years, and was Bishop of 
Winchester in 1500-27. He was also appointed sponsor to the infant Prince, 
Henry VIII. and one of the executors to the will of Henry VII. In 1515, 
soon after the accession of th e young Prince to the throne, Fox apparently 
lost favour, and retired from Court attendance. Probably in this step Fox 
showed his foresight, for Henry gave way to most ungovernable bursts of 
passion, — the greatest favourite of one day being a prisoner on the next, 
unless the King moderated his paroxysms. Fox now devoted his means to 
the service of God and his fellow creatures. He greatly improved his palace, 
adorned his Cathedral Church, endowed Free Schools at Taunton (Somerset), 
and Grantham (Lincoln), and founded Corpus Christi College. Towards the 
College, however, Hugh Oldham, Bishop of Exeter, contributed 6,000 marks, 
besides some valuable estates in land. Corpus Christi would have been more 
closely entwined with the Romish Church, had not Oldham persuaded Fox 
to abstain from that course, for he saw looming the destruction of monastic 
establishments. "What, my lord," said Oldham, " shall we build houses ami 
provide livelihoods for a company of monks whose end and fall we ourselves 
may live to see 1 No, it is more meet a good deal that we should have care 
to provide for the increase of learning, and for such as shall do good to the 
church and commonwealth." It is said, by a Roman Catholic writer, that 
" so great was the munificence of Fox, that 220 persons dined every day at 
his table free, to each of whom he left a maintenance for twelve months after 
his decease, besides a legacy of £20 each, in separate leather purses, having 
each recipient's name engraved thereon." Fox, during the last ten years of 
his life, entirely lost his sight ; and, oppressed with physical infirmity and 
old age, he succumbed to death, Sept. 14, 1528, being buried at Winchester, 
in a Cathedral Chapel of magnificent design, on the south side of the sanc- 
tuary. A tame fox was kept in the College for many years, in perpetuation 
of the founder's name. Although the charter of the College was not granted 
till 1516, the buildings were commenced in 1513. Entering the College 
through the Tower gateway (over which the founder's chamber is still shown), 
the visitor should inspect the vaulted roof, and then pass into the Quad- 
rangle, enclosing an area of 101ft. by 80ft. There is nothing particularly 
striking about it— but its simplicity of style has been universally admired. 
There are several objects of interest at Corpus Christi College, some of which 
are frequently overlooked. The first is in the centre of the Great Quadrangle, 
and invites the visitor's attention immediately he enters the College gateway. 



Albert Alaskie, Prince of Sirad, entertained with Dramatic Pieces, Ch. Ch. Hall, 15S3. 



TREASURES IN CORPUS CHRIST! COIIEGE. 69 



An Ancient Cylindrical Dial, exhibiting on 
its upper part a perpetual calendar. Con- 
structed in 1605, by Charles Turnbull, M.A., 
Fellow of the College. On the summit are the 
armorial bearings of Henry VII., the Univer- 
sity, and Bishops Fox and Oldham. A manu- 
script description of it can be seen in the Li- 
brary of the College. There are several sun- 
dials in the Colleges, but this is one of the most 
curious ; and, digressing a trifle, we may state 
that dials are the most ancient measures of 
time. The earliest sundial mentioned being 
that of Ahaz, who began to reign twelve years 
before the building of Home. This we find in 
Isaiah xxxviii. 8 : "Behold, I will bring again 
the shadow of the degrees which is gone down 
in the dial of Ahaz ten decrees backwards." 
The dial of the Jews was a kind of stairs, on 
which the time was distinguished by steps. A 
poet has written of 

"the dial's face 
That steals, from day to day, 
With slow, unseen, unceasing pace, 
Moments, and months, and years away." 

The Cista or University Chest, standing in 
the Bursary, by prescriptive right. It is a 
remarkable iron chest, accessible only by seve- 
ral keys, kept by the Vice-Chancellor, the Dean 
of Christ Church, the President of Corpus, and 
sundry other Heads of Houses. Few persons 
comparatively, are aware of this being its rest- 
ing place. 

The Founder's Crozier, upwards of three 
hundred years old, but still in a perfect state 
of preservation. It is six feet in length, of 
silver gilt, elegantly ornamented. This is one 
of three croziers preserved in Oxford, the two 
others being those of William of Wykeham (at 
New College), and Archbishop Laud (at St. 
John's College). 



The Sacramental Plate of the Founder, in- 
cluding a gold chalice, of very elegant form ; 
a vase, with cover, of silver gilt, curiously 
wrought, and enriched with an amethyst, and 
pendant pearls; a gold sacramental plate; a 
pix, of exquisite beauty, (this is a little chest 
or box in which the consecrated Host is kept 
in Roman Catholic churches), and some cru- 
cifixes. There are also some finger-rings, 
spoons, and a silver gilt salt cellar. 

The History of the Bible in French, in two 
volumes, folio, beautifully illuminated in the 
style of the sixteenth century. Given by Gene- 
ral Oglethorpe. 

An English Bible prior to the days of Wi- 
cliff. 

The Pedigree of the Royal Family, from Al- 
fred the Great to Edward VI. ; their arms 
blazoned and signed by the king-at-arms. 

The Collectanea of Twyne and Fulman, the 
Oxford antiquaries. 

The Aldine Classics. — A complete set of the 
fifteenth century— many Principes Editiones — 
a fine vellum copy of Aristotle and Theophras- 
tus, and of Cicero de Officiis, also on vellum, 
printed in 1466, &c. 

An Alphabetical Vocabulary of the Eighth 
Century, with Anglo-Saxon Explanations. Ori- 
ginally composed for the use of the clergy in 
Canterbury Cathedral. It was discovered by 
Mr. -Thorn as Wright, antiquary, and will be 
published in his second volume of "Vocabu- 
laries." 

An ancient volume, one of the earliest do- 
nations of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, to 
the first University Library (now the Bodleian), 
It contains Plato's Pheedro, Timams, &c, 
amongst otherphilosophical treatises, with the 
Duke's autograph, " Cest livre a moy Honifrey 
due de Gloucpstre." It was given to the Duke 
by an abbot of St. Alban's Abbey. 

The Hall, on the east-side of the Quadrangle, is one of the most neatly 
furnished refectories in the University, being quite monastic in simplicity. It 
was completed in 1516 ; but has been greatly improved. It is 50ft. in length, 
25ft. in breadth. Portraits of benefactors and historical celebrities adorn the 
walls. 

The Library, on the south side still remains in nearly its original state. 
The carved oak bookcases are clever and interesting specimens of handicraft in 
the days "when James the First was king." In addition to the curious works 
mentioned above, there are many rare manuscripts. The bequest of Lord 
Ooleraine, in 1755, comprising a large collection of Italian books, drawings, 
and prints, is exceedingly valuable. The specimens of early typography, 
gathered in Italy, &c, by Bishop Sherwood, will deeply interest the biblio- 
grapher. To Bishop Sherwood is given the priority of forming a collection of 
printed classical works in England. The Library is very rich in controversial 
and political tracts of the 15th, 16th, and successive centuries. The western 
extremity of the Library looks down upon 

The Chapel. — The entrance is in the passage dividing the large court from 
the cloisters. The roof of the Chapel is of oak, panelled with moulded ribs, 
painted and gilded, and is extremely elegant. The ornamented stalls and screen, 
on which are beautifully carved full-sized figures of the " Four Evangelists," 
are of cedar. The Altar Piece, by Rubens, cost £2,500, and represents " The 
Adoration. " It came from the collection of the Prince of Conde, at Chantilly, 



Two men of the Oxford Militia shot near Brighton, for Mutiny, June, 1797. 



70 EMINENT MEN OF CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE. 

and was presented to the Society by Sir Richard Worsley in 1804. The 
Inner Chapel contains an ancient brass Lectern, presented by the 
first President, Dr. Claymond. The Chapel is paved with black and white 
marble. The building was originally finished in 1517, but, in common with 
all parts of the College, has been materially improved. In a gallery, con- 
structed between the President's Lodgings and the Chapel, are some curious 
paintings, presented to the College by Dr. Ireland a few years back : a 
Portrait of the Founder, painted by Corvus, a Flemish artist, after Bishop 
Fox became afflicted with blindness ; a portrait of Richard Pate, Esq., on 
wood, a great benefactor to the College, and who founded the Free School of 
Cheltenham,— he died in 1588, but this picture was taken in 1550 ; and the 
portraits of the seven Bishops committed to the Tower by James II. 

The Common Room contains two excellent drawings of the " Founder's 
Shrine " in Winchester Cathedral, and also a good portrait of him ; a portrait 
of President Corke ; and a bust of Bishop King, of Rochester, by Chantrey. 
Passing under the Cloisters, where rest many distinguished members of the 
foundation, the visitor arrives at 

Turner's Buildings, so called from President Thomas Turner, who erected 
them in 1706, at his own expense, costing over £6,000. The design is said 
to have been Dean Aldrich's, of ( h. Ch. The buildings contain the rooms for 
the Fellows of the College. President Turner died April 30th, 1714, and was 
buried in the College Chapel. In addition to this building he left two estates 
—one at Stow, Northamptonshire, and one at West Wratting, Cambridge- 
shire—to the Charity for the Relief of Poor Widows and Children of Clergy- 
men. The centre of this building has an entrance to the 

College Garden, small in extent, but having an excellent view of the 
Broad Walk and Christ Church Meadows. On the terrace of the Garden may 
be seen traces of the 

Old City Wall, forming, a boundary between the College and the garden 
of the Margaret Professor of Divinity. 

Eminent Men of the Foundation. — Louis Yives (the learned editor of "De 
Civitate Dei," St. Augustine's noble work) ; Miles Windsor (the University 
antiquary, who published the first regular history of the University in 1608, 
known as "Apologia"); Dr. Richard Pococke (the oriental traveller and 
scholar, afterwards of Christ Church) ; Thomas Day (who never took a degree, 
the author of the well-known work, " Sandford and Merton," and noted for 
his peculiar ideas of education and parliamentary reform) ; John Keble 
(author of the "Christian Year," Vicar of Hursley, Hampshire, the church 
of which parish was rebuilt from the profits of the work). We may be pardoned 
for giving a larger space to John Keble, for he was well beloved and revered by 
all classes of the community. John Keble was born on April 28th, 1792, at 
Fairford, Gloucestershire, his father being Rector of Coin St. Aldwyn, about 
three miles from Fairford. His father was educated at Corpus, and died in 
his ninetieth year. His son was elected a scholar of Corpus Christi College, 
on Dec. 12, 1806, at the age of fifteen. In his third year he was highly 
distinguished in the senior classes of classics and mathematics. In 1810, 
John Keble took first classes in both, at 18 years of age, and Dr. Newman 
wrote in his " Apologia," that Keble, " as a boy, had carried off the highest 
honours of his University. " At 19, he was elected Probationary Fellow of 
Oriel, entering it with Whately. In 1812, he took the prizes for the English 
and Latin Essays. He was ordained Deacon on Trinity Sunday, 1815, and 
Priest, on Trinity Sunday, 1816 ; shortly after leaving College for a Curacy 

Last Exposure in the Oxford Pillory, Cornmarket Street,, for Perjury, 1S10. 



JOHN KEBLE' S E VENING HYMN. 71 



near Fairford, but again recalled to a tutorship at Oriel, which he held until 
1823. In 1825, by the influence of Sir William Heathcote, he was offered 
the living of Hursley, which he vacated the following year, that he might be 
able to give assistance to his father. He was also offered the Provostship of 
Oriel in 1827. In 1827 he began to collect his Poems, which had been 
written at various times, that they might be issued in one volume. This 
was published on May 30, 1827, under the title of " The Christian Year." The 
great charm of this book is its intense personality : the feelings of the man — 
his disappointments — struggles — aspirations — faith — being set forth in every 
line ; at times passionately, but more often pensively. The grace and ten- 
derness of its style, its loftiness of spirit, and its accurate allusions have been 
generally admitted, even by those who had little sympathy with his doctrinal 
views. In 1868, the work had reached its 110th edition, and 265th thousand. 
During the nine months following his death, seven editions were issued of 
11,000 copies. The "Evening Hymn" in the work, generally commencing 
at the third verse, " Sun of my soul ! Thou Saviour dear," is included in 
four-fifths of the hymn-books now published by all sects. About six verses 
form the staple of the quotation, but there are thirteen verses in the original. 
It begins thus : — 

" Tis gone, that bright and orb§d blaze, J Yon mantling cloud has hid from sight 

Fast fading from our wistful gaze ; The last faint pulse of quivering light." 

To shew its popularity we will state a C fact not widely known. The 
* Musical Standard' offered a prize of £5 ferine most meritorious setting to 
music of this hymn. Considerably over four hundred scores were sent in ; and 
those appointed to scrutinize the compositions found many very excellent, ren- 
dering the task of selection rather difficult. However, after consideration, 
it was awarded to Mr. Joseph Sherwood, organist of the Presbyterian Chapel, 
York. In 1 869, Keble's publishers (Messrs. Parker, of Oxford and London) 
issued, in four volumes, his poems complete, some not having been published 
heretofore. In 1832, John Keble became Professor of Poetry in the Univer- 
sity of Oxford, delivering his first lecture in the February of that year. In 
1833 he preached the Summer Assize Sermon at Oxford, which was published 
separately, as " The National Apostacy;" about this period also commenced 
the publication of those remarkable pamphlets entitled " Tracts for the 
Times," Keble writing four, viz. Nos. 4, 13, 48, 89 : "Apostolical Succes- 
sion," "Sunday Lessons," "Holy Matrimony," and the "Mysticism of the 
Early Fathers." His religious views are known as those of the advanced High 
Church party. In writing on " Pastoral Failures,", he says, "One great 
grievance is the neglect of Confession. Until we can begin to revive that, we 
shall not have the due severity in our religion ; and without a severe religion 
I fear our Church will practically fail. . . . The tradition which goes by 
the name of 'Justification by Faith' — and which in reality means that one 
who has sinned, and is sorry for it, is as if he had not sinned — blights and 
benumbs one in every limb in trying to make people be\?are of their roal 
state. . . . And this is why I so deprecate the word and the idea of 
Protestantism, because it seems inseparable to me from ' ev€>ry man his own 
absolver' — that is, in other words, the same as peace where t'h.ere is no peace, 
and mere shadows of repentance." On the death of his father, in January 
1835, he became extremely low-spirited ; and in the autumn of that year he 
was offered the vicarage of Hursley, through the resignation of the incumbent, 
by his friend Sir William Heathcote, which he accepted, and married. He 
held the living to his death, which took place at Bournemouth, Devon, on 

Dr. Livingstone, the African Explorer, Lectured in the Sheldonian Theatre, Nov. 17, 1857. 



7 2 BISHOP JE WEL 'S FARE WELL. 

March 20, 1866, the eve of Good Friday, after six days' illness only. The 
hymn for that day in " The Christian Year," thus concludes : — 
" So when the Archangel's word is spoken, 
And Death's deep trance for ever broken, 
In mercy thou may'st feel the heavenly hand, 
And in thy lot unharmed before the Saviour stand." 

On St. Mark's Day, April 25, 1868, the foundation stone of Keble College, 
Oxford, was laid, as a memorial to the Rev. John Keble, by the late Dr. 
Sumner, Archbishop of Canterbury. This College, of course, will receive more 
lengthened notice when the visitor arrives at its locality ; still, as concluding 
the notice of Keble, we give Canon Pusey's utterance as to the worth of ' ' The 
Christian Year, " when speaking in the Sheldonian Theatre after the stone 
was laid. He said : " ' The Christian Year' in true love, sweet, soft, gentle, 
but distinct, won those to the truth whom learning, argument, scriptural 
proof would not have convinced. It reached the understanding through the 
heart. It not only taught truth, but it taught it in tenderness, devotion, 
love. It was the first great wave of sound of that solemn harmony of truth 
which has since reverberated around our English speaking world, which has 
broken into a thousand echoes, each teachiug truth to wandering man. " The 
reformer, Bishop Jewel (whose life was " angelical and extremely honest"), 
of Merton College, migrated to Corpus Christi, shortly after the accession of 
Queen Mary. He was, however, forced to leave the College after a short 
residence ; and, when departing, amidst his pathetic remarks, he said, 
1 ' Farewell, ye studies ; farewell this roof ; farewell, thou seat most eminent 
of learning ; farewell, the very pleasant sight of you ; farewell, young men ; 
farewell, ye fellows ; farewell, my brethren, dear as my eyes are to me ; 
Farewell all ! Farewell ! " Jewel went to Frankfort, and on the accession of 
Queen Elizabeth returned home. Elizabeth conferred the See of Salisbury 
on him to atone for his exile. He had a most retentive memory : it is 
said that on one occasion he learnt a sermon that he was about to preach at 
St. Mary's, whilst the bell was sounding for church. When he was remon- 
strated with for doing so much work, his health being most delicate, he said, 
" That it becometh a bishop best to die preaching in the pulpit," alluding 
doubtless to the famous saying of Vespasian, "That an emperor ought to die 
stauding." Jewel went almost direct from the pulpit to his death-bed. Dr. 
John Rainolds, President in 1598, whom Antony a Wood calls ' ' a person of 
prodigious reading and doctrine, and the very treasury of erudition — most 
excellent in all tongues, and so well seen in all arts and sciences, as if he had 
sp^nt his whole i time in each cf them." Of Jewel, Hooker and Rainolds, 
Wood remarks, 'Of one College, they could not be paralleled by the 
students of all countries." Dr. William Buckland, the eminent geologist, 
was a Corpus man ; so were also Sir John Mennis, traveller, seaman, and 
poet ; Dr. Bichard Fiddes, the biographer of Cardinal Wolsey ; Sir J. T. 
Coleridge, the Solicitor General, author of the " Life of John Keble ;" Sir 
As li ton Lever, collector of an immense • Museum of Natural History, after- 
wards dispersed by public auction ; Bishop Hooker ; Brian Twyne, antiquary ; 
Dr. Arnold, Professor of Poetry ; Rev. Edward Greswell, author of " Har- 
monica Evangelica;" John Cooington, Latin Professor; Rev. H. O. Coxe, 
Bodleian Librarian ; Rev. H. Gandell, Professor of Arabic, &c, &c. We 
find the following curious entry in an ancient record : « 1554. The Dean of 
Corpus Christi College whipt a scholar who had made a copy of verses against 
the mass, iu the Common Hall, giving him a lash for every verse." In cor- 
roboration of this, the Aubrey manuscripts state that before his (Aubrey's) 

Lord Grenville, as Chancellor, founded the Latin Prize Essay, 1810. 



MERTON COLLEGE—WALTER BE MERTON. 73 



time, the rod was frequently used by Tutors and Deans, and that " Doctor 
Patter, of Trinity College, whipt a pupil with his sword by his side, when he 
came to take his leave of him to go to the Inns of Court." We depart from 
Corpus Christi, with the parting words of John Keble upon our mind, when 
he was elected to a Fellowship at Oriel : — 



" How soft, how silent has the dreams of time 

Borne me unheeding on, since first I dreamed 

Of poetry and glory in thy shade, 

Scene of my earliest harpings ? There, if oft 

(As through thy courts I took my nightly round, 

Where thy embattled line of shadow hid 

The moon's white glimmerings) on my charmed 

ears 
Have swelled of thy triumphant minstrelsy 
Home few faint notes. If one exalted chord 
Of my touched heart has thrilled in unison, 



Shall T not cling to thee ?— Shall I cast 

No strained glance on my adopted home, 

Departing? Seat of calm delight, farewell ! 

Home of my muse, and of my friends, I ne'er 

Shall see thee, but such a gush of soul 

As flows from him who welcomes some dear 

face 
Lost in his childhood. Yet, not lost to me 
Art thou : for still my heart exults to own thee, 
And memory still and friendship make thee 

mine." 



Merton's annals next claim the visitor's attention. Leaving Corpus Christi 
College, he proceeds in a few steps to 

tfiT Merton College," the primary model of all the Collegiate bodies in 
Oxford and Cambridge." Founded at Maldon, near Merton, Surrey, in 1264, 
(simply as a house of maintenance for scholars, not for study,) by Walter de 
Merton, Bishop of "Rochester and Lord High Chancellor of England. Re- 
moved to Oxford in 1274. Walter de Merton was the son of William de 
Merton, Archdeacon of Berks, by Christfana, daughter of Walter Fitz- 
Oliver, of Basingstoke, Hants. His date of birth cannot with certainty.be fixed, 
but he studied at Osney Abbey, and at Manger Hall, now the Cross Inn, in 
Cornmarket Street, in 1237. He was then in Holy Orders. He purchased 
the Church of St. John the Baptist, in 1265, from Richard, Abbot of St. 
Mary's, Reading, to serve as the Chapel for his students. From time to 
time he added other properties, and shortly after commenced the erection of 
the College, which was left incomplete, owing to his death from an accident. 
Fording a river in his diocese, he fell from his horse, and was severely 
injured, to such an extent as to cause his death, which took place on the 
27th of October, 1277. He was buried in Rochester Cathedral. There are 
many parts of Merton College very interesting to the archaeologist and the 
visitor, especially the 

Church of St. John the Baptist, or the College Chapel. A massive 
Gothic building, doubtless originally intended to be the centre of a cross, 
but the nave and side aisles were never completed. It was formerly called the 
" Church of St. John-within-the- Walls ;" and ranks second to none in Oxford 
for grandeur of proportion. The choir has seven windows on each side, 
illuminated in imitation of those in the Cathedral of Cologne. These 
windows were furnished with glass so early as 1283, at the expense of Henry 
de Mannesfeld, D.D., Chancellor in 1311. The east window is a Catharine- 
wheel (a splendid example) filled with tracery and armorial bearings. The 
choir was erected about the year 1300— the exact time not being precisely 
known. It is 110ft. in length. The tracery is magnificent, not to be rivalled 
by any example in England of the same period. The elegant painted roof 
was designed and chiefly executed by the Rev. J. H. Pollen, M.A., in 1850, 
the figures represent the great lights of Divine science ; viz. the four Evan- 
gelists ; the four fathers of the Church — Jerome, Ambrose, Augustine, and 
Gregory ; the four major prophets — Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and Daniel ; 
St. John Baptist, and the founder himself, holding the chapel in his hand. 
The centre medallions are occupied with historical subjects. 

Calamitous Fire in St. Aldate Street, Two females fatally burnt, June 29, 1870. 



74 MERTON TOWER AND BELLS. J 

The Tower, which rises at the intersection of the transept and choir, is 
massive, though somewhat dwarfed. Style : Perpendicular. There are two 
lateral compartments in each front, pierced with large windows, and the tower 
terminates with a battlement (pierced) and eight crocketted pinnacles. A 
fine-toned peal of bells is contained in the tower : formerly there were but 
five bells, Antony a Wood noting in his Life the following : " Jan. 10, 1656 — 
A. W., his mother, and two brothers, gave £5 to Merton College, towards 
casting their five bells into eight. These five were antient bells, and had 
been put into the tower at the first building thereof, by Dr. Hen. Abendon, 
Warden of Merton College, who began to be Warden in 1421. The tenor or 
great bell (on which the name of the said Abendon was put), was supposed 
to be the best bell in England, being, as 'twas said, of fine mettal, silver 
found." And again: "Feb. 2, 1681.— Merton College, eight bells newly 
cast by Christopher Hudson, of London, rung to the content of the society. 
For his work and his metal he is to have above £300. They were before 
cast from five to eight, by one Michael Derby, anno 1656, who spoiled them. *' 
The arches of the tower are about the date 1300, when the foundation of the 
transepts were also laid, but not carried to a completion, want of funds being 
probably the cause. Above a century passed before the buildiDg was 
resumed (1417), and it was then vigorously pushed to completion in 1424. 
In that year the building was re-dedicated, with great pomp, " In honour of 
of God, St. Mary, and St. John the Baptist." The cost is stated to have 
been £141 19s. 4^d., equal to about £3,000 in the present day. The work 
was completed from the designs, and at the sole expense of Dr. John Kempe, 
a Fellow of Merton, and afterwards successively Bishop of Rochester, Chi- 
chester, and London ; Archbishop of York and Canterbury, and a Cardinal. 
On the vigil of St. Luke, Oct. 17, 1655, half of the roof of the south part of 
the Chapel, joining to the Tower, fell to the ground within the Church about 
nine o'clock at night, breaking many monumental stones, brasses, &c. To 
enumerate the many beauties of the College Chapel would take a large space ; 
but, as the visitor will have an opportunity of inspection, we will only men- 
tion a few principal items : — 



The Oak Lantern, curiously carved, being 
both beautiful and uncommon. 

The Brass Lectern, probably given in the 
Wardenship of Richard Fitzjames, (1482-1507) 
having his insignia— the dolphin. 

The Altar Piece, by Tintoretto, representing 
" The Crucifixion." Presented by John Skip, 
Esq., of Ledbury, formerly a gentleman com- 
moner of the College. 



The Font, elaborately wrought of Caen-stone, 
standing on eight short pillars of Purbeck mar- 
ble. 

A remarkable Piece of Tapestry. 

The Monument of Antony a Wood, the au- 
thor of " Athense Oxonienses," and a Post- 
master of this college. It is near the north 
door, and bears this simple inscription, "An- 
tonius a Wood, Antiquarius, ob. Nov. 29, ] 695. 



The Ante-Chapel, remarkable for the number of its sepulchral memorials, 
including those of Sir Thomas Bodley (founder of the celebrated library 
bearing his name), deposited here with great ceremony, March 29, 1613. Sir 
Thomas died on January 28, after a long suffering from stone, dropsy, and 
scurvy ; mistreatment, it is said, aggravated the combined diseases, and 
hastened death. Bishop Earl, the faithful friend of Charles I. , author of an 
amusing set of sketches, entitled "Characters." Sir Henry Saville, con- 
taining Views of Eton and Merton Colleges. Sir Henry was the founder of 
the Professorships of Astronomy and Geometry, and also Provost of Eton 
College, and Warden of Merton College, held together. He died Feb. 19, 
1622. 

The Monuments of John Bloxham, John Whytton, and Henry Sever. 
That of the two former is under a canopy of tabernacle work. The flowered 

Severe Conflagration in the Commarket : Two men burnt, Sept. 23, 1863. 



DR. JOHNSON AND MERTON COLLEGE. 75 

shaft of the cross is supposed to be the finest of its nature in the kingdom. 
The Holy Lamb is represented, and under the two steps is a scroll on which 
are inscribed the names of Bloxham and Whytton. The date is about 1387. 
Sever's monument has a full-length portrait on it : the date about 1471. 

The Choir of Walter de Merton is unsurpassable. It was commenced 
early in the thirteenth century — postponed for awhile, and again taken up 
by Archbishop Arundel, in 1399. Its splendour is so captivating that the 
incongruities of style can easily be passed over. The lengthened perspective, 
the long line of lateral windows, glowing in warm and varied tints, and pre- 
eminently rich in architectural and pictorial beauty enchain the gaze, and 
involuntarily call to mind the words, 

"Through mullioned windows' tinted panes I And dyes with flickering roseate stains 
The coloured radiance softly falls, j The nave and aisle, the floor and walls." 

Dr. Johnson eloquently writes of Merton — "Who but must feel emotion 
as he contemplates at leisure the magnificence which here surrounds him ; 
pressing the same soil, breathing the same air, admiring the same objects, 
which the Hookers, the Chilling worths, the Lowths, and a host of other 
learned and pious men, have trodden, breathed, and admired before 1 " 
Passing from the Church, on the exterior of which will be noticed the gro- 
tesque gurgoyles (or heads of waterspouts), a series of curiously carved 
figures, the visitor enters 

The College through the beautifully sculptured gateway and embattled 
tower, constructed at the expense of Bishop Thomas Rodborne, Warden in 
1416, who only held the Wardenship one year. The front bears statues of 
Henry III. and Walter de Merton (under Gothic canopies), and a sculp- 
tured tablet, expressive of the history of St. John the Baptist in the 
Wilderness, surrounded by grotesque animals— asses, birds, rabbits, and 
unicorns. The front is very irregular, rebuilt in 1589, and new-faced re- 
cently. The florid architecture of the north window is a fine specimen of art. 
Merton College stands third in numerical order of foundation, and has the 
patronage of eighteen livings. The number of members, &c. on the books 
average about 230. The first statutes date from 1264, when the foundation 
was instituted at Maldon, in Surrey. They were renewed in 1270, and in 
1274 the College was removed to Oxford, it then consisting of a Warden, 
certain Priests, and twenty Scholars — the exact number not being fixed by 
Walter de Merton, but depending on the funds of the Society. At pre- 
sent, the foundation consists of Warden, twenty-four Fellows, fourteen Post- 
masters, four Scholars, two Chaplains, and two Clerks. The Postmaster is an 
institution peculiar to this foundation, dating from 1380, from a gift of John 
Willyot, Chancellor of Exeter, for the endowment of a certain number of 
Exhibitioners, afterwards called " Portionistse, " or Postmasters. The Post- 
masters also acted as choristers, receiving for this service 6s. 4d. per annum. 
They formerly resided in an ancient Hall, nearly opposite, of which we shall 
speak hereafter. In 1600 they were received into the College. Other bene- 
factors have since added to their numbers and allowances. The first Warden 
at Maldon was Peter de Abendon, or Lakyng ; the first at Oxford, Richard 
Worblysdon, 1286. The present Warden is Robert Bullock Marsham, D. C. L. , 
elected in 1826. Forty-one Wardens have held position since the foundation. 
Three charters of the College are preserved among its archives. The allow- 
ances to Scholars, to find all necessaries, including lodgings, in 1274, was 50s. 
In the year 1535, this had reached the sum of £4 6s. 8d. The major part of 
the Fellows were so annoyed at the movement of the Reformation, that they 

Destructive Fire in Broad Street : Three houses burnt, September, 4, 1857. 



Alexander of Russia and his sister, in this Col- 
lege, during their visit to Oxford with the allied 
Sovereigns, in 1814. In the hall of the War- 
den's residence is a 

Beautiful Siberian Jasper Vase, presented to 
the College by the Emperor Alexander. It bears 
inscriptions in the Latin and Russian lan- 
guages. There is also in this residence, among 
other valuable paintings, a 

Portrait of Dr. Harvey, Discoverer of the Cir- 
culation of the Blood, with an inscription, 
"Hanc Harveii." 



76 MERTON COLLEGE LLBRARY—BLSHOP REDE. * 

resolutely denied the first Protestant Warden admission to the College, and 
his entry had to be forcibly made. Advancing through the gateway into the 
first Quadrangle, the visitor will proceed up a flight of steps into 

The Hall, a spacious room, with but little decoration, entered from the 
original doorway with the old oak door, having the beautiful and remarkable 
ironwork still attached, dating from 1320. This is quite a curiosity. The 
room was modernized by Mr. Wyatt, about eighty years since. Royalty has 
been entertained in this refectory on some few occasions : Queen Catharine 
of Arragon, in 1518 ; Queen Elizabeth, 1592 ; Charles I. and his Queen, 
1644 ; Emperor Alexander of Russia, 1814, &c. Its chief ornament is the 
large 

Historico-Allegorical Painting at the lower 
end, the principal figure of which represents 
the founder (Walter de Merton) in full Epis- 
copal costume, seated, and pointing to a view 
of his College. Other figures are introduced to 
complete the delineation of "The Triumph of 
Learning over Bigotry and Superstition." Dr. 
Wall, of Worcester, executed this picture, and 
presented it to the Society. There are also 
portraits of Duns Scotus, Bishop Jewel, &c. 
Under the large painting there is a white mar- 
ble tablet, with a Latin inscription, comme- 
morating the brief residence of the Emperor 

The Great Quadrangle is entered through a noble archway, connecting 
the Warden's lodgings with the Hall. It is a good specimen of the debased 
style of James I. Notice must be taken of the imitation of "The Schools 
Tower," not unpleasing, although so mixed in style. The 

Common Room is chiefly remarkable from its being the first established in 
the University. Another curious building is the 

Treasury or Muniment Room, chiefly noticeable from its high-pitched 
ashlar roof. It is fireproof, and dates from 1270. It is on the right of the 
Court leading into a small Quadrangle containing the 

Library, notably the most ancient of its class in the kingdom. Until 
lately it was thought to be the first founded Library in the University ; but 
records show that it was the second — the first being established at Durham 
(now Trinity) College, in 1345, to contain the bequest of Richard of Bury. 
Merton Library was built about four years later, 1349, by Dr. Rede, Bishop 
of Chichester. The Library is paved with ornamental tiles, in good 
preservation, but covered with matting to keep the damp from penetrating. 
It displays a range of narrow oblong windows, surmounted by four low 
towers. Some fragments of painted glass remain in the more ancient 
windows, on which the Holy Lamb is conspicuous, with the words, 
"Ecce Agnus Dei," the emblem of St. John the Baptist. Previously to 
the erection of this remarkable old room, the books were kept in 
chests. Afterwards, each book was chained to a certain position for study, 
oaken benches being built for the convenience of the students. The chains 
(of which one is still kept as a specimen) were not removed until 1780. The 
contents of the building suffered much at the hands of the visitors appointed 
by Edward VI. to purge the Oxford Libraries of their Romish contents. A 
waggon-load of rare manuscripts, treating of astronomy, divinity, and mathe- 
matics, was taken from Merton Library, and wilfully destroyed. At the 
present time it is very rich in valuable treasures, both in manuscripts and 
books, amongst which are a copy of " Caxton's Chaucer," an " Eusebius' 
Manuscript" of the tenth century; a "Manuscript of Duns Scotus;" and 

Disastrous and Fatal Fire in St. Ebbe's Street, Two lives lost, March, 1844. 



EMINENT MEN OF MERTON COLLEGE. 77 

several very ancient Bibles ; a work entitled " Bodleiomnema," containing 
elegiac verses written on the death of Sir Thomas Bodley, by members of 
this foundation, &c. Leaving the Library, the visitor approaches 

The New Buildings, designed by Mr. Underwood, and built by Mr. 
Fisher, and, passing through a noble gateway, with a peculiar vaulted and 
ribbed roof, having the Signs of the Zodiac around the Arms of Henry VII., 
which occupy the place of the sun, enters the small inner Court, known as 
the " Mob Quadrangle," going from thence into 

The Gardens, with their terraced walks, beautifully laid out. The view of 
Magdalen Tower, Ch. Ch. Cathedral, and Meadows from them is picturesque. 
The stream of the Cherwell flowed under the west wall at one period, and often 
was Merton Buttery visited by rowing parties anxious for " refreshers. " 

Eminent Men have studied, in times past and present, at "Merton's 
fount. " In less than two centuries (1294 to 1452) six Archbishops of Can- 
terbury were created from students of this Society : Robert Winchelsea, 
Simon de Meopham, John Stratford, Cardinal Thomas Bradwardine, Simon 
Islip, and John 'Kemp. Bradwardine was a native of Hartfield, near East 
Grinstead, Sussex. From his learning he was called "Doctor Doctorum," 
and he wrote the famous theological treatise, "Deo Causa Dei," designed to 
confute the Pelagian doctrine. Being a most profound thinker, he was 
appointed confessor to Edward III., whom he attended during the French 
wars. Simon Islip founded Canterbury College. William of Waynflete, 
Bishop of Winchester, and founder of MagjHalen College, John Hooper, the 
martyred Bishop of Gloucester, Dr. Denison, Bishop of Salisbury, and 
many other prelates, including the present Bishop of Oxford, Dr. Mackarness. 
Three Archbishops of Dublin in a century — William de Hotham (1297), 
Robert Wickford (1375), and Thomas de Cranley (1397). John Duns Scotus, 
termed the "subtle." He studied at Paris, but resided and taught at 
Merton afterwards. William Ockham, a scholar of Scotus, an advocate, to 
the fullest extent, of the Nominalist philosophy. The two John Wicliffs 
(both Fellows), one afterwards Master of Balliol College (the famous Wicliff, 
translator of the Bible), the other, Warden of Canterbury College (the visitor 
will find fuller information of the two Wicliffs on pp. 18, 19). The two first 
Professors of Geometry and Astronomy, Briggs and Turner, and Bainbridge 
and Graves, were of Merton. Bishop Jewel, the Reformer (afterwards of 
Corpus) ; Antony k Wood, antiquary and historian of Oxford ; Sir Richard 
Steele, of the Tatter, Spectator, &c. ; Sir Isaac Wake, author of "Rex 
Platonicus ;" Rev. J. G. Wood, the naturalist of the nineteenth century, 
author of the "Common Objects Series of Handbooks;" Dr. Goulston, 
founder of the Goulstonian lecture ; Hugh Cressy, the Romish and legendary 
historian ; Sir Thomas Bodley, founder of the Bodleian Library ; Sir Henry 
Saville, Warden of the College, Provost of Eton, and founder of the Geome- 
trical and Astronomical Professorships, &c. Dr. William Harvey, who 
discovered the circulation of the blood about 1615, was appointed Warden of 
the College by Charles I. in 1645. Harvey came from Caius College, Cam- 
bridge, and Sir Nathaniel Brent, Vicar-General of England, was ejected that 
Harvey might fill his Wardenship. The retentive memory of Bishop Jewel 
deserves notice here, for he was a perfect master of mnemonics. It was his 
custom to write the heads of his discourses, and imprint them firmly upon 
his mind. He remarked once "that if ten thousand people were quarrelling 
or fighting all the while he was preaching they would not put him out. " 
John Hooper, the martyred Bishop of Gloucester, gave Bishop Jewel a list of 

The City of Oxford nearly destroyed by Fire, A.D., 979. 



CUSTOMS AT MERTON COLLEGE. 



forty Irish, Welsh, French, and other foreign words, which he, after once or 
twice reading, repeated by heart backwards and forwards. It is said that on 
one occasion, being about to preach at St. Mary's, he learnt his sermon whilst 
the bells were ringing for church. He professed to teach the art to others, 
and Dr. Parkhurst, his tutor, learnt from him, while he was in exile at 
Zurich, the whole twenty-eight chapters of St. Matthew's Gospel in twenty- 
eight days, so perfectly, although spending but an hour each day in the task, 
that he could repeat any one verse of the gospel, knowing also at the same 
time the preceding and following verses. Jewel was only thirteen years old 
when he entered Merton, and was remarkable for the sweet modulations of 
his voice. He would resort to the woods of Shotover, and there exercise his 
voice in declamation, that he might acquire its mastery and gain facility in 
speaking. Dr. Parkhurst paid all Jewel's expenses until he obtained the 
degree of Master, for Jewel was but a Postmaster. A rigid but learned 
Romanist once paid a testimony that speaks more of his merit than many 
words — "I should love thee, Jewel, if thou wert not a Zwinglian. In thy 
faith I hold thee an heretic ; but surely in thy life thou art an angel ; an 
excellent person, but a Lutheran." Of Jewel's subsequent career, after his 
migration to Corpus Christi College, we have spoken in our notice of that 
College. The first English organ builder, William Wotton, made a "pair of 
organs" for Merton College in 1487, and also built an organ for Magdalen Col- 
lege. He was the first known Englishman practising this art professionally. 
The Following Customs were formerly observed in the College, the first, 
how r ever, only remains : — 



Grace Cup.— After Dinner, the Senior Fel- 
low strikes the table thrice with a trencher. 
These strokes are answered by the butler, who 
enters in his book how much each student has 
received of the buttery supplies. The " grace- 
cup " is then passed round ; and, at another 
stroke of the trencher, a Bible Clerk makes his 
appearance to recite grace. 

Shi'ove-Tuesday Festivity.— The Un- 
dergraduates assembled in the Hall at even, 
partaking of supper, caudle being furnished at 
the expense of the Freshmen. Afterwards each 
Fresh man plucked off his gown and band, and 
made himself look as much like a rogue as 
possible. In seniority they were conducted to 
a bench on the high table, and made a speech 
to the company. If a good speech was made, 
the speaker had a cup of the caudle ; if indif- 
ferent, a cup or caudle and salted water ; if 
dull, salted water only. Then an oath was ad- 
mi • istered over an old shoe, by the senior cook, 
runniug thus :— " Item tu jurabis, quod Penui- 
less Bench non frequentabis," &c. The shoe 
was kissed, and the Freshman took his place 
among the Seniors. A specimen of Antony a 
Wood's speech, who underwent the foolish 
custom, may be interesting ;— " Most Reverend 
.Seniors— May it please your gravities to admit 
into your presence a kitten of the Muses, and 
a meer frog of Helicon, to croak the cataracts 
of his plumbeous cerebrosity, before your sa- 
gacious ingenuities," &c, for a period of fifteen 
minutes or longer. (This custom fell into des- 
uetude at the Restoration.) 



Hymn Vigils.— Before the Reformation 
the Fellows were wont to assemble around the 
Hall-fire, from the Vigil of All Saints to the 
evening of the Purification, and on holy-day 
evenings, pass the time in hymn singing. 

Christmas King of Misrule. — This 
was always carried out at Merton, from the 
foundation till the days of Queen Mary, when 
the custom became obsolete. The King had to 
take coguisance. of all discourtesies and mis- 
demeanors committed during the Christmas 
festivities, preside over all gambols, &c. The 
punishments inflicted on transgressors were 
most ludicrous, 

Black Night. — A species of diversion 
observed when the Warden or Dean kept the 
Bachelors at Disputations till midnight. This 
diversion consisted in breaking open the but- 
tery and kitchen doors, rifling their contents, 
and making merry with the spoils. The origin 
is attributed to Duns Scotus, who gave an un- 
lucky answer to John Ockham, at that tune a 
Bachelor of the College. Ockham disputing 
with Scotus, then Dean, worsted him. On 
parting, Ockham submitted himself, with the 
rest of the bachelors, to the Dean, saying, 
" Domine quid taciemus ?" (" Master, what are 
we to do now?") To this, Scotus unluckily re- 
plied, "Ite, et facile quid vultis." ("Go and 
do whatever you like !") This gave occasion to 
these sons of mode and fisure to exercise their 
merriment on Merton "Black Mght," a custom 
now honoured in the breach. 



The visitor will now leave Merton College, and, proceeding through the 
entrance gateway, arrive at 

St. Alban Hall, the fourth in numerical standing of the Oxford Halls. 



The Danes set many of the City and University Buildings on Fire, 1002 and 1009. 



ST. ALBAN HALL— ROBERT DE ALBANO. 79 

The first Principal was Roger Martin, appointed in 1437. The present Prin- 
cipal is the Rev. Charles William Salter, M. A., appointed in 1861. Forty-six 
Principals have been appointed since its foundation. There are about 
sixty-two members on the books. In the year 1 200 the Hall was the private 
residence of Robertus de Sancto Albano, a burgher of Oxford. He gave it, 
with another similar tenement, called "Nun Hall," in 1230, to Littlemore 
Nunnery. Merton College afterwards leased both the Halls of the Nunnery, 
and, on the dissolution of the Littlemore foundation in the reign of Henry 
VIII., the King gave the residence to his physician, Dr. George Owen. 
Passing through four other proprietorships, it came into possession of Merton 
College in 1547, by permission of King Edward VI. The front of the Hall 
was rebuilt in 1600. Toward the expenses a legacy of £200 was given by 
Benedict Barnham, alderman of London, formerly a commoner of St. Alban 
Hall. His armorial bearings, quartering those at Bracebridge, are still over 
the entrance gate. In 1789 the south side of the quadrangle was rebuilt, at 
the cost of Dr. Randolph, then Principal of the Hall. The building was 
refaced in 1866. Merton College is still the owner of the property, receiving 
a quit rent. The Chancellor of the University appoints the Principal. 

The Gabled Windows are very picturesquely set in the roof, and deserve 
attention. 

1 he Hall (a very plain refectory) served for the Chapel also until 1863, 
when a chapel was built from designs by Mr. J. Gibbs. It stands on the 
right hand of the quadrangle. -< 

The Bell Tower, a curious elevation, is a study worth notice. It is sur- 
mounted by a gabled projection. 

Eminent Men of the Foundation. — Philip Massinger, the dramatist ; 
William Lenthal, Speaker of the Long Parliament ; Zachary Bogan, a 
Puritan, afterwards Fellow of Corpus Christi College (he left £500 to the 
City of Oxford, to be expended in charities ; his portrait hangs in the Council 
Chamber) ; Richard Deane, Bishop of Ossory (1609) ; &c. &c. Richard 
Fitzjames, Bishop of London, was a Principal of the Hall, and also Dr. 
Lamprugh, Archbishop of York ; Dr. N. Marsh, Archbishop (successively) 
of Cashel, Dublin and Armagh ; Dr. Whately, Archbishop of Dublin, so well 
known as a politician, humorist, and divine, and whose writings are still 
largely studied. His "Rhetoric" and "Logic" have large sales, in conjunc- 
tion with other works from his ready pen, " The Historic Doubts respecting 
Napoleon Buonaparte" having reached thirteen editions. His reputation as 
a theologian was first obtained from the works entitled "Some of the Pecu- 
liarities of the Christian Religion," the " Errors of Romanism traced to their 
Origin," and the " Difficulties in the Writings of St. Paul." He likewise 
contributed to the " Encyclopaedia Metropolitana. " He came to Oxford in 
1805, entering at Oriel College. He became Fellow of Oriel in 1811 ; M.A., 
1812 ; Bampton Lecturer, 1822 ; D.D., 1825, and was appointed Principal of 
St. Alban Hall by Lord Grenville. The spacious building nearly opposite 
the Hall is a large 

Swimming Bath, 70ft. by 30ft. The water is tepid at will ; and there are 
twenty dressing-rooms, with a cigar and coffee saloon annexed. The roof is 
glass and iron. The bath was erected by Mr. John Plowman, with a view to 
lessen the number of accidents on the Oxford streams. Adjoining are spacious 
Billiard Rooms and a Tennis Court. Passing onwards, the visitor will quickly 
arrive at the building known as 

Antony a Wood's Residence, nearly opposite Merton College. It is 

George Street, Cornmarket, and Queen Street, destroyed by Fire, October 6, 1644. 



80 ANTONY A WOOD AT OXFORD. 



now occupied by Dr. Corfe. This is generally supposed to be the house, 
but the Doctor imagines that the building in the rear of his residence was the 
house in which Antony was born on Monday, Dec. 17th, 1630. Antony 
Wood's father was born at Islington, London, in 1580, and entered Broad- 
o-ates Hall (now Pembroke College) in 1600, becoming clerk of Corpus Christi 
College in 1603. He married Margaret Wood, his first wife, of Waterbury, 
Kent* at Woodeaton, Oxfordshire. Her father's name was Hugh Wood, and 
the family was of old standing in the counties of Kent and Sussex, of the 
Protestant communion, for we read, in the "History of Sussex," that 
on the 20th of June, 1556, Thomas a Wood and Thomas Myles were burnt 
opposite the Star Inn, Lewes, Sussex, " for holding notions apart from the 
Catholic Faith," and on June 22, 1557, another Thomas a Wood was burnt, 
on the same spot, with six other men and three women — ten in all. The 
Woods on Antony's side were from Lancashire. Antony's mother was the 
second wife of his father, and she was but two years old when he married his 
first wife. Her name was Mary Pettie, of Wivehold, Oxon. Antony a Wood's 
fame rests principally on his two noted works, " Athense Oxoniensis " and the 
"History of the Antiquities of the University." He was a Postmaster at 
Merton College, entering May 26th, 1647. He fell under the displeasure of 
the Government for publishing obnoxious statements in the second volume of 
his "Athense," which was publicly burnt and Wood threatened with banishment 
from the University, if he did not recant. This he did, and continued within 
the walls of his beloved Alma Mater. Wood was an indefatigable collector of 
coins, manuscripts, curious volumes, &c. , which he left at his decease to the 
Ashmolean Museum principally. He died Nov. 28th, 1695, aged 64. Warton 
and Huddesford remark that " his works afford sufficient testimony to his 
character," and that "the University must for ever remember with esteem 
that son who has done so much for her credit, in an ample history of her 
antiquity and munificence. The historian, the lover of antiquity, and especially 
the biographer, have the greatest reason to venerate his memory." His 
manners were ascetic — he dined for thirty years privately in his own chamber. 
His table, and every chair in his room, was loaded with papers, letters, 
volumes, &c, and the walls were hung with prints of his friends and other 
noted men in vast numbers. He chose his place for burial ; and directed 
that he should be buried deeper than ordinary, close to the wall on the north 
end of Merton Chapel. Passing by this interesting spot, sacred almost to 
antiquaries, the visitor approaches 

Oriel College, the fifth in numerical standing. It was founded by Edward 
II., called Edward of Caernarvon, on April 20th, 1324, at the suggestion of 
Adam de Brom (Almoner to the King, and Vicar of St. Mary's), for a Provost 
and ten Fellows. It now consists of a Provost, eighteen Fellows, ten Scholars, 
and twenty Exhibitioners. The Royal Charter is dated Jan. 21, 1326. The 
first Provost was Adam de Brom. The present, Rev. Edward Hawkins, D.D., 
was elected in 1828. Forty Provosts have been chosen since the foundation. 
The College holds the right of presentation to fourteen benefices, this including 
two in the immediate gift of the Provost. The living of the University Church 
(St. Mary's) is attached to Oriel. Adam de Brom was at one period a clerk 
in Chancery. In 1314 he became Chancellor of the diocese of Durham. 
He was promoted, through his diligence and knowledge, to the Rectory of 
Hanworth, Middlesex, in 1315, and in 1319 Archdeacon of Stow and Vicar of 
St. Mary-the- Virgin, Oxford. He was Provost of Oriel for six years, and died 
in Oxford on June 13th, 1332, and was buried in St. Mary's. The etymology 

Serious Fires at Christ Church Hall, 1719 and 1809. 



ORIEL COLLEGE— ADAM DE BROM. 81 



of the name of this College has excited much curiosity. Several reasons have 
been assigned. Some antiquaries avouch that it is but a corruption of " Aul- 
Royal," being founded by a king, and the visitor being the reigning sovereign. 
Extant deeds of the earliest period in its history apparently corroborate this, 
viz,, " Prepositus et scholares domus beate Marie Oxon Colegii de Oryell, alias 
Aule Regalis valgariter nuncupati" — (" The Provost and Scholars of the House 
of the Blessed St. Mary at Oxford, commonly called Oriel College, or Hall 
.Royal"). Others suggest the word " Oriolum," a porch or gateway, a phrase 
frequently used by olden writers. Then it is stated to be derived from a 
splendid wastern window, conspicously shown from without, and forming a 
recess in the interior. Chaucer says, " In her oryall she was closyd well 
with royal glass." Dr. Ingram offers the latter part of the word, " Ora- 
toriolum." It is also stated to have been derived from Alienore, wife of 
Michael de Ispania. The first is most probably the correct derivation. Adam 
de Brom obtained the royal licence for the College foundation on April 20th, 
1324, and purchased five shops in the High Street, on the spot now occupied 
by Wheeler aud Day, booksellers, and Boffin, confectioner, called at that time 
Tackley Hall, or Inn. A curious window still remains at the back of Mr. 
Boffin's premises, and a portion of the old crypt in the cellar of Messrs. 
Wheeler and Day. Brom also purchased Perilous (now Kettel) Hall, in the 
Broad Street, but the students never occupied it. The mansion of " La Oriole," 
on the site of which the College now stands, was granted by Henry III. to 
Bogo de Clare, lord of the manor of Holyweil. It was presented by him to 
the Spanish Princess Eleanor, wife of Edward I., she granting it to her chap- 
lain, Michael de Ispania, for life. It was this fact probably that caused the 
Spanish pomegranate to appear so frequently in the College decorations, as 
well as on the Church of St. Mary's, of which Brom was Vicar. Adam de 
Brom purchased the life-interest from the chaplain. The Hospital of St. Bartho- 
lomew, in Cowley parish (to the east of Oxford) was granted by Edward III. 
to Adam de Brom, in 1328, chiefly for an asylum for the students in time of 
pestilence, of which they availed themselves more than once. It is still 
attached to the foundation, and proves a source of emolument. The alms- 
men of St. Bartholomew are now pensioned by the College, but elected by the 
freemen of the city. Edward II. had many distractions in his reign, aud in 
one of these extremities of distress he vowed to build a College to the honour 
of the Virgin Mary ; but under his circumstances he found this almost an im- 
possibility from want of funds, so he accepted the offer of De Brom, and thus 
the foundation obtained the patronage of royalty, which it still maintains, 
although losing it for a series of years by the machinations of Henry Burgash, 
Bishop of Lincoln, who had a new set of statutes framed, appointing him 
visitor. This lasted four hundred years, from 1326 to 1726, when an appeal 
to the Court of Common Pleas caused a reversal of the visitation, and a recog- 
nition of the authority of the Crown. The manse of St. Mary's Church (now 
St. Mary Hall), adjoining the mansion of La Oriole, was also given by the 
King for a residence for the Provost and Fellows. The present buildings of 
Oriel College are comparatively modern, dating from about 1620, when the 
south and west sides of the first quadrangle were rebuilt. The north side was 
added in 1637. The ogee battlements, bold and massive in appearance, de- 
serve notice. The square tower which rises over the gateway is ornamented 
by the " oriel" window ; and the vaulting of the gateway is delicately wrought 
with fan-shape tracery, adorned with the arms of Charles I. It is shortly 
intended to make an enlarged opening from the High Street to Oriel College, 

Exeter College Library nearly destroyed by Fire, 1708. G 



82 ORIEL CHAPEL, HALL, AND LIBRARY. 

which is now obscured. For this purpose about twenty houses will be taken 
down, and a new street formed leading to the College, thus throwing its front 
open to the street. This desirable improvement will cost about .£100,000. 
Entering the Quadrangle, the statues in niches, under coronal canopies, 
over the Hall attract attention. The lower are those of Edward. II. and 
Edward III., above, the Virgin Mary with the child Jesus in her arms. The 
several doorways are ornamented with the armorial bearings of different 
benefactors. At the south-east corner is 

The Chapel, completed in 1642. The illuminated window, by Peckett, of 
York, represents the " Presentation of Christ in the Temple," from a design 
by Dr. Wall (painter of the allegory in Merton Hall), at the cost of the Duke 
of Beaufort, Lord Leigh, and Lord Wenman. In the Ante-Chapel is a Brass 
Lectern, given by Mr. Napier in 1654, and also two marble monuments to the 
memory of Henry Edmunds, D.C. L., died 1746, and to Dr. George Carter, 
Provost in 1708 (executed by Westmacott, at the expense of Dr. Eveleigh in 
1811). The Chapel has been altered and improved in 1678, 1818, 1833, &c. 

The Hall, built in 1637, is entered from a flight of steps immediately 
facing the entrance gateway. There are several fine portraits hung around 
the walls, embracing those of Edward III., Queen Anne, Sir Walter Ealeigh, 
Duke of Beaufort, Bishop Butler, &c. There are also two curious cups, 
splendid specimens of ancient plate, one said to have been presented by 
Edward II., the other, a beautiful cocoa-nut, silver gilt, given by Bishop 
Carpenter before 1476. In one window are the arms of Pierrepoint, Earl of 
Kingston, quartering nineteen coats, with the punning motto, in allusion to 
the family name, "Pie repone te." The Hall is 50ft. long by 20ft. wide. 
The visitor proceeds, after leaving the Hall, into the inner court, at one period 
a garden. It lies to the north of the outer Quadrangle. The buildings of the 
inner court were the gifts of two individuals — the building on the east by 
Bishop Eobinson, of London (commenced in 1719) ; the one on the west, by 
Dr. George Carter (in 1729). The whole fortune of Dr. Carter, who was a 
Provost of the College, was devoted to this purpose and that of the purchase 
of livings for the benefit of the foundation. The building on the south side of 
Bishop Robinson's wing was built in 1817. The Runic inscription on Robin- 
son's building is " Man is but a heap of dust." (" Madr er Moldvr Avki"). It 
maybe mentioned that the use of wine was discarded by many of the Fellows 
of Oriel, who felt that its excessive use blunted the intellect and brought a 
curse into the ranks of civilised society. Oriel common room was first in the 
University in which tea was drank. This brought forth many remarks, such 
as " Why, those fellows drink tea !" " Bohea swillers !" &c. Provost Eveleigh 
of this College was also the first who originated " Public Examinations" in the 
University. The five hundredth anniversary of this College was celebrated 
on June 15th, 1826, in the Hall. There were about 140 gentlemen present, 
who were or had been members. Between Robinson's and Carter's wings is 

The Library, built in 1788, from a design by Mr. Wyatt, chiefly at the 
expense of Baron Edward Leigh, Steward^of the University. It is of the 
Ionic order, with but few ornaments, and is considered one, if not the most 
perfect, of the Ionic style in Oxford. There are some fine portraits to be seen 
on the walls, including Dr. Thomas Ken, Bishop of Bath and Wells, the 
Bishop of Winchester, Dr. Morley, and Dr. Seth Ward, Bishop of Salisbury. 
This is the third Library that has been built— the first in 1444, the second in 
1637, and the present in 1788. This Library is very rich in works delighting 
the bibliographer, amongst which will be found :— 



Severe fire in the Demies' Room, Magdalen College, August 5, 1719. 



EMINENT MEN OF ORIEL COLLEGE. 



83 



Capgrove's Commentary on Genesis, in ma- 
nuscript, illuminated. This is supposed to be 
one of the books given by Duke Humphrey of 
Gloucester tc the Bodleian Library, when first 
founded by him. It has a memorandum of its 
presentation to the Duke at his manor of Pens- 
hurst, Kent, in his own handwriting. The in- 
itial letter of the dedication (to Duke Hum- 
phrey) contains a curious illumination of the 
author presenting his production to the Duke. 
Capgrove, the author, was an Augustinian 
monk of Canterbury. Mr. Warton supposes 
that this book, with others, was lost from the 
Bodleian Library, at the Beformatxon. There 
is, likewise, an extensive collection of the 

Works of William Prynne, the antiquary, 



and educated republican, who had his ears 
cruelly shorn off, in the reign of Charles I., for 
writing his " Histriomastix. " The books were 
given to the College, by himself, and include a 
copy of his " Parliamentary Records," of which 
only twenty-three copies were saved at the Great 
Fire of London, in 16ttf\ Three similar volumes, 
in the library of the Duke of Sussex, when of- 
fered for sale at his death, realised £155. The 
valuable and 

Curious Library of Baron Leigh, bequeathed 
to the foundation by the Baron himself, who 
was formerly a member of the Society. There 
is also 

Bishop Rede's Cup. Rede was the founder 
of Merton Library, and left this cup by will. 



The Common Room is under the Library, and contains some excellent por- 
traits, including a few of the past Provosts. In the inner Common Room is a 

Curious Picture by Vasari. A group of Ita- engraved from this picture, by Hierome Cock, 
lian writers — Boccaccio, Calvacanti, Dante, Fi- is known to be one of great rarity, 
cinus, Guido, Petrarch, and Politian. A print, 

Eminent Men. — Amongst the many noted students the following are well 
known — Dr. Samuel Wilberforce, late Bishop of Oxford, translated to Win- 
chester ; the well-known Archdeacon Denison, of Taunton, editor of the 
Church and State Review,' and the bitter opponent of Bishop Temple, of 
Exeter ; Hurrel Froude, the upholder of sacerdotalism ; Edward Bouverie 
Pusey (now Canon of Christ Church), thcj?ractarian leader ; Rev. J. H. 
Keble (more fully noticed under Corpus Christi College) ; Rev. J. H. New- 
man, a man of noble intellect and antique loftiness of soul, the " remarkable 
fugitive from the camp of Anglicanism" to the Roman Catholic Church, and 
now President of the Oratory, Birmingham, author of " Apologia pro Vita 
Sua" and the " Grammar of Assent," the work of life's eventide. The 
"Parting of Friends" was the title of his farewell discourse on leaving the 
English Church. The secret of his great influence with his pupils was 
described by one of the most gifted thus — " Newman never told us anything 
out of books — he always gave thoughts and feelings right out of his own head 
and heart. " He was the hope of the English Church. Archbishop Whately, 
of Dublin (see " St. Alban Hall ") ; Bishop Hampden, of Hereford, whose 
appointment to that see raised such a bitter controversy, and against whom 
the darts of the " Oriel Conspirators" (then so termed) were levelled. Dr. 
Hampden was an obstacle in the way, and it was determined to crush him. 
He was, in fact, the Dr. Temple of his day, and he suffered equally. He was 
appointed to Hereford in 1847, and held the bishopric for twenty years, dying 
in April, 1868. Charles Neate, M. A., late member for the City of Oxford ; 
Rev. J. W. Burgon, Vicar of St. Mary's, author of "Petra" and other 
poems ; the present Duke of Marlborough ; Matthew Arnold, Professor of 
Poetry in 1843, and author of " Cromwell," the Newdigate prize poem of that 
year ; the lamented Dr. Arnold, Master of Rugby School, the "fearless liberal," 
and foe of sacerdotalism ; George Edward Eyre, the Queen's printer (Eyre and 
Spottiswode) ; the Right Hon. Gathorne Hardy, M.P. for the University, 
who successfully contested the seat against the Premier, the Right Hon. W. E. 
Gladstone, M.P. for Greenwich ; Thomas Hughes, author of "Tom Brown's 
School Days," &c, M.P. for Frome ; the Right Hon. G. J. Goschen, M.P. 
for the City of London, and President of the Poor Law Board ; Sir E. W. 
Head, Governor of Canada, &c. — These are modern notabilities. The follow- 
ing are earlier men of mark : — Sir Walter Raleigh, attainted and condemned 



West Wing of Queen's College burnt, December 18, 1788. 



84 BISHOP KEN—ST. MAR Y HALL. 

for high treason in 1603, but not executed until 1618. Sir Walter was a 
great explorer, author of the " History of the World," the introducer of 
tobacco into England, and a poet of no mean degree, writing many quaint 
poems, &c. ; Lord Chief Justice Holt, of the Court of King's Bench, 
a position he held for twenty-two years ; Mr. John Day, author of a volume 
of sermons, entitled " Day's Dial," from the text, "Are there not twelve hours 
in the day ?"; Sir John Birkenhead, editor of the ' Mercurii Aulici,' a series 
of early news-sheets, and amanuensis to Archbishop Laud, knighted by 
Charles II. ; Prynne, the republican author of ''Histriomastix," &c. ; Robert 
Longlande, author of the "Vision of Pierce Plowman," an allegorical satire 
on the vices and follies of the fourteenth century, related under the similitude 
of a dream ; Alexander Barclay, a Benedictine monk, and author of the " Ship 
of Fools," a satire, under the allegory of a ship freighted with fools of all 
kinds ; Bishop Ken, author of those fine hymns, " Awake, my soul, and 
with the sun," and " Glory to Thee, my God, this night," the latter at first 
written "All praise to Thee, my God." The closing lines of this hymn, 
" Praise God from whom all blessings flow," Montgomery says, are "a mas- 
terpiece at once of amplification and compression — amplification in the 
burthen, " Praise God," repeated in each line ; compression, by exhibiting 
God as the object of praise in every view in which we can imagine praise due 
to Him." Taken altogether, Oriel College has sent forth as many, if not 
more, eminent men than any one of the Oxford foundations. Leaving Oriel 
College and its connections, the visitor next arrives at 

St. Mary Hall, the first in order of the University Halls. The first 
Principal was William Croten in 1436. The present is the Rev. Drummond 
Percy Chase, appointed in 1857. Forty-two Principals have been appointed 
since its foundation. The number of members on the books average about 
120. The Hall was the dwelling of Henry Kelpe, a citizen of Oxford, and 
was given by him to Mr. Peter, Rector of St. Mary's Church, for a manse. 
It was conveyed by Edward II. in 1325 to the Hall of St. Mary-the- Virgin, 
and in 1333 it was made an academical Hall. In the reign of Edward IV. it 
was enlarged by the addition of Bedell Hall, built in 1294, by Reynold de la 
Leigh. There was a similar dispute to that of Magdalen Hall, in respect to 
the appointment of a Principal, in 1365, but with a different result — the 
right of Oriel College to appoint the Principal being confirmed by arbitration. 
During the Protectorate, Thomas Cole, M.A., student of Christ Church, was 
appointed Oct. 15, 1656. He was, however, ejected by the king's com- 
missioners, as being -jnlawfully appointed, in 1660. He afterwards kept a 
school at Nettlebedfor youths of the Presbyterian and Independent denomi- 
nations. The Hall is entered from a passage, which takes the visitor into a 
quadrangle, very irregularly built. 

The Hall, in the south-east corner, built about 1640. This building was 
entirely remodelled in 1830, principally at the expense of Bishop Hampden, 
of Hereford. The east window contains figures of the ' ' Blessed Virgin and 
Infant Saviour," from a design by Raffaelle. The seal of the Hall bears a 
representation of these figures. The arms of the benefactors are also well 
executed in stained glass. There are several fine portraits on the walls. 

The Chapel is over the Hall, and was built about the same period. It 
was considerably improved is 1777 by a benefaction of Bishop Oswald, of 
Raphoe, Ireland. There is a singular epitaph on Dr. William Kong, written 
by himself, who was buried in Ealing Church, Middlesex, but who ordered 
his heart to be preserved in this Chapel, Amongst the 

Magdalen Tower caught Fire internally, 1810. Quickly extinguished. 



EMINENT MEN OF ST MAR Y HALL. 85 

Eminent Men educated in this Hall we find Dr. John Hunter, the cele- 
brated anatomist, who graduated here in 1753. His collection of anatomical 
specimens was purchased by Parliament for £15,000, being one of the most 
valuable gatherings ever made in that class of science — tracing nature from 
its meanest state to its highest form— man. Sir Thos. More, Sir Christopher 
Hatton, Thomas Cornish, titular Bishop of Tenos and Provost of Oriel ; 
Bishop Phillips, of Sodor and Man ; Bishop Oswald, of Clonfert, Dromore, 
and Raphoe ; Bishop Gray, of Bristol ; Hariot, the mathematician ; Bishop 
Rowlands, of Bangor, &c, were also educated here. Marchamont Needham, 
of Burford, Oxon, who entered All Souls' College at fourteen years of age, 
studied here also for some period. He is well known as editing the ' Mer- 
curius Britannicus,' 'Mercurius Pragmaticus,' and ' Mercurius Politicus,' 
early news sheets or papers, published in Oxford. He was imprisoned in 
Newgate, and in danger of losing his life for his change in principles. He 
was endowed with quick natural parts, and was a good poet and wit. He died 
suddenly in Devereux Court, near Temple Bar, London, in 1678, being 
buried in St. Clement Danes Church. On leaving St. Mary Hall, and pro- 
ceeding to the top of Oriel Street, the visitor will observe 

ESP St. Mary's Church nearly facing him. This is one of the principal 
ornaments of the city, and is the church used by the University. It is dedicated to 
the Virgin Mary. The patronage of the living is vested in Oriel College, but 
it is only of small value. The population (of the parish about 400. The 
Bampton Lectures, appointed University Sermons, &c.,are preached in St. Mary's, 
at 10.30 a.m. and 2 p.m. on Sundays. The parochial services follow in Term. 
The Church consists of a spacious nave, 94ft. by 54ft. } including the side aisles, its 
height being 70 ft., side aisles, 50 ft, ; chancel 64 ft. by 24 ft., and the height of 
the spire from the ground is 207 ft. " St. Mary's, with symmetric pride," swells 
into glory with beautiful effect on a bright moonlight evening, when the radi- 
ance falling upon the church is exquisite. Tradition says that this Church 
was originally built by King Alfred, for the use of the scholars studying at the 
University. In the Domesday Book it is mentioned as royal property. The 
Domesday Book is preserved in the Chapter-house of Westminster; and its re- 
cords were first deposited in one of the crypts of Winchester Cathedral, called, it 
is said, the JDomus Dei, whence the name " Domus Dei Book," perverted into 
"Domesday Book;" but Ingulph, Abbot of Croyland, remarks it was called 
" Domesday Book" from " its resembling the last judgment in its universality 
and completeness." The Church has been dedicated twice, — at its foundation, 
and in 1139. The edifice now standing was nearly all rebuilt at the latter end 
of the fifteenth and commencement of the sixteenth centuries, and the Chancel 
is a remnant of the work of Walter Lyhert, or Le Hart, Provost of Oriel College, 
and afterwards Bishop of Norwich. He died in 1472, and the date of the 
chancel is supposed to be about 1460. The Tower and Spire were erected in 
the year 1300 (as closely computed), and completed in the reign of Edward II. 
The work was under the superintendence of Adam de Brom, founder of Oriel 
College. The panels and gables of the pinnacles are adorned with the pome- 
granate in great profusion, doubtless in honour of the mother of Edward II., 
Eleanor of Castile. The Tower is surrounded by groups of niches, canopies, and 
pinnacles, springing from angle-buttresses, and each niche contains a statue, 
eight feet in height. These groups are so arranged and proportioned as to form 
a pyramidal figure, surmounted by the spire. Towards the rebuilding of the 
principal portion of the edifice in the reign of Henry VII. several benefactions 
were given by royalty, noblemen, and dignitaries of the Church. The King gave 

Old Magdalen Hall (adjoining Magdalen College) destroyed by Fire, 1820. 



86 ST. MARY'S CHURCH. 

the timber of forty oaks. Sir Reginald Bray, High Steward of the University, 
■was the architect. The interior of the church was restored in ] 827-8, after de- 
signs by Mr. Thomas Plowman, who did not live to see his work completed, 
dying but a few days, however, before its termination. The font of the church 
is also a specimen of his work. The exterior of the building was restored in 
1862 by Mr. George Gilbert Scott, who continued the panelled parapet from 
the remains of that existing upon the porch. The restoration occupied four years. 



Au Illuminated Window, in memory of the 
late Rev. Isaac Williams, formerly Curate of 
the Church, was erected in June, 1870, by 
Messrs. Clayton and Bell, of London. It is the 
one next the Virgin Porch. The four Evan- 
gelists, SS. Ambrose, Augustine, Gregory, and 
Jerome, form the principal features, the smaller 



traceries being occupied by angels and suitable 
emblems. 

A Music Bell, cast by Newcombe, of Leices- 
ter, in 1612, hangs in the tower. It is chiefly 
remarkable for the notes of a musical compo- 
sition stamped around its shoulders. ]S T ew- 
combe cast many similar beils. 



The Remarkable Pokch is attractive to the visitor. The style is Italian, 
and it was erected in 1637 at the expense of Dr. Morgan Owen, chaplain to 
Archbishop Laud. Owen was afterwards Bishop of Llandaff. The twisted 
columns, together with the Virgin Mary with the child Jesus in her arms, hold- 
ing a small crucifix, in the minds of the Puritans, savoured strongly of Romanism, 
and its erection was attributed to Archbishop Laud. At the trial of that pre- 
late the building of this porch formed one of the items of his impeachment. 

The Vice-Chancellor's Throne and the stalls of the University Dignitaries, 
when filled with their occupants ia their robes, scarlet preponderating, is a 
striking spectacle, which the visitor, if possible, should witness. One old writer 
remarks that, in 1695, " all the services were sung, accompanied with violins and 
harpsichords," winning the " admiration" of Mr. Pepys, but plain people thought 
it " very like Popery." 

The Old Congregation House, attached to the north-east end of the Church, 
is deserving inspection. A deed of 1201 speaks of this " House of Congregation f* 
and in the Tower of London, among the Patent Rolls, is preserved a confirmation 
of the original use of this building for the congregation of all the scholars of the 
University. Congregation House is supposed to have been erected during the 
time of Edward I. The chamber over is still used for academical purposes, for 
in it the Vinerian Professor of Law reads his lectures. The lower part, from 
whence the Chancellor used to issue his decrees, now forms a 

Chapel for tbe Unattached Students recently admitted to the privi- 
leges of the University. In 1367 the first University Library was inaugurated 
in the upper rooms. It was added to in 1409, and named after Thomas Cobham, 
Bishop of Worcester. 

Cranmer was.brought into St. Mary's Church to proclaim his adhesion to the 
Romish faith, on the morning of his martyrdom (March, 1556). Instead of his ad- 
herence being confirmed, he boldly repudiated all he had said in favour of Romish 
assumption, as being " contrary to the truth ;" adding, "As for the Pope, I refuse 
him as Anti-Christ ! " Murmurs of discontent arose at such boldness. Cranmer 
faltered not. Then followed great uproar, the preacher shouting, " Stop the 
heretic's mouth ! " And then— from the church to the stake. 

Several noted persons have been interred in St. Mary, Church, including— 
Adam de Brom, founder of Oriel College ; Dr. Badcliffe, founder of the Rad- 
chffe Library, buried Dec. 3, 1714, at the base of the organ loft. In 1819 Dr. 
Radchffe's coffin was accidentally discovered whilst some alterations were being 
made. It was deposited under the pavement, and there was no stone or tablet 
to mark the spot where this munificent benefactor to the University was buried. 
Since then an inscription has been placed in the church. John Nixon, founder of 



Oxford Post Office, High Street, destroyed by Fire, 1842. 



JOHN NIXON— BAMPTON LECTURES. 87 

the Freemen's School. Over Nixon's grave was placed a flat tombstone, on which 
was written the following inscription : — 
" John Nixon, Alderman of this City, ended that race he 73 years had ran, in April 1662 : 



Far greater bounties were dispersed, unknown. 
May many more this worthy pattern eye, 
A fair good copie for posteritie ! " 



No merits he 
Owned but Christ's ; yet by its fruit the tree 
Is to be known : Twice twenty free school boys 
Immortalise his name ; and, with less noise, 

Amy Robsart, the unhappy wife of the Earl of Leicester, was buried at the west 
door. Her body was brought to Oxford from Cuinnor Hall, about four miles to 
the south-west of the city. It is averred that she was brutally murdered by 
direction of her husband. Sir Walter Scott's details of Amy's history, in his 
romance of ''Kenilworth," are said to have been founded on the fact that, when 
Dr. Babington (the Earl of Leicester's chaplain) was ordered to preach her fune- 
ral sermon in St, Mary's, he was so nervous that " he thrice recommended to men's 
memories that virtuous lady so pitifully' murdered,' instead of saying so pitifully 
f slain.' " This statement fixed the half belief then existing as to the manner in 
which the unfortunate lady met her death, and it has never been eradicated. Near 
the west end is a monumental tablet to Sir William Jones, by Elaxman. 

In July, 1834, Dr. J. H. Newman, then Vicar of the church, refused to marry 
a lady of the parish because she was a Baptist, and therefore not baptized 
according to the rites of the Established Church. Curious to note that Dr. New- 
man was rebaptized when he joined the Church of Rome. 

The Bampton Lectures. These lectures were founded by the Rev. John Bampton, M.A., 
Trinity College, a Canon of Salisbury Cathedral, who dierl in 1 751. The bequest did not take effect 
until eighteen years after the testator's death, viz. in 1779; the first lecturer being then chosen. 
The value to the lecturer is £200. The lectures must be delivered by graduates of Oxford and 
Cambridge— not less than M. A. in degree, and they can be chosen but once. The lectures are 
eight in number, preached on successive Sunday mornings in Term, "between the commence- 
ment of the last month in Lent term, and the end of the third week in Act Term ; " and must be 
upon the following subjects :— 

(1) To confirm and establish the Christian Faith, and to confute all heretics and schismatics. 

(2) The Divine Authority of the Holy Scriptures. 

(3) The Authority of the Writings of the Primitive Fathers, as to the Faith and Practice" of the 

Primitive Church. 

(4) The Divinity of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. 

(5) The Divinity of the Holy Gho?t. 

(6) The Articles of the Christian Faith, as comprehended in the Apostles' and Nicene Creeds. 
Thirty copies of the Sermons have to be printed within two months after being preached, and 

presentations made of one copy each to the Chancellor of the University, Heads of Colleges, the 
Mayor of Oxford, and the Bodleian Library. Failure of these stipulations causes the loss of the 
benefaction. The Church is generally crowded upon these occasions, especially if the lecturer be 
of note. The discourse usually lasts about an hour. There is no regular service before the 
delivery of the Sermon: a hymn only being sung, and the " Bidding Prayer" offered up, closing 
with the Lord's Prayer. The quaintness, piety, and simplicity of the " Bidding Prayer," is very 
striking. Amongst those who have preached the " Bamptons" have been Dr. Bandinel (the first 
series), the following year after chosen — 1780, his subject was the " Peculiar Doctrines of Christi- 
anity:" Reginald Heber; Dean Stanley; the late Dean Milman ; Faber, the late Father of the 
Oratory, Brompton ; Whately, the late Archbishop of Dublin ; Hawkins, Provost of Oriel ; 
Shirley, late Bishop of Sodor and Man, who let the responsibility of the work rest so much upon 
his mind, that it hastened, undoubtedly, his death; Hampden, late Bishop of Hereford ; Canon 
Liddon, of St. Paul's Cathedral who is supposed to be the most striking and impressive modern 
preacher of the Established Church ; Rawlinson ; Moberly, Bishop of Salisbury ; Wilberforce, the 
Bishop of Winchester, translated from Oxford, was to have taken them in 1841, but the death of 
the Bishop's wife suspended their delivery, &c. Tn 1833 no appointment was made, nor yet in 
the following year ; this was to enable the estate from which the lecturers were paid to recover 
some incumbrances. 

Some very strange and eccentric men have preached in St. Mary's Church, — 
notably, Dr. Tatham, Rector of Lincoln College, who preached nearly three 
hours upon one occasion, to prove that the disputed verse of the First Epistle of 
St. John was genuine, (" There are three that bear witness," &c). Although so 
long in delivery, the congregation stayed it out, struck by the peculiar admix- 
ture of bigotry, coarseness, and learning exhibited. The discourse concluded, 

The " Saddlers' Arms" Public House, Turl Street, burnt down, January, 1865. 



88 RADCLIFFE LIBRARY— DR. RADCLIFFE. 

"I leave the subject to be followed up by the c lamed' bench of bishops, who 
have little to do, and do not always do that little !" Dr. Kettel, of Trinity Col- 
lege and Kettel Hall, closed his discourse once thus, "But now I see it is time 
for me to shut up my book, for I see the doctors' men come in, wiping of their 
beards, from the alehouse !" Aubrey vouches the truth of this by saying, " He 
could plainly see them (from the pulpit) ; and it was their custom to go there 
in service-time, and about the end of the sermon to return to wait upon their 
masters." The " Character of Abraham" was the subject of one " star," who 
thus divided his subjects : (1), Abraham as a Patriarch ; (2), as the Father of 
the Faithful ; (3), as a Country Gentleman ! In 1563, through the scarcity of 
University preachers, laymen frequently discoursed from the pulpit. Richard 
Taverner, Esq., of Woodeaton, when High Sheriff of the county, edified a con- 
gregation by commencing, '• Arriving at the mount of St. Mary's in the 'stony 
stage,' where I now stand, I have brought you some fyne bisk^tts baked in the 
oven of charitie, carefully conserved for the chickens of the church, the sparrows 
of the spirit, and the sweet swallows of salvation." The ' stony stage' referred to 
the finely carved ashlar stone pulpit, then standing on the south side of the 
body of the Church. It was removed during the Protectorate (1654), and a 
plain wooden one substituted. John Wesley preached a sermon, " smacking of 
treason," on June 16, 1734. The Rev. H. B. Bulteel, who seceded from the 
Churca. of England into a Strict Baptist Church (see pp. 14-15), preached a re- 
markable discourse in St. Mary's, on Feb. 6, 183 L : "Now we have received the 
Spirit, which is of God." The Rev. J. H. Newman, of the Oratory, Birmingham, 
was Vicar of St. Mary's from 1834-43. Leaving the Church by the north door, 
the visitor enters 

Radcliffe Square, containing several buildings, noticed in detail. Horace 
Walpole says that " The assemblage of Vuildings in this quarter, though no 
single one is beautiful, always struck me with a singular pleasure, as it conveys 
such a vision of edifices, unbroken by private houses, as the mind is apt to en- 
tertain of renowned cities that exist no longer." Here are gathered the Radcliffe 
Library (centre) the Bodleian Library (north side), Brasenose College (west side), 
All Souls' College Library (east side), and St. Mary's Church (south side). The 
Square was formerly occupied by narrow lanes and ruinous tenements. The 
schools were so numerous that the name of " School Street" was given to the 
avenue which led from the High-street up this thoroughfare. In 1400, Antony 
a Wood says there were thirty-two schools, halls, hostels (or inns) in this street. 
In the centre stands 

6^" The Radcliffe Library, "pile of age- worn majesty," now known as 
Camera Bodleiana, founded in 1737, at a cost of £40,000, by the eminent 
physician to William III., and Queen Anne, Dr. Radcliffe. He also left three 
other sums in connection with the Library: £150 for librarian's salary, £100 for 
the purchase of books yearly, and £100 for repairs. In addition he left £5,000 
for University College to build new buildings, £1,100 for increasing their ex- 
hibitions, and £600 for founding two travelling fellowships for ever, and other 
benefactions. Radcliffe was born at Wakefield, in Yorkshire, in 1650. He en- 
tered University College at the age of fifteen. He took his B.A. at nineteen, 
B.M. in 1675, M.D. in 1682; practising his vocation in Oxford for two years, 
removing to London in 1684. He rose rapidly in public estimation, making as 
much as twenty guineas a day often. He once received a fee of 1,000 guineas 
from Queen Mary, consort of William III., and £1,200 from William himself. 
He represented the town of Buckingham in Parliament for two years, and died 
at Carshalton, Surrey, Nov. 1, 1714, and was buried in St. Mary's Church, Oxford, 

Some Danes, seeking refuge in St. Frideswide Monastery, burnt to death, 1016. 



THE CAMERA BODLEIANA. 89 

in the following month. When Dr. Bathurst visited Dr. Radcliffe at his rooms 
on one occasion, he enquired of Radcliffe, where his lihrary was. Radcliffe pointed 
to a few phials, a skeleton, and a herbal, and exclaimed with emphasis — "There, 
sir, is Radcliffe's Library !" He appeared to have a remarkable gift in fore- 
telling the hour of death — instanced in the cases of the young Duke of Gloucester, 
the Marquis of Blandford, the Duke of Beaufort, Prince George of Denmark, and 
his own, in each of which he predicted death at a certain time, and such was the 
effect in every case. The Radcliffe Library forms quite a contrast to the other 
architectural buildings of Oxford. It was designed by James Gibbs, F.R.S., 
who superintended the works, which occupied a space of twelve years : the 
foundation-stone being laid May 17, 1737, and the building opened April 13, 
1749. It was at first named the "Physic Library" being intended chiefly for 
the study of natural science ; but in 1861 the books on " Natural Science," &c. 
(above 20,000) were removed to the University Museum in the Parks, and the 
Radcliffe Library was renamed the Camera Bodleiana, and is now devoted to 
the purpose of a reading-room. The magazines, reviews, &c, are arranged in 
classes for the use of the readers. The building is fireproof, and well lighted 
with gas, being opened from 10 a.m. till 10 p.m. Civilians require an order from 
a Master of Arts before they can gain admission to its privileges. The height of 
the building from the ground is 140 feet. The basement forms a polygon of 
sixteen sides, and it is 100 feet in diameter. The whole is surmounted by a 
noble cupola or dome, finished by a lantern, forming a conspicuous figure in the 
University buildings when viewed from all points. The northern entrance leads 
visitors direct into the reading-room by ascending a light well-designed staircase, 
at the top of which stands a bust of the founder by Rysbrach, and over the door- 
way his portrait, (supposed to be the only original one) by Sir Godfrey Kneller. 
The elegance of the room, beauty of proportion, and tasteful decoration, have 
called forth general approval. The height of the dome from the floor of this 
room is 46ft. Amongst the many fine casts ornamenting the room, may be men- 
tioned those of Alexander, Antinous, Apollo Belvidere, Bacchante, Clytie (or Isis), 
Cupid, Diana and Fawn, Diana robing, Discobolus, Fighting Gladiator, Homer, 
Niobe, the Boxers, the Laocoon, the Townley Venus, &c. ; marble busts of iEscu- 
lapius, Apollo Belvidere, Aristotle, Galen, Hippocrates, Isis, and Pliny ; the 
Warwick vase, &c, presented by J. S. and P. B. Duncan, Esqrs., New Col- 
lege. The latter gentleman also gave a fine wax model of the "Death of Count 
Ugolino and his Four Children," by Michael Angelo, brought from Italy. The 
two beautiful Roman Candelabra, found at Tivoli in the ruins of the Emperor 
Adrian's palace, were presented by Sir Roger Newdigate, Bart. Busts of Gibbs 
(the architect), Baron Cuvier, &c, are likewise in the room. In cases under the 
gallery are deposited 

The Corsi Marbles, 1,000 in number, the gift a Library of Natural History, by the late "Rev. 

of Stephen Gerard, Esq. Frederick William Hope, M. A. ,and Hon. D. O. L. , 

The Hope Collection of Engraved Portraits, formerly of Ch. Ch. The Entomological Col- 
some thousands in number, is likewise depo- lection, &c. , is in the Parks Museum, and no- 
sited here. They were bequeathed to the Uni- ticed in its proper order, 
versity with an Entomological Collection, and 

In the Library are also about 50,000 volumes of the Bodleian collection. 
The Librarian, who must be an M.A. at least, is elected by the Archbishop 
of Canterbury, the Bishops of London and Winchester, the two principal 
Secretaries of State, the Lord Chancellor, the Chancellor of the University, the 
Chief Justices, the Master of the Rolls, or the majority of them. On June 14, 
1814, the Prince Regent, the Allied Sovereigns, and a large number of noblemen 
and dignitaries of the University, amounting to about 200, partook of a sump- 
Johanna Meade burnt to death, without the North Gate, for poisoning her husband, May, 1723. 



90 BRASENOSE COLLEGE— BISHOP SMYTH. 

tuous banquet in this room. In 1847, when the British Association held its 
meeting in the city, the evening gatherings and conversaziones were held in the 
Library. Before quitting the building, the visitor should 

" Ascend the Radcliffe's darkly winding coil | Of countless steps, nor murmur at the task," 
and he will be amply repaid by the splendid 

Panoramic View of Oxford obtained from the summit. The fee for the 
inspection ot, the Library and ascent is threepence, The present Radcliffe 
Librarian is H. W. Acland, D.M., Christ Church, Regius and Clinical Professor 
of Medicine. On the left hand, or west side of the Radcliffe Library, stands 

Brasenose College, or, as the charter, dated Jan. 15, 1512, entitles it, 
" The King's Hall, and College of Brasenose." It stands the eleventh founda- 
tion in numerical order. The founders were William Smyth, (Bishop of Lincoln), 
and Sir Richard Sutton, (Privy Councillor in 1498). The foundation-stone was 
laid June 1, 1509, the first year of King Henry the Eighth's reign, and the 
college was devised " for the study of Philosophy and Sacred Theology, to the 
praise and honour of Almighty God," in which a Principal and sixty Scholars 
were to be instructed. In 1521, however, this constitution was changed into 
a Principal and twelve Fellows. The present foundation consists of a Principal, 
twenty Fellows, twenty-six Scholars, and eighteen Exhibitioners. Is early 500 
members have their names on the College-books, but four-fifths of these are non- 
resident. The first Principal was Matthew Smyth, elected in 1510; the present 
is the Rev. Edward Hartopp Cradock, D.D., 1853. Twenty-one Principals have 
been elected since the foundation. The college holds the right of presentation 
to twenty livings, exclusive of three others, of which one is given alternately 
with St. John's College, Cambridge ; to the second it has every fourth presenta- 
tion ; and to the third it nominates, the Dean and Chapter of Windsor pre- 
senting. In addition, there is the patronage of twenty-eight livings in the gift 
of Mr. Hulme's trustees. To these presentations it is needed that the holder 
should be, or have been, a Hulme Exhibitioner. These Exhibitions were founded 
in 1691, by William Hulme, Esq., of Kearsley, Lancaster. Bishop Smyth, one 
of the founders, was the fourth son of Robert Smyth, of Prescott, Lancashire. 
He was educated at Oxford ; and was Dean of Westminster, Bishop of Lichfield 
and Coventry, Bishop of Lincoln in 1495, which he held unto his death in 1514. 
In 1500 he was Chancellor of the University. Sir Richard Sutton, his co-founder, 
was of Sutton, near Macclesfield, Cheshire. He was a lawyer, governor of the 
Inner Temple, London, and Steward to the Monastery of Sion, publishing a 
splendid work, entitled, the " Oicharde of Syon." His will is dated 1524. The 
College stands upon the sight of eight ancient halls, of which one was Brasenose 
Hall, perpetuated in the name of the foundation. The origin of its peculiar 
name has been the cause of much controversy, although now, we believe, effec- 
tually settled, The error of its being named from a " brazen-nose," still at- 
tached to the upper part of the outer gate, arises from its connection with 
a college at Stamford, to which a portion of the students removed, on the 
occasion of a disagreeable occurrence at Oxford, when the iron ring of a knocker 
was fixed in a nose of brass (a rebus on the College name). The real derivation 
of the term is from brausenhaus or brasenhaus, a brewery, supposed to have been 
attached to Little University Hall, founded by King Alfred, occupying the 
north-east angle, near Brasenose Lane. Brasenose Hall stood upon the site of 
the present entrance-gateway. The present buildings will, in the course of 
a few years, be largely extended from their present termination, around the 
corner into the High Street (when the lease of the property reverts) to the 
President's lodgings. The College is approached through an 

John Nixon, Founder of the Oxford Freemen's School, died April, 1662. 



BRASENOSE HALL AND LLBRARY. 91 

Entrance-Gateway, recently restored, which takes the visitor into the 

Great Quadrangle, in the centre of which is a noble grass-plot. Hearne, 
the antiquary, notices this under date Oct. 25, 1727 — " Brasenose College. — 
Last week they cut down the fine pleasant garden in the college quadrangle, 
which was not only a great ornament to it, and was agreeable to the quadrangle 
of our old monasteries, but was a delightful and pleasant shade in summer time ; 
and made the rooms in hot seasons much cooler than they otherwise would have 
been. This was done by the direction of the Principal and some others, purely 
to turn it into a grass-plot, and erect some silly statue there." The 

Group of Statuary stands in the centre. It represents two figures in 
violent contest, and is said to be the work of Gerard Hoet. It has been named 
" Cain and Abel," and " Samson slaying the Philistine with the jawbone of an 
ass." The latter is probably the correct title. The authorities who name it 
" Cain and Abel," cite Shakspeare's Hamlet, to justify their assertion : " How 
the knaves jowl it to the ground, as if it were Cain's jawbone that did the first 
murder." It was purchased in London by Dr. George Clarke, B.A. of the 
College, in 1679. He was afterwards Fellow of All Souls' for fifty-six years, 
and represented the University in Parliament four times, in 1685, 171 7, 1721, 
and 1724. He was Secretary for War for Ireland, to William III., Secretary 
in England for George, Prince of Denmark, and Lord of the Admiralty to the 
end of the reign of Queen Anne. He also benefitted the foundation of All 
Souls' considerably ; and was the principal architect of the new part of Wor- 
cester College in 1714, to the library of whiEh he gave a considerable number 
of books. He died Dec. 24, 1736, and wag buried in the Ante-Chapel of All 
Souls' College, where there is a monument to his memory, with a Greek in- 
scription, " God be merciful to me a sinner." 

TaE Hall is on the south side, entered from a curious hollow porch, over 
which are busts of King Alfred and Johannes Erigena, Reader in Logic, 
Arithmetic, and Music, in Little University Hall, and of whom King Alfred was 
a pupil. His works, entitled "De Naturis/' were printed at the University 
Press, in 1681, at that time located in the upper part of the Sheldonian Theatre. 
The windows of the Hall are adorned with the arms of the founders and bene- 
factors illuminated, and the Royal Arms carved in the oak. The fireplace, 
ample in size, was presented in 1760, by Ashton Curzon, D.C.L., of this college. 
Previously to this, the Hall was warmed by a fire made on the hearth in the 
centre, a practice kept in use in this College later than in any other. Sur- 
rounding this refectory are some fine portraits, including those of the Founders, 
King Alfred, Mrs. Joyce Frankland, who resided at the Rye House, Herts, 
famous for the noted " Rye House Plot" (she is represented with a watch in 
her hand, and is said to be the first English lady that carried one) ; Burton, 
author of the " Anatomy of Melancholy," afterwards of Ch. Ch., and Vicar of 
St. Thomas ; Lord Chancellor Ellesmere ; Dean Nowell, of St. Paul's, London ; 
Dr. Samuel Radcliffe, Principal, who was forcibly ejected from the College by the 
Parliament of the seventeenth century ; and several others. 

The Libkaky and the Chapel are in the inner quadrangle. These were 
said to have been fitted up and designed by Sir Christopher Wren in 1663. T| 

The Library was built when the College was first opened. Mr.Wyatt re- 
modelled the Library in 1780. There are some valuable books and manuscripts 
contained in the Library, including : — 



Archbishop Parker's Metrical Version of the 
Psalms, with the music composed for them by 
Thomas Tallis. the famous organist and com- 
poser. Also some rare copies of 



Nowell's Catechism, edited afterwards by 
Dr. Jacobson, Regius Professor of Divinity, and 
Bishop of Chester. 

An Old French Poem, written about the mid- 



John Somers's Calendar, or Almanack, written at Oxford, 1380. 



92 EMINENT MEN OF BRASENOSE. 



die of the fourteenth century, by the herald of 
Edward the Black Prince. His achievements 
are related in uncouth verse. At the upper 
end of the Library is a fine 

Bust of Lord Grenville, Chancellor of the 
University in 1809, which post he obtained after 



a severe contest with Lord Eldon and Earl Beau- 
fort. The numbers were— Grenville, 406 ; El- 
don, 393; Beaufort, 233. Contests for this posi- 
tion are now very rare. There is likewise a 

Bust of Bishop Kaye, of Bristol and Lincoln, 
by Chantrey. 

The custom of ' chaining books' to the shelves and desks was retained in this 
Library until 1780, a later year than in any other Library. 

The Chapel adjoining, was completed in 1666, being consecrated by Bishop 
Blandford, on Nov. 17, in that year. It is a small building, 52ft. by 26ft. 
The first stone was laid ten years previously, June 26, 1656. It is dedicated to 
SS. Hugh and Chad. The fan-work of the roof shews the genius of Sir Chris- 
topher Wren, and his ingenuity is shewn still more by the way in which he 
has brought in a portion of the older roof of oak formerly belonging to St. Mary's 
College, in New-Ion- Hall Lane. The windows are Gothic, the east window 
being a really elegant specimen of that order. A remarkable effect may be 
observed on a summer evening when viewed from RadclifFe Square, the sun being 
level with the west window shines directly through the whole length of the 
chapel, brilliantly lighting up the stained glass of the east window. The east 
end of the chapel roof is richly decorated in the Grecian style. In 1860 the roof 
was richly painted in the mediaeval pattern. There has recently been added 

The Robektson Memorial Window, in remembrance of the Rev. F. W. 
Robertson, of this college, curate of St. Ebbe's Church in this city, and after- 
wards Perpetual Curate of Trinity Chapel, Brighton. He died in 1853. (See 
" St. Ebbe's Church.") The window of the ante-chapel, painted by Pearson 
in 1770, was the gift of Dr. Crawley, Principal'. It represents " Our Saviour 
and the Four Evangelists," after a design by Mortimer, and formerly was the 
east window of the chapel. The east window is now filled with an illuminated 
medallion by the Messrs. Hardman, of Birmingham, representing the principal 
events in " Our Lord's Passion." It is far better in design and execution than 
the generality of painted glass. Under the west window is "The Entombing 
of Christ," attributed to the pencil of Spagnoletti. The Sacramental Plate 
dates from 1608 ; the candlesticks of the communion ^able are of silver-gilt, 
dated 1677. The noble brass eagle Lectern was given by T. L. Dummer, Esq., 
of Swathling, Hants, in 1731. 

The Monuments in the Ante-Chapel comprise, amongst others, one to 
the memory of President Shippen, died 1745 ; the bust is a good likeness. 
Dr. William Cleaver, editor of the splendid edition of Homer, printed in Oxford 
for the Grenville family. He was successively Bishop of Chester (1788), 
Bangor (1800), and St. Asaph (1806), and Principal of Brasenose from 1785 — 
1809. He died in 1815. The monument is by Bacon. Dr. Hodson, Principal, 
by Manning. Rev. Hugh Cholmondeley, Dean of Chester, by Chantrey. Rev. 
James Smith, Vice-Principal, died Oct. 1838, erected by the students of the 
College. Figures of a Commoner and Bachelor of Arts, in their academical 
costume, are on the monument. Over the common-room door in the first quad- 
rangle of the College is the 

Original Foundation Stone, bearing the following inscription : — 
"Anno Xti, 1509, et Reg. Hen. 8, pro nomine divino Lyncoln prsesul, quoque Sutton, hanc 
posuere petram regis ad imperium." 

Eminent Men : Bishop Miles, of Gloucester, one of the English Bible trans- 
lators. John Foxe, author of the " Book of Martyrs," afterwards of Magdalen 
College. Elias Ashmole, founded the Ashmolean Museum ; entered Brasenose 
late in life (Nov. 8, 1669). Robert Burton, author of the "Anatomy of Melan- 
choly." William Burton, his brother, historian of Leicestershire. Reginald 

Jews' Synagogue reopened in Oxford, after eighteen years' lapse, 1870. 



REGINALD HEBER—DEAN MILMAN. 93 

Heber, Bishop of Calcutta, 1 823 ; author of several favourite hymns, including 
"From Greenland's icy mountains," "Lord of mercy and of mighr," the in- 
spiring doxolgy " Holy, holy, holy, Lord God Almighty," &c. He gained the 
Newdigate Prize with his poem of "Palestine," in 1803, and the English 
Prize Essay, in 1806. He attracted universal admiration for the able de- 
clamation of his poem in the Sheldonian Theatre, (see " Sheldonian Theatre") ; 
and so highly was it thought of, that Dr. Crotch set it to music, and re- 
produced it at the Commemoration, in 1820. Heber's room was on the ground- 
floor, on the right of No. 4 staircase ; and it is visited by many who cherish 
recollections of "gentle Reginald." Ralph Radcliffe, author of a play en- 
titled " The Battle of the Noun and Verb," and many others, principally on 
sacred subjects. Hugh Curwen, the second Bishop of Oxford (1567), translated 
by his own request, from the Archbishopric of Dublin. Dr. Caldwell, the learned 
President of the College of Physicians. Barnaby Barnes, poet; author of 
" Parthenophet," &c. Bishop Barnes, of Durham, father of the poet. Sir 
John Spelman, author of the " Life of Alfred the Great." Robert Boulton, the 
eloquent preacher, of Broughton, Northamptonshire. Rev. F. W. Robertson, M. A., 
of Oxford and Brighton, whose reputation as a "preacher of depth and power," 
is world-wide. The Right Rev. Dr. Ashhurst Turner Gilbert, the 90th Bishop 
of Chichester, died 1 870. Bishop Alexander, of Derry and Raphoe, formerly 
Dean of Emly, author of the Prize Sacred Poem, lb 60, and several other 
poetical pieces. The eminent historian and, poet, the Very Kev. Henry Hart 
Milman, Dean of St. Paul's Cathedral ; born Feb. 10, 1791 ; Vicar of St. Mary's, 
Reading; Canon of Westminster, (1849.) ne gained the Newdigate Prize in 
1812 ; subject, " The Apollo Belvidere," in which occurs the line so much ques- 
tioned as to its correctness : " Heard ye the arrow hurtle in the sky ;" the word 
hurtle signifying to " strike against anything, to jostle, to skirmish." In the 
same year he took the prize for Latin Verse, "Alexander's Visit to the Tomb 
of Achilles ;" and in 1815 he took both the Chancellor's prizes for the English 
and Latin Essays. In 1821 he gained the position of Professor of Poetry in 
Oxford. This was secured, doubtless, to a great extent, by his poem, published 
in 1820, entitled " The Fall of Jerusalem," which passed through several 
editions. He also wrote the poems of " Samor, Lord of the Bright City," an 
epic in twelve books), the "Martyr of Antioch," "Anne Boleyn," "Belshazzar," 
&c. The tragedy of " Fario ; or, the Italian Wife," was from his prolific pen, 
and was produced at Covent Garden Theatre, the heroine being sustained by 
the popular actress, Miss O'Neill. He delivered the Bampton Lectures in 
1827, on " The Conduct and Character of the Apostles." His reputation as an 
historian rests principally upon his "History of Latin Christianity," in six 
volumes. In this history was shewn deep research and thorough knowledge of 
the subject, and the work has consequently become a standard one. The Dean's 
latest production was the "Annals of St. Paul's," published a year or two before 
his death. The " History of the Jews," issued by Mr. Murray some forty years 
since, came from the Dean's pen. It has been remarked truly that as "an 
historian, a theologian, and a poet, Dean Milman united the elegant and refined 
scholarship, and the cultivated taste of the older type of English learning with 
the bolder and more searching spirit of modern criticism ;" and "there was some- 
thing very venerable in his age and his wonderful store of knowledge upon all 
subjects." Milman's " History of the Latin Church," is the Christian's view : 
Gibbon, on the contrary, takes the sceptic's view. Milman's " History " takes 
away that reproach so stingingly uttered by a great Roman Catholic theologian 
some years back, that " Gibbon was the only ecclesiastical writer English lite- 

Dr. Radcliffe, founder of the Radcliffe Library, buried Dec. 3, 1714. 



94 THE SCHOOLS— EXAMINATIONS. 

rature had produced." Dean Milman died in 1869. Taking a farewell of the 
" King's Hall and College of Brasenose," the visitor proceeds a few steps to the 
north, arid the quadrangle of 

The Schools is entered. These were built for the convenience of the students' 
for conducting examinations, &c. Thomas Hooknorton, Abbot of Osney Abbey, 
was the first to suggest and form schools of this character as early as the year 
1439, but these were allowed to decay, and in 1540 but two were in use, the rest 
being used by "glovers and laundresses." In 1554 the present site was granted 
for ever by the Dean and Canons of Christ Church, into whose hands the pro- 
perty had passed upon the dissolution of the monastic establishments in 1546. 
The years 1557-8 saw the Schools repaired and restored under the direction of 
Dr. Thomas Rainhohls, Commissary, or Vice-Chancellor, of the University. In 
1611-12, Sir Thomas Bodley matured and formed the present plan, shortly after 
he had established his library. In this he had the help of Sir John Benet and 
others. Six years was occupied in the building, the munificent sum of £4,500, 
in addition to Sir Thomas Bodley's gift, being expended upon the erection. Sir 
Thomas died in 1612, five years before the design was completed. The first 
stone was laid the day after his burial. The architect was Thomas Holt, of 
York, who died Sept. 9, 1624, and was buried in Holywell Churchyard. In the 
Schools Quadrangle will be found the Divinity School, the Music School, the 
Bodleian Library, Picture Gallery, &c. The principal front (facing Magdalen 
Hall) is massive and sedate, 175ft. in length, and the entrance from Catherine 
Street is under the massive groined gateway, over which rises a lofty square 
tower of five storeys. The part facing the Bodleian Library entrance, displays 
five orders of architecture, and is known as the " Five Orders Gate." In the 
Corinthian compartment is introduced a statue of James I. on his throne, present- 
ing copies of his works to Fame and the University, Fame is sounding her 
trumpet, and the other figures are emblematic of Justice, Peace, and Plenty. 
Four rooms over the gateway form part of the Picture Gallery and Library, and 
the muniment room of the University, in which are deposited its archives and 
documents. The fourth room was once used as an astronomical department, but 
is now incorporated into the Library. 

The Examinations are conducted in a portion of the Schools and in the Sheldonian The - 
atre. The candidates for honours sit at small deal tables, or benches, and the Examiners are very 
acute in watching the Students to prevent what is called " cribbing." When the viva voce comes 
on, each candidate approaches a table covered with green baize, at which are two Examiners, who 
request him to sit down. This he does, looking nervously around at his friends, and then begins 
the " Examination by Question." Of course, blunders are made, and many anecdotes are rife re- 
specting these, some being, without doubt, pure invention. Instance the following : Examiner — 
*' What can you tell me about St. Paul?" Undergraduate— " He was also called Saul, and was 
brought up at the feet of Gamaliel." Examiner ..'• Yes, quite right. What do you know about 
Gamaliel ?" Undergraduate— It is a mountain in Galilee ! " If the viva voce fails, or a candidate 
does a bad paper, he gets what is known as a " second paper," as a last chance. With this, per- 
haps, he mar ages to get through, About five o'clock in the afternoon of an " Examination Day," 
a certificate or pass is given out, known as a "Testamur." For thi* coveted document great 
anxiety is displayed, and all are eager to know the result. The sensation of having passed the 
Examination, and gained the coveted piece of paper, may be imagined, peihaps from past expe- 
rience in similar ordeals. It has been forcibly described by one authority thus ;— " I felt," said 
he, " as though some one who had been sitting on me all day had just got off." The First and 
Second Examinations are known as the " Little Go," and the " Great Go." 

On the left of the Quadrangle of the Schools the visitor enters a doorway 
conducting him up the staircase to 

©if" The Bodleian Library, 

" Where, in dusky rows, the volumed wonders of the past repose." 

This Library is famed throughout the world for its large, rare, and valuable 
collections of books and manuscripts. We must bestow a rather lengthened 
notice upon the library, to fully realise its importance, but should the visitor 

Two hundred noblemen and gentlemen dined in the Radcliffe, June 14, 1814. 



BODLEIAN LIBRARY— SIR THOMAS BODLEY. 95 



desire a more intimate acquaintance with its treasures and history, he cannot 
do better than consult the work published lately, entitled, "Annals of the 
Bodleian Library," from 1320 to 1867, by the Rev. W. D. Macray. The Library 
was originally founded in the north-east corner of St. Mary's Church, by Roger 
de Lisle, Dean of York, who gave several copies of the Bible, and in 1320, 
Bishop Cobham, of Worcester, gave his collection of books. The first actual 
University Library was commenced about 1367, and firmly established in 1409. 
The Library was named after Cobham, and the Librarian was also entitled 
Chaplain to the University. The Library was endowed with half-a-rnark yearly, 
as well as with £5 from the assize of bread and ale, granted by King Henry IV., 
who contributed largely to its completion. The regal stipend - continued until 
1856, amounting then to £6 13s. 4d., when the revised code of statutes came into 
operation. In 1426 the erection of the present Divinity School commenced. 
The University, however, failed in its scheme, and sought help from any whom 
it thought would contribute. Duke Humphrey, of Gloucester, was among the 
number besought, and he gave liberally both in money and books. The first 
donation of books from the Duke consisted of 129 volumes in November, 1439, 
and between that year and 1447, (the date of his death,) he gave about 600 
manuscripts in addition. In 1445 the University addressed a special letter to 
Duke Humphrey, stating their wish to erect a more suitable building for the 
Library, asking his aid towards it, and offering him the title of Founder. The 
Duke responded ; the building was commenced, and finished about 1480, form- 
ing the central portion of the great Reading-Room. The Duke was followed in 
the work of the Divinity Schooi and Library-oy Bishop Thomas Kemp in 1487. 
In 1513 the librarian and chaplain was Adam Kirkebote. In 1550 the Library 
was visited and greatly damaged by the Commissioners deputed by Edward VI. 
They were ordered to search out and confiscate all manuscripts having traces of 
Romanism, either in illumination or doctrine. This task of vandalism was 
thoroughly carried out, — the valuable gatherings of years being burnt and sold, 
and in 1556 Duke Humphrey's Library became a timber-yard. The future re- 
founder, Sir Thomas Bodley, was born at Exeter in 1544. His family were 
greatly persecuted during the reign of Queen Mary, on account of their religious 
belief, and the father (John Bodley) took them to Geneva, to escape from the 
probabilities of the stake. He returned in the first year of the following reign, 
and Thomas came to Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1560. In 1563 he took his 
B.A. Degree, and was elected a probationer of Merton College. Being an ex- 
cellent linguist, he undertook to give public lectures in Greek in that college in 
1565, without fee or reward. The Fellows, however, of their own accord, voted 
him a stipend of four marks a-year, being well pleased with his accomplish- 
ments. In 1566 he took the M.A. Degree, and read Natural Philosophy in the 
Schools. He was shortly after elected a Junior Proctor and University Orator. 
In 1585 he was employed in diplomatic duties by the Queen, and passed his 
time in Denmark and Holland until 1596, when he came back to England, 
being wearied of court-life. His old project of refounding the University Public 
Library now returned, and he remarks : "And thus I concluded at last to set up 
my staff at the Library-door in Oxon, being thoroughly persuaded that, in my 
solitude and surcease from the commonwealth affairs, I could not busy myself to 
better purpose than by reducing the place to the public use of students." On 
Feb. 23, 1593, he made his offer to the University, stating that he would " take 
the charge and cost upon himself, fitting it up with shelves and seats, procuring 
benefactions of booke, and endowing it with an annual rent. The offer was 
gladly accepted, and two years were spent in fitting up the room, Merton College 

British Association met in Radcliffe Library, 1847. 



96 COPYRIGHT ACT— BOOKS, &c. 

supplying the timber. The present beautiful roof was also erected. In 1600, 
the Library was declared ready for use ; and it was opened Nov. 8, 1602. The 
books began to pour in so fast that in ten years an extension was deemed neces- 
sary, and in 1610 the founder commenced its enlargement, taking in the Pros- 
cholium, or vestibule of the Divinity School beneath. The first stone of this 
eastern extension was laid on July 16, and the building was completed in 1612. 
The library has been enlarged at other periods as far as practicable, but even 
now is overcrowded with books and manuscripts, and still the treasures increase. 
Sir Thomas Bodley died January 28, 1612. aged 68, and was buried in Merton 
College Chapel. At the annual visitation of the library, his munificence is com- 
memorated in an oration. On December 12, 1610, the Stationers' Company of 
London entered into an agreement with Bodley which added a copy of every work 
published in connection with them to the Library shelves. The indenture 
being deficient was redrawn up the following year. On July 11, 1637, the 
Star Chamber ratified the grant ; but at times grent complaints have been 
made of the way in which its provisions were carried out. This was especially 
the case in past days — complaints being seldom made now. In 1630-42 and 95, 
special notice was taken of the vexatious delays in set, ding books. 

In 1709 the " Copyright Act" was passed requiring a copy of all books pub- 
blished, entered at Stationers' Hall, to be deposited in nine libraries. This 
is now reduced to five, viz., British Museum, Oxford, Cambridge, Edinburgh, 
and Dublin. 

The Number of Books in the Library at the present time closely approaches 
400,000 ; and the annual increase, apart from the accession of entire collection 
and purchases, averages about 3,000, exclusive of magazines and periodicals. 
Two-thirds of these come through the Stationers' grant. Should this rate 
continue, and, taking into consideration the rapid issue from the press of the 
nineteenth century, there is no f.ar apparently of a decrease ; in 1900 the 
Library will possess about half-amillion books, of all classes of literature. 
There are also about 26,000 manuscripts. One of the most striking features 
of the Library is 

The Beautiful Painted Rooe. This is divided into square compartments, 
on each of which are painted the "Arms of the University" — the open Bible 
with seven seals, with the motto "Dominus Illuminatio mea," whilst the in- 
tervening bosses between each compartment bear the "Arms of Bodley," quar- 
tered with the "Arms of Home," (his mother's family), viz., five martlets with a 
crescent for a difference, two bars wavy between three billets ; on a chief the 
three ducal crowns of the University shield. Motto: — Quorum merit i gloriam 
ab Academia derivavit. The striking motto, — Quata perennis erit, was as- 
signed to Bodley at the same time with this academic augmentation. A similar 
roof was added to the eastern wing of the Library in 1610, and also to the 
Picture Gallery erected in 1613-19, but the latter decaying was replaced in 1831 
by a plaster roof, divided into compartments. A few pauels of this roof are 
preserved, one bearing the figures of two cats, a centre panel having a portrait 
of Sir Thomas, and a series bearing the letters which compose Sir Thomas's 
name. The Librarian's Chair, a high-backed arm-chair, was formed of the 
oak of the old roof, and there is an engraving in the Picture Gallery repre- 
senting the room before its change for the worse. 

The Reading Cells and Curtained Cages, in which the readers sit, are 
curious ; and it is said that an enthusiastic Hebrew student some years since 
gave a peculiar appropriate name to them — " Bowers of Paradise," for the 
students revel in the sweetness of pa.^t and present ages, enriching them- 

Brasenose Quadrangle Garden destroyed, October, 1727. 



CURIOSITIES IN THE LIBRARY. 



97 



selves and others by the knowledge gained from ponderous tomes, and small 
but valuable pamphlets. 

The Noble East Window is enriched with some very curious and interest- 
ing relics of stained glass, presented in 1797 by Alderman Fletcher, a zealous 
local antiquary (see St. Peter- le -Bailey Church). The three principal 
fragments represent 

(1) Henry II. stripped naked before the shrine of Thomas a Beckett, receiving flagellation at 

the hau ds ottwo monks. 

(2) The marriage of Henry VI. with Margaret of Anjou. 

(3) William, King of Sc jtland, with his abbots and barons, doing homage to Henry II, in York 

Minster, in 1171. 

Engravings of the two first are to be seen in a copy of Gutch's il Wood," pre- 
sented to the Library in 1818 by Alderman Fletcher. 

The first Librarian appointed was Thomas James, M.A., in 1598 ; the present 
Librarian is the Rev. H. 0. Coxe, M.A., appointed in 1860. A remarkable fact 
may be noticed here, — three of the Librarians held office for the long space of 
113 years, viz., Dr. Humphrey Owen (Jesus College), twenty-one years, 1747- 
1768; Dr. Price (Trinity College), forty-five years, 1768-1813 ; Dr. Bandinel 
(New College), forty-seven years, 1813-60. The latter gentleman during his 
life and term of office gathered a very large private collection of rareties, in- 
cluding the tracts of the Commonwealth period ; rudely -printed " flying-sheets," 
the precursors of our newspapers ; fugitive poetical broadsides, a large assem- 
blage of early masques, pageants, royal entertainments, &c. 

It is impossible to give a list of the many jsaluable treasures contained in the 
Library, but a few are enumerated for the guidance of the visitor : — 

Glass Case, near Entrance : — 

Apocalypse, a specimen of the early Black 
Books in use before the invention of movable 
types. 

Book- op Proverbs, dated 1599, written by 
Mrs. Esther Inglis, every chapter in a different 
and beautiful style of caligraphy. 

English Bible, translated by Miles Cover- 
dale, from the Vulgate. Printed abroad, about 
1535. The first complete Bible printed in the 
English language. It is the most perfect 
copy known, wanting the title only. 

Exposition of St. Jerome, printed in Latin. 
This is the earliest production of the art of 
printing in England. It was issued from the 
Oxford press of Corsellis, in Dec. 146S, six years 
previously to Caxton's first work from West- 
minster Abbey. 

History op Troy, printed by Caxton, at 
Bruges, about 1472. The first book printed in 
the English language. 

Koran (The), on a long narrow roll, elegantly 

North Wing : — 

Anglo-Saxon Paraphrase op Genesis, &c. 
A copy of Csedmon's Version. He died in 680. 
This copy is supposed to date from about 
A.D. 1000. It is illustrated with very curious 
drawings. 

Caxton's Pilgrimage op ye Soul. Trans- 
lated from the French, in 1400. Printed in 
1483. Similar to the " Pilgrim's Progress." 

Gospels, Latin. Written in the eleventh 
century. 



written in minute characters ; given by Arch- 
bishop Laud. Also a Manuscript of the Koran, 
very fine, from the library of Tippoo Saib, at 
Seringapatam. 

Latin Bible, printed by Guttenberg, at 
Mentz, about 1455. The first book printed from 
moveable types. 

Latin Exercise Book of Edward VI. and 
Queen Elizabeth. 

New Testament, said to be bound in a piece 
of a waistcoat worn by Charles I. 

Telugu Almanack for 1C30, written on palm 
leave?. 

Wooden Clog Almanacks (Two), one in the 
shape of a walking-stick, the other an oblong 
block with a handle. Also a pocket edition of 
a " Clog Almanack," on eight small wooden 
tablets, with quaint figures. 

Several other valuable and beautiful curi- 
osities are exhibited in the same case, con- 
sisting of books, manuscripts, articles of vertu. 



Historical Boll of the Descent op Eng- 
lish Kings to the accession of Edward I. in 
1272. Above thirteen feet long. 

Hours (The). Queen Mary's copy. 

Map op the Holy Land. Seven feet in 
length. Early part of the fifteenth century. 

Natural History op Beasjs. Illustrated 
with curious drawings of the twelfth century. 

Pastoral op Gregory the Great, tran- 
scribed in Anglo-Saxon, by King Alfred. 



Glass case, in Window : — 
German Bible, with the signatures of Luther and Melancthon. Printed in 1541. 



Magdalen May-Morning Custom first observed, 1501. 



H 



98 



BIBLIOGRAPHICAL COLLECTIONS. 



Glass Case, West End :— 

Gospels, Manuscript. Thought to be one of 
the two copies sent by St. Gregory to St. Augus- 
tine, when the latter was in Britain. Written 
in double columns. 

Hours, Psalters, and Breviaries, Several 
copies of. Twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth 
centuries. 

Italian Sermon, by Bernard Ochini. Trans- 
lated by Queen Elizabeth into Latin, whilst 
Princess. Written in her own handwriting. 

Ivory Triptych. North Italian work. Fif- 
teenth century. Eleven inches high. 

Metal Work, specimens of, including an 

East End :— 

Design for a Cup. Drawing by Holbein. 
Executed for Jane Seymour, Queen, and after- 
wards in possession of Anne Boleyn. Carried 
into Spain by the Duke of Buckingham. It is 
now framed and glazed. 

Map of England and Scotland, written in. 
the fourteenth century ; on parchment. 

Model of the Church of the Holy Se- 
pulchre at Jerusalem. Inlaid with mother- 
of-pearl. 

Papyrus Bolls from Herculaneum. Four 
in number. Burnt to a cinder. 

West End :— 

Bodley's Bell, given by Sir Thomas, in 
1611 . It was lost for many years, but found in 
July, 1866, under a staircase. It was restored 
by the Messrs. White, of Appleton, and now 
daily gives the signal for closing. 

Bodley's Iron Chest, for the preservation 
of the moneys of the Library, can be seen in 
the Picture Gallery. The beauty of the iron- 
work of the locks, covering the whole of the 
inside of lid, will elicit admiration. On the 



English Pocket Almanac, 1454-79, with tidal 
tables, compass, &c. On one side of case, 
" Aske me not, for ye Gett me not.— B. P." 
Copper Figure of Christ, robed and crowned, 
with arms extended ; found in the gardens of 
St. Frideswide's, Oxford, whilst seme workmen 
were digging. There are also seven other ar- 
ticles. 

Pliny's Natural History, printed in 1476. 

Season of Spring, written at Lahore, in 
1575, by Muhammed Hussein. Illustrated by 
sixteen painters. It is in prose and verse, in 
the Persian language. 



Piece of Wood of Greensted Church, Es- 
sex, built in 1013. 

Specimen of Ornamental Writing; Chap- 
ters from Old and New Testaments, in Arabic, 
Chaldee, and Turkish, beautifully written in 
the form of two angels supporting a cross, 
within a border. Executed in forty-eight hoursj 
by Mr. Hormuzd Bassam, in 1849. This gentle- 
man was held in captivity by the late Emperor 
Theodore, in Abyssinia, for some years, re- 
leased in 1868. 



exterior are painted the arms of the University, 
and Sir Thomas Bodley. 

Map of Oxford, 1573. 

Map of Cambridge, 1592. Both by Balph 
Aggas ; three feet by four in size. 

Oxford Almanacks, from 1812-33, decorate 
the middle of the room, and many paintings, 
drawings, busts, &c, are dispersed about the 
Library. 



Amongst the many other Bibliographical curiosities are : — 



Antony a Wood's Collection, given to the 
Ashmolean Museum by Wood, in 1695, con- 
sisting of 130 manuscripts, and 970 printed vo- 
lumes. The MSS. are extremely valuable for 
any history of Oxford and neighbourhood. Be- 
moved to the Bodleian in 1858. 

Ashmole's Collection, 2136 vols, including 
850 MSS. ; chiefly heraldic, genealogical, and 
astrological works. Left to the Museum by 
Ashmole, but transferred to the Bodleian in 
1858. 

Bible Collection. Almost every known 
version can be inspected, including those called 
the — Vinegar, Breeches, Cranmer's, Cover- 
dale's, Wicliff's, Bishops', Tyndale's, Eras- 
mus', Faust's, Guttenberg's, Parker's, Luther's 
(with autograph), the Scotch Bible of 1579, very 
rare, the first printed in Scotland ; the Bohe- 
mian Bible, printed at Prague in 1488; the 
Pentateuch and New Test, printed at Wit- 
temberg in 1529 ; the Radzivil Polish Bible, 
made by the Socinians, printed in 1563 ; the 
Biblia Pauperum, Douay, Vulgate, Cromwell's, 
and in all foreign tongues. The editions of the 
English Bible in the Library are very extensive, 
nearly a complete gathering of every issue 
prior to the year 1800. There is no Library 
having a more extensive and complete collec- 
tion of all languages. 



Bruce's Collection of rare and valuable 
Oriental MSS., ninety-six volumes. Purchased 
in 1843 for £ 1 000. Includes one of three known 
copies of the Book of Enoch, the only copies 
known in Europe. In the Ethiopic tongue, 
written on 40 leaves of vellum, triple columns. 

Canonici's Collection of MSS., formed by 
Matheo Luigi Canonici, a Venetian Jesuit. 
Purchased in 1817 for £5,444, numbering about 
2,045 MSS. in Greek, Hebrew, and Latin, in- 
cluding a copy of Maimonides' "Commentary 
on the Law," dated 1366. 

Douce's Collection, bequeathed in 1S34, 
consisting of 393 manuscripts, ninety-eight 
charters, 16,480 volumes, large gathering of 
early prints and drawings, rare coins, &c. 
There is amongst them a Psalter, on purple 
vellum, ninth century, from the old Royal 
Library of France, known as " Charlemagne's 
Psalter." Also a copy of Archbishop Parker's 
Metrical Psalter, very rare ; and a large quan- 
tity of Common Prayers, Bibles, Psalters, etc. 
It likewise includes as many as 311 specimens 
of fifteenth century typography, two volumes 
of black letter ballads, a very large quantity 
of Chapbooks, Children's Primers of the last 
and commencement of the present century ; a 
large number of fragments of early English 
printers— Caxton.Wynkin de Worde, Eood" &c. 



Elias Ashmole, founder of the Museum, entered Brasenose College, Nov. 3, 1659. 



BIBLIOGRAPHICAL COLLECTIONS. 



99 



Gough's Collection, given in 1809, at the 
decease of its owner, by will. It is deposited 
in the CM1 Law School, and consists of up- 
wards of 3,700 volumes in topography, Saxon 
and Northern literature, maps, natural his- 
tory, and service-books (chiefly Missals and 
Horse). It contains also the " Churches of 
France," 2000 drawings in sLxteen volumes, 
(See p. 100.) 

Hope's Collection of Newspapers and Pam- 
phlets of the eighteenth century, 760 in num- 
ber, bequeathed in 1862. See also Radcliffe 
Library and New Museum. 

Laud's Collection of 1,300 MSS. in many 
languages, five cabinets of coins, in gold, silver, 
and brass, two idols, a bust of King Charles L, 
&c. Presented in 1635-6-7. 

Malone's Collection of Dramatic Works, 
800 in number, bequeathed in 1821, containing 
all the earlier as well as the modern dramatic 
writers of repute. 

Marsh's (Archbishop\ Collection, be- 
queathed in 1713, consisting of 714 volumes 
of Oriental Manuscripts, &c. No notice is 
taken of this gift in any of the library registers. 
It being a death-bed legacy, it was mentioned 
by Hearne in a preface to " Camden's Eliza- 
beth," and thus its acquisition was known. 

Michael's Collection, consisting of 862 
volumes of Hebrew MSS., numbering 1300 dis- 
tinct works, including 110 on vellum, written 
between 1240-1450. Purchased at Hamburgh in 
1848 for £1,030. The possessor (Herman Joseph 
Michael) spent fifty-four years in gathering this 
collection— 1792-1846. 

Oppenheimer's Hebrew Collection. The 
most valuable and extensive known, consisting 
of 5,000 volumes. Purchased at Hamburgh, in 
1829, for £2,030. David Oppenheiraer was Chief 
Rabbi at Prague, and devoted more than fifty 
years to the gathering of this collection. 

Rawlinson's Collection, given in 1754, con- 
sisting of 4,800 manuscripts, 1,900 volumes of 
books, a number of old charters and deeds, 
&c. This collection includes . — A gathering of 
the Broadsides issued during the reign of Queen 
Elizabeth. 200 Sermons (manuscript), and se- 
veral printed volumes, one of which is printed 
entirely in red ; founded on Psalm iv. 7,, 
preached before Charles I. at Oxford. Heraldry 
and Genealogy. 520 volumes, including twelve 
volumes of pedigrees, from 1647-81 ; the "Life 
of St. Columbia, written in 1532. Law, History, 
Theological, and Medical, 989 MSS. Religious 
Controversy, Biography, Travel, &c 1,400 vo- 
lumes, including 2 vols, of autographs, cut 
from various books and mounted. Missals, 
Horse, and other service-books, about 130 vols. 
Statutes, about 65 vols. -, large collection of 
copper plates and seal matrices, and other 
items. Also 

Heame's Daily Diary and Note Books. 150 
volumes, all written, each having a complete 
index. They range from July, 1705, until June 
4, 1735. Hearne dying on June 10. They are 
full of anecdote, history, antiquarian gleanings, 
amusing gossip, <fec. A selection has lately been 
published, entitled "Reliquiae Hearnianse," in 
three vols. Hearne was Janitor to the Library 
in 1791, and sub-librarian in 1712, quitting the 
post in 1715, for refusing to take the oaths. 

A lm.anacks. A curious series in 175 volumes, 
from 1607 to 1747, sent to the Library in 1752, 



by Rawlinson. There is also a series of Alma- 
nacks in the "Ashmole Collection," from 1571 
to 1663. The Library possesses likewise a curious 
little Almanack, printed by Wynkin de Worde, 
in 1508, "after the latytude of Oxenforde," in 
48mo. (2^ in. by If in.); two copies of a Sheet 
Almanack for 1551, by Simon Heuringius, 
printed by John Turck, London; a variety of 
Clog Almanacks, Brass Calendar, and a Series 
of Oxford Almanacks, from 1674. 

Athence Oxoniensis. Twenty-five volumes of 
Miscellaneous Collections for Rawlinson's pro- 
jected continuation of Wood's famous work. 

Selden's Collection of about 8,000 books, 
given by John Selden's executors, 1654. Very 
full of valuable and rare volumes. 

Shakesperian Collection. The first folio 
published in 1623; one of the only two known 
copies of Venus and Adonis, 1602— other edi- 
tions of the same, 1594 and 1617. Also many 
single plays publisbed at different periods, and 
a genuine autograph of the poet, found in a 
volume of Ovid's Metamorphosis, printed by 
Aldus at Venice, in 1502. It is supposed that 
this volume belonged to Shakespeare. 

Sutherland Collection of Drawings and 
Prints, including the six volumes of Claren- 
don's " History of the Rebellion," "Life," and 
Burnett's "Own Times," illustrated with the 
immellse number of 19,234 portraits and views, 
of persons and places connected with the 
works, including 309 views of London, 166 of 
Westminster, 184 portraits of James I., 743 of 
Charles I., 373 of Cromwell, 552 of Charles II., 
276 of James II., 431 of William III., 175 of 
Queen Mary II., &c. This collection was pre- 
sented. 

Vernon's Collection of Early English Poe- 
try. A "vast massive volume of MSS." It is 
written on 412 stout vellum leaves, in triple 
columns. Each page measures 22£in. by 15in., 
length of written text 17£in. by 12Un. The 
date is the fourteenth century, and it was pre- 
sented in 1677, by Col. Edward Vernon, of 
Trinity College, and North Aston, Oxon. 

The Collection of Coins, commencing in 
1636, by Laud's benefaction, is most complete 
and unique. There are tradesmen's tokens, 
coins of very remote periods, and of the most 
modern times ; the Napoleon medals, the Ash- 
mole coins, the "Gun-money" of James II., and 
the Oxford coinage. No catalogue has been 
issued complete. They are not shown to more 
than two persons at a time, unless two of the 
library officers are present, Examinations by 
handling not permitted. 

The MSS. Collection of Deeds, Charters 
of Incoi'poration, &c, formerly belonging to 
Cathedrals, Monasteries, Churches, Colleges, 
&c. , is supposed to be the most complete in the 
world. 

The Collection of Wooden Platters, or 
trenchers, is most curious. Each has a scrip- 
tural or humorous quotation. One set belonged 
to Queen Elizabeth. 

American Psalters, (Two), printed at Bos- 
ton : the " Massachusetts Psalter," in 1709 ; the 
other in 1718. Blank verse with tunes. Also 
a collection of 300 American Tracts, on the 
War of Independence, in forty-one vols. The 
Library is likewise very rich in other American 
works. 

Arabian Nights' MSS. in Arabic, written in 



tLofC. 



The site of the Bodleian Library used as a timber-yard, 1556. 



100 



BIBLIOGRAPHICAL CURIOSITIES. 



1764-5. A complete collection of the Thousand 
and One Tales. It is unique and rarely met 
with. Purchased in 1S08 for £50. It is the 
oritrinal Eastern manuscript. 

Breyiartcm Illerdense, a book of great 
rarity. Printed by Henry Botel, at Lenda, 
Spain, in 1479, at the " sole expense of the bell- 
ringer of the Cathedral ! " Purchased in 1867 
for £36. 

Chinese Works 'the earliest), purchased m 
1606 ; three in number. 

Churches of France, forming part of the 
" Goueh Collection." About 2,000 drawings of 
Churches, in all parts of France, in sixteen 
volumes. Fac-similes were taken, by special 
permission, by the French government in 1860, 
it having no other source, for many of the 
monuments, described and illustrated, were 
destroyed by the revolutionary mobs. 

FIRST BOOK from the Stationers' Grant, Dec. 
1610, entitled "The Christian Religion Sub- 
stantially, Methodicallie, Plainie, and Profit- 
ablie Treatised." 

First Catalogue op the Library, pub- 
lished in 1605. 655 pages. Compiled by Thos. 
James. 

First New Testament Printed at Cam- 
bridge in 1628. The binding is covered with 
silver filigree work. Purchased in 1859 for 
£5 5s. 

First Book Printed in New South Wales, at 



HobartTown, in 1818, entitled " Michael Howe : 
Scenes in the Life of a. Notorious Bushranger." 

Milton's (John) Poems, English and Latin, 
presented by the Poet in 1620. 

Persian and Arabic MSS. presented in 1611. 
Twenty in number. 

Romance of Alexander, in French. Given 
by Sir Thomas Bodley at the foundation. A 
most beautiful volume. Decorated with a large 
number of paintings (grotesque and quaint in 
design) of the customs, dress, amusements, 
trades, &c, of the period, on a chequered back- 
ground of gold and colour 

System OF DrviNiTY, by the Rev. W. Davy, 
Vicar of Lustleigh, Devon. This is a curiosity. 
It is in twenty-six volumes, only fourteen 
copies being printed, two pages at a time, by 
the author himself, between the years 1795- 
1807. The work is roughly executed, and has 
many slip additions inserted in better type 
than the rest. It was purchased for £10 10s. 
Three other works, written and printed in a 
similar manner, by the Rev. Thos. Brown, of 
Southwick, Northampton, are in the Library- 
Of one, only nine copies were printed, "A 
Dictionary of English Words of Difficult Ety- 
mology. 

Worked Samplers, avolume of curious early 
specimens of the art, presented by Dr. Raw- 
linson, humorously lettered on the back, 
" Works of Learned Ladies." 



The foregoing are but a brief portion of the vast quantity of treasures possessed 
by the Bodleian. There are many interesting pieces of chit-chat in connection 
with the building that the stranger would like to be acquainted with, but it is 
impossible in the limited space at control to mention even a tenth part of them. 
In Monteith's "History of the Troubles/ 5 it is stated that the Jews in 1619 
offered to purchase the Library and St. Paul's Cathedral for £600,000, but their 
offer was refused. It was, however, stated, that for £800,000 they might have 
possessed it. They desired to turn St. Paul's into a synagogue, and the Bod- 
leian into a business mart. In 1687 King James II. sat down to a banquet in 
the Library. It cost £160, and consisted of 111 different dishes. A most dis- 
orderly scene was enacted at its close. In 1720 one John Hawkins, a highway- 
man, got access to the Library and Picture Gallery, and damaged several of the 
paintings. He escaped punishment for this, but was executed for other crimes 
in 1722. In 1762 the chained books were set free. In 1795 four cabinets of 
English coins were presented by Thomas Knight, Esq., of Godmersham, Kent. 
Amongst them was the " Hampden Ornament," said to have been worn by John 
Hampden, when he fell on Chalgrove Field. It is plain cornelian, set in silver, 
and bears the following inscription : — 

" Against my Fang I do not fight, | But for my King and kingdom's right." 

deposited in the glass case near the door. There are several portraits of past 
librarians to be seen on the walls of the institution, including that of the founder, 
Sir Thomas Bodley, by Jansen. 

Time of Inspection. — The Library is open from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. (Lady Day 
to Michaelmas), from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. (Michaelmas to Lady Day). It is closed 
from Christmas to the Feast of Circumcision ; on Epiphany and Good Friday ; 
the whole of Easter Week ; on Holy Thursday, "Whit-Monday and Tuesday, and 
Commemoration Day ; from Oct. 1 to 7 (for cleaning) ; and on Nov. 6 and 7 
(visitation). On Saints' Days (recognised) is it opened about 11 a.m., immediately 
after the University Sermon. Strangers are admitted by letters of introduction, 



Books in Brasenose Library unchained, 1780. 



PICTURE GALLERY— MODELS, BUSTS, &c. 



101 



or on being accompanied by a Master of Arts or higher graduate. Under- 
graduates require recommendations from their tutors. Graduates have the right 
to use the Library whenever open. It is governed by a Board of Curators, 
thirteen in number, including the Vice-Chancellor, Proctors, &c. After inspect- 
ing the Library, the visitor will enter the 

Picture Gallery, forming the upper story of the library building. The north 
and south sides are 129^ft. in length, 24|ft. in breadth; the east side 158|ft. 
by 24ft. The ceiling was at one period similarly painted to that of the Library, 
but it was altered some years since, when the present ceiling was substituted, 
an alteration which has given rise to much unfavourable comment. The portraits 
are by the best masters, including Vandyke, Holbein, Kneller, Sir J. Reynolds, 
Lely, Zucchero, Rembrandt, West, Gibson, &c, and represent several of the 
sovereigns of England and distinguished men in literature, science, and art. A 
complete catalogue can be purchased. Amongst a few of the most remarkable 
may be mentioned those of Sir Philip Sydney (a pyrographic portrait, burnt in 
wood), by Dr. Griffith, Master of University College; Handel, the composer, 
supposed to be the only one he sat for ; Lord Burleigh, riding to Parliament on 
a mule ; Dr. Plott, the antiquary, author of the " Natural History of Oxford- 
shire ;" Martin Luther, the Reformer ; Isaac Casaubon ; Paine, the architect, 
instructing his son ; John Foxe, author of the " Book of Martyrs ;" Isaac Fuller, 
said to have been taken by himself when intoxicated ; Josiah Pullen, who daily 
walked to Headington Hill (one mile) and 4nere planted the tree, known as 
"Joe Pullen's Tree;" Dr. Routh, President of Magdalen College, who died 
a centenarian ; the Duke of Wellington and the Earl of Derby, the two last 
Chancellors of the University, &c. Beneath the portraits are cases containing 
books belonging to the Bodleian Library. There are also several busts and 
models exhibited in the Gallery that will interest the visitor, including : — 

The Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone, Premier of 
England, and formerly M.P. for the University. 

William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, a brass 
statue, weighing about 1,600 lbs. , presented by 
the seventh Earl of Pembroke, in 1723. It was 



east by Hubert le Soeur, from a picture by Ru- 
bens. William Herbert was Chancellor from 
1617 to 1630, and contributed several MSS. to 
the Library. 

The Rev. F. W. Robertson, formerly of Brase- 
nose College, and known for his famous theo- 
logical sermons. 

There are also busts of the Duke of Welling- 
ton, Sir Christopher Wren, Sir Isaac Newton, 
John Duke of Marlborough, Homer, Cicero, 
Apollo, Venus de Medici, &c, and a "Bac- 
chante," by the Hon. Mrs. Darner. 

Models. 

Arch of Constantine, Rome. 

Cathedral of Calcutta, by Van Lint. 

Eleanor Cross, Waltham. Prssented by the 
Rev. Vaughan Thomas. 

Martyrs' Memorial, Oxford, in papier-mache. 
Presented by the Rev. Vaughan Thomas. 

Lantern of Demosthenes, or Choragic Monu- 
ment of Lysicrates. A building supposed to 
have been erected 330 B.C. 

Maigon Carree of Nismes, one of the most 
beautiful buildings ia the ancient world. Sur- 
rounded by thirty columns. 

Parthenon, or Temple of Minerva, six and a 
half feet high. The building this represents 
was built 400 B.C. 

Subterranean Palace, Guzerat, India. Made 



of foreign oak. Represents a building 200 feet 
long, and 90 feet deep, at the bottom of which 
is an extensive reservoir. There are five sto- 
reys of rooms supported by arches. 

Temple of Fortuna Virilis, Rome. Erected 
by Servius Tullius, in recognition of his posi- 
tion—being born a slave, dying a king. 

Temple of Minerva Polias, Athens, with the 
Erectheum and Pandroseum. 

Temple of Neptune, Psestum, Italy. Made by 
Mr. T. Wyatt, of Oxford, from a cork model 
brought from Naples. 

Temple of the Sybil, Tivoli. Ad exquisite model 
of architecture, being perfect in proportions. 

Theatre of Herculaneum. This town was 
swallowed up by an earthquake, 1,800 years 
since. The original can only be seen by torch- 
light. It is in perfect preservation. 

Model of the Royal Yacht, in 1697. 

The Death Warrant of Charles I. (A fac- 
simile. ) 

Guy Faux' Lantern, with a copy of the letter 
divulging the plot, and portraits of the Con- 
spirators. Presented in 1641, by Robert Hey- 
wood, M.A.,Brasenose, Proctor of the Univer- 
sity in 1639. There is a Latin inscription upon 
it. It was exposed openly at one time ; but 
being injured, it was placed in a glass case. 

The Elgin Marbles. Models of those in the 
British Museum. 

Russian translation of the "Pickwick Pa- 
pers." Found half-burned in the Redan, Se- 
bastopol, when stormed in 1855. 

Chinese Rolls & Figures, shewing the various 
sports and ranks of the Chinese. 



Sir Thomas Bodley founded the Bodleiaa, Feb. 23, 1598. 



102 MUSIC SCHOOL— "GOD SAVE THE QUEEN: 



Portrait of the late Emperor of China, with 
autograph. Brought from the Summer Palace, 
Pekin. 

Indian Weapons, a collection. 

Chair of Henry VIII. An ancient relic of 
the Kimr. 

A curious chair, made from a portion of 
Drake's ship, " The Golden Hind," in which he 
circumnavigated the world. It was presented 
to the Library in 1668. It hears a plate, having 
the following lines (almost illegible), inscribed 
on it :— 



'To this great ship which round the globe has 

run, 
And matched in race the chariot of the sun, 
This Pythagorean ship (for it may claim, 
Without presumption, so deserved a name, 
By knowledge once, and transformation now), 
In her new shape this sacred part allow. 
Drake and his ship could not have wished 

from Fate 
A happier station, or more blest estate ; 
For lo ! a seat of endless rest is given 
To her in Oxford, and to him in heaven." 



Descending from the Picture Gallery into the Schools' Quadrangle, and pass- 
ing a few paces along the south side, the visitor enters the 

Music School, a room seldom visited, but which contains a valuable collec- 
tion of manuscript music of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries. 
Here examinations for the Degrees of Bachelor and Doctor of Music are held. 
There are several fine portraits of Professors of Music on the walls, including that 
of Dr. John Bui], one of the reputed authors of " God save the Queen." The date 
of the portrait is 1589, and on the frame is the following quaint distich : — 
" The Bull by force in field doth raigne, | But Bull by skill good will doth gaine." 

Repute gives the authorship of the "National Anthem'" to many — to Dr. 
J. Bull, Carey, Handel, Purcell, the Nuns of St Cyr, France, &c. It has been 
stated that a curious holograph (a deed wholly written by the testator) on paper 
of the sixteenth century, was discovered in the Public Record Office, London, in 
1863, which contained a transcript of the melody by Dr. John Bull, who was 
organist to Queen Elizabeth, and Professor of Music at Gresham College. 
Charles Reade, in his work entitled " The Eighth Commandment," writes, 
"Henry Carey was a man of genius. He wrote the words and melody of the 
'National Anthem !' For this he deserved a pension and a niche in Westminster 
Abbey. There was no copyright in songs. Mark the consequences. Whilst 
theatres and the streets rang with his lines and his tunes, while fiddlers fiddled 
him and were paid, and the songsters sang him and were richly paid, the genius 
that set all those empty music pipes a-flowing, and a million ears listening with 
rapture, was fleeced to the bone. All reaped corn except the sower. For why ? 
The sower was an author, an inventor ! In the midst of success that enriched 
others, be was left bare ! Nature suddenly broke down, under the double agony 
of a heart full of wrongs and an empty belly, and the man hanged himself. They 
found him cold, with skin on his bones, and a half-penny in his pocket. Think of 
this when you next hear 'God save the Queen!'" It has been stated that a Scottish 
carol, published in 1611, in London, " Remember, thou man," bore a resem- 
blance to the "National Anthem," and that Forbes published an improvement 
on this in a volume of " Songs and Fancies," issued in three editions in 1662- 
66-82. Not one syllable is found in Handel's works respecting the authorship, 
but his biographer admits that Carey was the author. The words sung by the 
Nuns of St. Cyr, may be found in the amusing "Memoirs of Madame de Grequy." 
These words were by M. de Brinon, the music by Lully, and were always sung 
when Louis XIV. entered chapel for morning prayer, as follows — 

Que toujours glorieux, 
Louis victorieux ! 
Voye ses enemis 

Toujours soumis !" 

The origin of the words, " God save the King," is to be traced to the watch- 
word and countersign given out in the Lord Admiral's orders, on the 10th of 
August, 1545 : "The watche wourdeinthe night shal be thus, 'God save King 
Henrye ;' thother shall aunswer, 'And long to reign over us !'" Carey wrote 

Bodleian Library opened with great ceremony, Nov. 8, 1602. 



' Grande Dieu sauve le E,oi ! 
Grand Dieu venge le Boi ! 
Vive le Roi ! 



DIVINITY SCHOOI— CONVOCATION HOUSE. 103 

his words in 1715, on the eve of the contest with the Pretender, "soon to reign 
over us." The hopes of the Jacobites being defeated, the song was laid by till 
1740, when the author sang it publicly to celebrate the victory of Admiral Vernon, 
applying the words to George, " Long to reign over us !" Quitting the Schools 
Quadrangle by the Proscholium, or "Pig-market," as it is commonly termed, 
(from a market for swine being held there in the latter part of the reign of 
Henry VIII.), by the western side, the next point of interest will be the 

Divinity School, commenced in 1445, finished in 1480. It forms the base- 
ment of the first University Library, founded by Duke Humphrey of Gloucester. 
The splendid roof with its exquisite stone pendants and tracery, forms a special 
attraction, and can never fail to be admired. The building was restored by 
Sir Christopher Wren in 1697. The splendour of the School was greatly en- 
hanced when the large windows were filled with illuminated glass (descriptive 
of the saints and fathers of the church) and the armorial bearings of nearly 
a hundred benefactors. These were destroyed in the reign of Edward VI., 
because they partook of the superstitious doctrines of Rome. The fittings of 
the interior, and even the lead from the roof were pillaged, nettles and brambles 
grew through crevices in the walls, and a penfold for cattle and a timber- 
yard were in immediate proximity. In 1555, during the reign of Mary, Con- 
vocation determined to sell the remaining seats and fittings. But, in spite of 
these wilful depredations, the groined roof was preserved, and remains with 
its rich mouldings, bosses, and shields of arms, a noble remnant of the archi- 
tecture of the fifteenth century. In 1625 we find it repaired to some extent; 
so far renovated, that an assembly of the Commons of the realm was held within 
it, when driven from London by the ravages of the plague. The Lords met in 
the north end of the Picture Gallery at the same period, and the Privy Council 
assembled in Christ Church Hall. Again, however, we find it employed for 
purposes foreign to its intention — during the civil war and the siege of Oxford, 
it was used in common with other collegiate buildings, as a storehouse for corn 
and provisions. The upper room of the tower was filled with muskets. In 1699 
Sir Christopher Wren applied himself to its restoration, preparing a report of 
the repairs necessary for its preservation, which can be seen in the Bodleian 
Library. He found that there was a crack in the roof, the south walls bulging, 
and the floor rotten. He advised that the building should be braced with iron, 
(after the style he had carried out on the spire of Salisbury Cathedral, when that 
edifice was struck with lightning, and rent with cracks 200ft. long, &c). This was 
carried out in 1700-2, and the building successfully restored. When the Town 
Hall of the city was rebuilding in 1752, the Assizes for the county were held 
here, and were noted especially for the condemnation of Miss Blandy the parricide, 
who poisoned her father at Henley-on-Thames. She was executed at Greenditch 
without the north gate (see "County Gaol"). The purposes of the School are de- 
noted by its name — the exercises for Bachelor and Doctor of Divinity being 
performed within its walls. It is divided by a rail into two divisions: the 
upper part containing elevated pulpits for the professors, desks for disputants, 
&c. The audience occupy the lower part. The pulpits are far too cumbrous 
to accord with the beauty of the room. The Divinity School is left by a door 
at the western end, taking the visitor into the 

Convocation House, forming the basement- storey of that part of the 
Bodleian Library devoted to the Selden legacy of books. The building was 
erected in 1639. The only attractive feature is the roof-tracery. The voting 
for the University Burgesses takes place here, and the declaration of the poll. 
The Vice-Chancellor presides, and the two Proctors are scrutators. The elec- 

First University Library established, 1367. 



104 SHELDONIAN THE A TRE. 

tions take place by voting-papers ; a privilege granted by Act of Parliament 
in 1861, which enables distant electors to poll without personal appearance. 
The Act of 1853, limited the time to five days. The procedure is thus : the 
Act of 31st Elizabeth and the University Statute concerning elections, are read 
firstly, the Proctors then take an oath promising faithful scrutiny of the votes, 
and the papers are then handed in. If the poll begins to slacken, three pro- 
clam ations are made at short intervals ; if no more voters come forward, the poll 
is cast up, and the election declared. Other elections to University offices are also 
held in the Convocation House ; but in these cases each voter must personally give 
his vote — -placet or non-placet. Degrees are conferred likewise in the building 
when the Examiners are satisfied with the Public Examinations. In the outer 
room, or lobby adjoining, the 

Vice-Chancellor's Court is held, in which police and debt causes in con- 
nection with University are decided. A separate police were maintained for 
many years by the University authorities, but by special Act of Parliament, this 
body was incorporated with the City Police on January 1st, 1869. The City 
Gaol is used commonly by the University. The Proctors have still, however 
their special powers of arrest. Leaving the Divinity School and Convocation 
House, the visitor crosses over to the 

S^IT Sheldonian Theatre, named from its founder, Archbishop Sheldon, 
of Canterbury, and Chancellor of the University, who contributed the money 
necessary for its erection (£15,000) ; and added a further sum of £2,000, for 
repairs. Dr. Wills, Warden of Wadham College, gave a further sum of £1,000, 
for the same object. The Theatre occupied the space of five years in erection, 
1661-9. It was opened with great ceremonial observances. The design was fur- 
nished by Sir Christopher Wren, who likewise had the superintendence of the 
works. The building is one of the principal ornaments of Oxford. The Broad 
Street front is protected by a dwarf wall, intersected by twelve square pillars, on 
which stand the "Heads of the Twelve Caesars," as commonly named, but in 
reality representing twelve sages of antiquity. These were carefully restored in 
1868-9, by Mr. E. Gardiner, of this city. The south side of the building opposite 
the Divinity School, is of fine elevation, adorned with Corinthian pillars, and 
decorative sculpture.. The statues in niches represent Archbishop Sheldon and 
the Duke of Ormond, successive Chancellors of the University. The entrance 
on this side is used by the Chancellor, Vice-Chancellors, and University autho- 
rities on state occasions, &c. The public entrance in Broad Street is likewise 
handsome, and decorated with a statue of Charles II. The interior of the 
building, 80 feet by 70 feet, is exceedingly beautiful, and so constructed as to 
seat 3,000 persons. The Encania or Commemoration of Founders, is held in the 
June of each year, when there is generally a gathering of the notabilities of 
the day, graduates, undergraduates, and citizens. At this celebration the Prize 
Compositions are recited, Honorary Degrees conferred upon persons who have 
distinguished themselves in art, science, or politics. The scene on such occasions 
is one ever to be remembered : the area being well filled with M.A.s (in their 
robes) and visitors ; the lower seats of the semicircle with dignitaries of the 
University and the more distinguished strangers ; behind these are ranged the 
ladies, while the upper gallery is occupied with the undergraduates, well-primed 
for fun, and assuming special licence to applaud or denounce individuals who 
have taken part in the leading events of the day. The ceiling attracts general 
attention. It was executed by Streater, painter to Charles II., and portrays 
allegorically the "Triumph of Religion, Art, and Science over their enemies 
Envy, Ignorance, and Rapine." Honour, Pleasure, Prudence, Eortitude, Elo- 

Foundation-stone of Hadcliffe Library laid, May 13, 1737. 



HEBER'S POEM OF "PALESTINE." 105 

quence, Truth, Theology, History, Poesy, Music, Logic, Rhetoric, Law, Justice, As- 
tronomy, Geography, Comedy, Tragedy, Printing, &c, are represented in the 
heavens, attended by genii, disclosed by the withdrawn drapery sustained by 
gilt cordage, the usual covering of ancient amphitheatres. The fading colours 
were restored in 1762, at a cost of £1,000, the University employing Mr. Kettle, 
an ingenious portrait painter. In 1826 the ceiling and building generally were 
again renovated, and still present a superb appearance. The organ in the gallery 
was built in 1768. The portraits are few in number, representing Archbishop 
Sheldon, the founder, the Emperor Alexander I. of Russia (who had an honorary 
degree conferred on him in 1814), George IV. in the robes of the Garter, Sir 
Christopher Wren, Frederick IV. of Prussia, Lord Crewe, &c. The ground-plan 
of the Sheldonian Theatre was taken from the Theatre of Marcellus at Rome, and 
resembles that of Herculaneum also. The roof rests upon the side walls, without 
cross-beams, a style now common to architects, but a novelty in the day of its 
erection. It was renewed in 1802. The dome on the exterior was added in 1838, 
from a design by Mr. Blore. It is 40ft. high from the roof of the building, and 
17^ft. in diameter. The exterior is covered with copper, painted and sanded to 
imitate stone. From the dome- windows an excellent 

Birds'-Eye View of Oxford can be obtained, an advantage which the 
visitor should not overlook. To reach this elevation the visitor proceeds 
through an apartment having an especial interest, it being the one used as 
the 

First Printing Office of the University, in which the art was carried 
on for forty-four years — 1669-1713. Works are sometimes seen (there are 
many in the Bodleian), having a view of the building without the cupola on 
their title-pages, with the words "E Theatro Sheldoniano. " These books 
were printed in this room. 

It is impossible to mention the number of those who have received Hono- 
rary Degrees in this building — the total being some thousands ; but we give 
a few " household names :" Haydn, Sir Rowland Hill, Longfellow, the Arch- 
bishop of Syros, Sir James Outram, Wordsworth, Livingstone, Sir Benjamin 
Whitworth, Right Hon. Robert Lowe, Sir Edwin Landseer, Matthew Arnold, 
M.A., Canon Liddon, Sterndale Bennett, Esq., D.M., Warren de la Rue, 
&c. When the late Bishop Heber, of Calcutta, gained the Newdigate Prize 
Poem, "Palestine," in 1803, and mounted the rostrum to recite it, he noticed 
two young Jewesses almost facing him, and knowing that the Poem con- 
tained some lines that might be hurtful to their feelings, he wanted to sup- 
press them, but was unable to carry his intention into effect. He often 
spoke of this in aftertimes, and lamented the fact. His own father was also 
seated amongst the audience, his frame debilitated by long illness, and the 
sudden outburst of applause that greeted his clever and admired son, soon 
overcame him, that it may be truthfully said he died from joy, for he never 
recovered the scene. Haydn, during his stay in Oxford, was honoured with 
the diploma of Doctor of Music — a distinction not even obtained by Handel, 
and one that was only conferred in an honorary manner, it is said, on four 
persons during the four centuries preceding his visit. It is customary to 
send a specimen of composition in return for the Degree ; and Haydn, with 
the skill of which he was so perfect a master, sent in a piece of music so 
curiously contrived, that in whatever way it was played, from bottom to top, 
top to bottom, the sides, or in the usual manner, it exhibited a perfect me- 
lody and accompaniment. Handel gave four concerts in the Theatre, in 
July 1733 ; and in 1849, Jenny Lind sang within the edifice. Numerous 

Radcliffe Library opened April 13, 1749. 



106 CLARENDON AND ASHMOLEAN BUILDINGS. 

other musical celebrities have likewise taken a part in the concerts given 
from time to time in the building. In 1814, the Allied Sovereigns, Prince 
Blucher, Prince Metternich, &c. , were presented with degrees here. Many- 
other royal personages have been similarly honoured at various periods. In 
1863, H.R.H. the Prince of Wales received the compliment. Archbishop 
Sheldon was interred in Croydon Church, Surrey, and a superb monument 
erected to his memory there, but in the disastrous fire that destroyed the 
edifice in 1867, it was completely consumed, in common with many others. 
In the u Ecclesiastical History of England," by Dr. Stoughton, an eminent 
Independent minister, Sheldon is noted as the great leader of the Episcopal 
party, the man to whose determined purpose and relentless hate the character 
of the Uniformity Act, and the subsequent persecution of Dissenters are 
principally due. Dr. Stoughton says, ' ' He had great pleasantness of conver- 
sation, perhaps too great. Genial and social in his habits, he maintained a 
splendid hospitality ; and, in all his intercourse, it was apparent that he had 
seen much of mankind, thoroughly understood human nature, and knew exactly 
how to make himself agreeable to those whom he wished to please. Keen, 
clever, polite, and politic, Sheldon seems to have been fitted to grace 
a drawing room, to sustain the position of a county gentleman, and to take 
a part in State affairs, but he was plainly unfit to preside over the Church of 
England. His course of life as a steady, persistent, heartless persecutor of 
Nonconformists, eclipsed his courtesies and charities. As a Royalist, Sheldon 
identified his opponents with the cause of Republicanism ; as an Episco- 
palian, who had himself suffered from Presbyterians and Independents, he 
determined to payback in full what he owed — both capital and interest." 
Almost adjoining the Theatre, on the north-east is a handsome edifice known 
as the 

Clarendon Building, completed in 1713. It is said to have been built 
under the direction of Vanbrugh, the architect of Blenheim Palace, Wood- 
stock, partly from the profits arising from the sale of Lord Clarendon's 
" History of the Rebellion," a work presented by his son. In reality the 
architect was Nicholas Hawksmoor, one of Wren's pupils, and the building 
was erected by a Mr. Townsend, of Oxford. Its front is a Doric portico. Over 
the south entrance is a statue of Lord Clarendon. The building is two storeys 
in height,and 115ft. long. The work of the University Press was carried on in 
this building for one hundred and sixteen years (1713-1830). The first sheet 
of printed matter worked off was signature L m the third alphabet of Leland's 
"Collectanea," then in course of publication, under the editorship of Thomas 
Hearne, the antiquary, at that period Sub-Librarian in the Bodleian. The 
business of the University Press is now carried on in Walton Street. The 
Clarendon Building furnishes space for the Registrar of the University, 
the Council Chamber, Lecture Rooms for Professors, and the new Proctorial 
Rooms and Cells, in place of the old University Police Rooms. Stepping a few 
yards to the west, the visitor enters the portal of the 

^§T Ashmolean Museum, founded by Elias Ashmole in 1679, who 
offered his curiosities to the University, conditionally that an edifice should 
be erected especially for their accommodation. The offer was accepted, and 
the present building was erected in 1679-83. It is commonly attributed to 
Sir Christopher Wren, but the builder and architect was Mr. Thomas Wood, 
of Oxford, a worker in marble. Ashmole was the son of a saddler at Lichfield, 
being born, according to his own statement, " at near half-an-hour after 
three o'clock in the morning, on the 23rd day of May, 1617." Dr. Ingram, 

Newdigate Prize Poem first recited, 1768. Subject : " The Conquest of Quebec." 



THE SUPERSTITION OF ELIAS ASHMOIE. 107 

in his " Memorials of Oxford," says, " He was successively a solicitor in 
Chancery, an attorney in the Common Pleas, a gentleman in the ordnance, 
when Oxford was garrisoned by a royal army, an exciseman or comptroller 
of the ordnance, a Freemason, astrologer, botanist, chemist, anatomist 
physician, and, though last not least, a very learned herald. Heraldry 
seems to have been his forte, and Astrology his foible." He was the author 
of the "History of the Garter," &c. The collection of the curiosities in the 
Museum was commenced by a Dutchman, named John Tradescant, a great 
botanist, who visited England first in 1600. His son, following in his tastes 
greatly improved the Museum by the addition of many botanical and 
natural curiosities. Elias Ashmole lodged in his house at Lambeth, and 
Tradescant bequeathed the Museum to him. We find this noted in Ashmole's 
diary thus : — "1658, Dec. 12. Mr. Tradescant and his wife told me that 
they had been long considering upon whom to bestow their closet of 
curiosities when they died, and at last had resolved to give it to me.'' 
" 16th, 5h. 30m. p.m. Mr. Tradescant and his wife sealed and delivered to 
me the deed of gift of all his rareties. " There was a dispute after the death 
of Tradescant by his wife as to the legacy, and Ashmole says — " 1662. This 
Easter Term I preferred a bill in Chancery against Mrs. Tradescant for the 
rareties her husband had settled on me. " And here matters remained until 
1674, when there is an entry in the diary to this effect : — " Nov. 26. Mrs. 
Tradescant being willing to deliver up the rareties to me, I carried several of 
them to my house. " The Tradescant collection was the most popular and 
curious show of the day, and attracted jnany visitors. It was named the 
"Museum Tradescantianum," or " Tradescant's Ark." When Ashmole 
gained possession of the Museum he added many curiosities to it, including 
coins, manuscripts, medals, paintings, and the library of Lilly, the celebrated 
astrologer, which latter he purchased for ,£50. In 1679 he offered the 
Museum to the University, and it was accepted. Elias Ashmole was a most 
superstitious man, evidenced particularly by his diary, wherein he remarks : 
— "1681, April 9, llh. 45m. p.m. I fell into a cold fit of an ague, which, 
with the hot fit, held me seven hours. " " 11th. I took early in the morning 
a good dose -of elixir, and hung three spiders about my neck, and they drove 
my ague away. Deogratias." Ashmole's Toothache Remedies : — "Take a 
new nail and make the gum bleed with it, and then drive it into an oak." 
" Write the following words three times : — 

" Mars, hur, Abursa, Aburse. | Jesus Christ, for Mary's sake, J Take away this toothache." 
As you say the words let the party burn one paper, then another, and then 
the last." Ashmole remarks that both these remedies had proved efficacious. 
In 1669 he received the honour of "Doctor of Phisick" at Oxford, the 
diploma being presented to him by Dr. Yates, Principal of Brasenose College. 
He died on May 18, 1692, and was buried in Lambeth Church. The Museum 
has been greatly improved by several valuable donations at different 
periods. Since the opening of the New Museum in the Parks, the principal 
portion of the natural history specimens have been removed there. _ Over 
the north door of the Museum in Broad Street is the following inscription, 
now almost illegible :— " Museum Ashomoleanum, Schola Naturalis Historiee, 
Officina Chymica." A few of the most remarkable items are appended :— 

Stonehenge Druidical Temple in its original 
state. 



A large shoe, made of about 1,000 pieces of 
leather. Belonged to John Bigg, clerk to 
Judge Mayne, one of the judges who sentenced 
Charles I. to death. 

Druidical Temple at Abury. 



The same in its present state. 
Christ bearing His Cross. Made with the 
feathers of the humming bird. 



The old Pargetted House Front in Queen Street destroyed, July, 1870. 



108 CURIOSITIES IN THE ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM. 



An Egyptian Mummy, upwards of 2,000 
years old. 

Curious Calendar Stone, weighing five tons, 
found under the celebrated Temple of the Sun, 
Mexico. 

The Alfred Jewel. Found in Newton Park, 
Somersetshire, in 1639. Enamelled in gold, 
with an Anglo-Saxon inscription round it, 
meaning "Alfred ordered me to be made." 
Given in 1718, by Thomas Palmer, Esq., of 
Fairfield, Somerset. 

A small Horn, said to have grown on the 
head of an old woman, named Mary Davis, in 
Cheshire. About three inches long, curved 
like a sheep's horn. It grew over her ear. 

A Portrait, representing the above. 

Curious Malabar and Burmese Manuscripts 

Collection of Burmese Idols. 

African Instruments and Dresses. 

An Ancient Peg Tankard. Used at festivals 
and drinking parties. 

Queen Elizabeth's Watch. 

Oliver Cromwell's Watch, constantly worn 
by him. 

Collection of Antique Watches. 

A Sword, presented by Pope Leo X, to Henry 
VIII. Very curious, the hilt in crystal set in 
silver. 



A Large Magnet, supporting a weight of 
160 lbs. 

Several fine Models of Ships. 

Model of a Chinese Junk. 

The Head of a New Zealand Chief, dried by 
the Natives. 

Collection of Spears, &c, from Peru. 

A similar collection from Fernando Po. 

The Head of a very ancient Crosier. 

Quantity of nails fused together by lightning. 

A Lantern of the twelfth century, orna- 
mented with crystals. 

Two of Ashmole's G-old Chains. One of 
beautiful filigree work, presented to Ashmole 
on the publication of his " History of the Or- 
der of the Garter. " 

Pall used at the Funeral of Henry VII. 

Bradshaw's Hat, made of straw, but lined 
with iron. Worn by Bradshaw when he sen- 
tenced Charles I. to death. 

Key of the Bocardo Prison, where Cranmer, 
Ridley, and Latimer where confined. 

Anglo-Saxon Staff ordshire Clog Almanack— a 
stick divided by lines and notches. 

Scold's Gag, for confining the tongues of 
chattering females. 

And many other rarefies. 



The Museum is open daily to citizens and strangers from 2 till 4 o'clock. 
In the basement of the building are the celebrated 

Arundel Marbles.— These famous mar- 
bles form a ' history in stone' of the once cele- 
brated Grecian kingdom. They were collected 
in Asia, by Sir W. Petty, for Thomas Howard, 
Earl of Arundel, and number about 130. The 
collection was presented to the University by 
the grandson of the Earl (Henry Howard, Earl 
of Arundel and Surrey, and afterwards Duke 
of Norfolk) in 1677. The collection is not per- 
fect, and was not when it became University 
property, for many valuable portions were sto- 
len during the Earl's visit to Italy in 1611, and 
cut up by the masons for building purposes. 
Selden published a perfect catalogue of the 
collection when it was in the possession of the 
Earl in 1628. The present collection includes 
the Parian Chronicle and many epochs of Gre- 
cian history, especially those of the 9th, 12th, 
and 40th, representing the Fable of the Cen- 
taurs, Burning of Bodies, etc. 

The Selden Marbles, presented by the 
executors of John Selden. Selden took offence 
at some particular action of the Unversity to 
which he was opposed. He formed a determi- 
nation that neither his books (8000 vols. ) or his 
marbles should come into the possession of the 
University, to whom he had intended they 
should belong. Selden carried this out as far 
as possible. He died in 1654, aged seventy. 
His executors, finding no stringent regulations 

_ Leaving the range of University buildings just traversed, on the opposite 
side of the road stands a picturesque erection of the seventeenth century 
known as 

Kettel Hall (formerly Perilous Hall), founded by Dr. Ralph Kettel, 
President of Trinity College in 1615, as a subsidiary building for Trinity 
College. It is now used as a private dwelling-house. The front is covered 
with ivy. Dr. Kettel was somewhat eccentric in his manners, and it was 
customary for him to attend the daily disputations in the hall of Trinity 



as to the disposal of his valuable collections, 
carried out the original intention of Selden. 
Selden was educated at Hertford College (on 
the present site of Magdalen Hall) and New 
College. Wood says, that " hi£ great parts did 
not live within a small ambit,and he was usually 
stiled the ' Great Dictator of Learning of the 
English Nation.'" Dr. Gerard Langbaine, of 
Queen's College, wrote the following spirited 
eulogium, and placed it under his portrait :— 

" Lo, such was Selden ; and his learned fame 
All polished nations would be proud to claim ; 
The Gods— nay, e'en the Stones, their voice 

would raise 
Should men by silence dare withhold their 
praise." 

The original is in Latin, and the allusion to 
the stones refers to Selden's treatise on the 
Arundel Marbles. There is also to be seen in 
the same room with the Marbles a cork model 
of the 

Amphitheatre of "Verona— This build- 
ing is supposed to have been built about the 
time of the Emperor Adrian. Ptoom was made 
for 22,000 spectators on forty-five rows of seats, 
allowing a foot and a half to each person. Four 
acres of space were thus occupied. The model 
shows only its present state. 



Lord Norreys and retinue attacked by students from Magdalen Tower, Oct. 1586. 



DR. KETTEL— MAGDALEN HALL. 109 

College. His hands were generally thrust into a black fur muff, and an hour 
glass stood before him for timing the exercises. During the period that 
Cromwell was besieging Oxford, an insolent halberdier rushed into the hall 
when the doctor was engaged in his usual routine, and breaking the hour- 
glass with his halberd, seized the doctor's muff, then laying on the table, and 
threw it in his face. The doctor, enraged, seized the fellow by his collar, and 
made him prisoner, his halberd being carried before him in triumph. Dr. 
Bathurst used to say of Kettel that he scolded better in Latin than any man 
he knew. The doctor was elected scholar of Trinity in 1579, at eleven years 
of age. He attained to the Presidency of the College, which he held for 
forty-five years. He died about 1646. Dr. Johnson in his day was a con- 
stant visitor to some friends residing in the building. Proceeding down 
Broad Street a few yards, and then turning up a passage, the visitor enters the 

Churchmen's Union, established in 1860. The are reading, lecture, 
and chess rooms provided for the members, forming an agreeable lounge 
after business. The institute is fairly attended. Again crossing the road, 
and passing round the north-east corner of the Clarendon Building, the 
visitor approaches 

Magdalen Hall, the second in numerical order of the five halls in the 
University. The Society is possessed of one benefice, situated at South 
Moreton, Berks. The foundation consists of a Principal, &c, and has eight 
scholarships and two exhibitions attached. The number of members on the 
books is about 270. The first Principal ofT the present Hall was the Rev. 
John David Macbride, D.C.L., appointed in 1 1813. He died in 1868, having 
held the position for fifty-five years. The present Principal is the Rev. R. 
Michell, D.D., Public Orator, appointed in 1868. Thirty-four Principals 
have been elected since the foundation. The original Hall stood adjoining 
Magdalen College, being founded by William of Waynflete in 1448, but 
afterwards merged into Magdalen College. The society now under notice 
was founded in 1487 as an appendage to Magdalen College in the shape of a 
grammar school. It was governed by one of the Fellows of Magdalen until 
1602, when, being considerably enlarged, it became an independent founda- 
tion. It was the chief seminary of the Puritans in the University, and Dr. 
Tombes, Principal, was one of the earliest and ablest of the writers against 
infant baptism. The Principal in 1448 was Richard Barnes ; in 1487, 
Richard Gotynden ; in 1602, James Hussee. At the end of the seventeenth 
century severe struggles were made by the officials of Magdalen College and 
the Vice-Chancellor of the University as to the right of electing the Principal, 
the officials maintaining that the privilege belonged to the foundation, and 
the Vice-Chancellor claiming it for the University. On the death of Dr. 
Levett in 1693 the College asserted its right by electing Dr. Hammond to 
the headship of the Hall. Dr. Aldrich, then Vice- Chancellor, opposed this, 
and nominated Dr. Adams. The College refused to acknowledge Dr. Adams, 
and the matter was referred to Westminster Hall for decision, and this 
resulted in the confirmation of Dr. Adams and the University prerogative. 
The Hall bears great repute for its learning, and the students are always 
numerous. In 1624 there were upwards of 300 on the books, above 40 being 
Masters of Arts. As many as twenty bishops have been members, and four 
at the present time have their names inscribed as on the foundation, viz., 
those of Kingston, Labuan, Mauritius, and Waiapu. The President and 
Fellows of Magdalen College being desirous of incorporating the old founda- 
tion into their college for additional room, obtained an Act of Parliament in 

Penn the Quaker expelled Ch. Ch. for destroying the students' ' hated ' surplices, 1652. 



110 HART HALL OR HERTFORD COLLEGE. 

1816, giving them the site of Hertford College in Catherine Street for the 
purpose of erecting a new Hall. Hertford College had lapsed to the Crown. 
The present building was accordingly erected by Mr. Evans, of Oxford, in 
1820-2, from a design by Mr. Garbett. The expense was wholly borne by 
Magdalen College. The refectory and buttery, the former President's 
lodgings, &c. , are the remains of Hertford College. . 

The Hall is a spacious well-arranged room, and contains several portraits, 
including those of Tyndale, translator of the New Testament ; Dr. Josiah 
Pullen, Vice- Principal, died 1714, aged 83 years, 57 years Vice -Principal of 
the Hall and 39 years incumbent of St. Peter-in- the-East Church. It was 
his custom to walk to Headington Hill twice daily (occupying half an hour 
each time) to enjoy a really fine view of English scenery, and there he 
planted an elm tree still called "Joe Pullen's Tree;" Lord Clarendon, 
author of the ''History of the Rebellion;" Dr. Sydenham; Dr. Smith, 
Bishop of Victoria ; Dr. Smith, Bishop of Jamaica, &c. Also an ancient 
painting of the German Church Reformers. 

The Library, on the north side of the new court, contains a very exten- 
sive collection of books. The original Library of Hertford College was over 
the old gate-house. The preceding foundation, known as 

Hart Hall or Hertford College, was erected about 1284, at the expense 
of Elias de Hertford, for the use of scholars. In 1301 John de Ducklington, 
of Oxford, purchased it from the son of the founder for £20. In 1312 Walter 
de Stapledon, founder of Exeter College, first placed his Society here, pre- 
paratory to building the larger foundation. In 1314 Arthur Hall was joined 
with this by royal licence, and the two consisted of twelve students. In 
1369 William of Wykeham, founder of New College, met with his scholars at 
Hart Hall, whilst his own College was being matured. The Hall, however, re- 
mained in the possession of Exeter College, who named the Principals. The 
list of Principals from 1284 till the present time is complete. In 1740 Dr. 
Newton, Principal, obtained a royal charter for converting the Hall into a 
perpetual College. The Society was to consist of a Principal, four senior 
and eight junior Fellows, eight probationary students, twenty-four actual 
students, and four scholars. The name bestowed was Hertford College. 
Dr. Newton framed such a peculiar body of statutes for its government, that 
they had the effect of preventing anyone accepting the office of Principal after 
the death of Dr. Hodgson in 1805. Thus the corporation became extinct. 
By royal letters patent of 1818, the small amount of its endowment was 
granted for life to the Rev. Richard Hewitt, the sole remaining Fellow, and 
on his demise fell to the University. In 1834 another statute gave the 
endowment annually to an undergraduate of two years' standing for pro- 
ficiency in Latin literature. This endowment was a rent-charge left by a 
knight named Bignell, to provide a yearly exhibition for ten scholars from 
the grammar school of Glastonbury Abbey. After the dissolution of the 
monasteries in 1546 it was paid out of the Exchequer. 

Eminent Men of the two foundations : — 
. Magdalen Hall. — John Thadeus Delane, chief editor of the 'Times' news- 
paper, to which post he succeeeed on the death of Mr. R. Barnes in 1841. 
Delane was born in 1817, and took his B.A. degree in 1839, and in the same 
year became attached to the ' Times' staff. Under his editorship the ' Times' has 
prospered, although marked with contests with Bright and Cobden, especially 
with respect to the French International Treaty. Thackeray's eulogium of 
the ' Times' may be appropriately introduced here, although we shall have more 

Bull Baiting at Headington, April i, 1727. Severe disturbances. 



DEAN SWIFT— STELLAS WILL— IRISH CHURCH. Ill 

to say respecting the paper whilst noticing Exeter College. The passage 
extracted occurs in "Pendennis": — "There she is — the great engine — she 
never sleeps. She has her ambassadors in every quarter of the world, her 
couriers upon every road . Her officers march along with armies, and her 
envoys walk into statesmen's cabinets. They are ubiquitous. Yonder 
journal has an agent at this minute giving bribes at Madrid and another 
inspecting the price of potatoes at Covent Garden. " The ' Times' and Delane 
have had some few epigrams written on their conceits — instance one — 

" The Times' we know about doth blow I 'Tis plain to see it cannot be 

With every wind that's churning ; De-lane that has no turning." 

The Rev. James Edwin Thorold Rogers, M.A., Professor of Political 
Economy, 1862-8, and author of many standard works, including the "Agri- 
cultural Statistics of England," contributor of several articles and letters to 
the defunct 'Morning Star'; the Rev. Nathaniel Woodard, late Provost of 
St. Nicholas College, Shoreham, Sussex, well known for his efforts in further- 
ance of middle-class education ; James Warrington Rogers, Esq. , honorary 
M.A. ; Her Majesty's Solicitor-General in Van Diemen's Land, and many 
other men of note, were educated at Magdalen Hall. 

Hertford College. — Hobbes, the metaphysician and infidel, whose effigy was 
publicly burnt in the Schools Quadrangle in 1683 ; Tyndale, the translator of 
the New Testament ; Lord Chancellor Clarendon, author of the " History of 
the Rebellion," the profits of which were devoted to the erection of the 
Clarendon Building ; Charles James Fox, the eminent statesman, M.P. for 
Midhurst, Sussex ; Selden, the talented statesman, whose large collections 
of books and marbles are in the Bodleian ; Sir William Waller, the Par- 
liamentary General ; Dean Swift, author of "Gulliver's Travels," the "Tale 
of a Tub," "Battle of the Books," " Journal to Stella, " &c. He was born 
Nov. 30, 1667, in Dublin, just after the death of his father. His mother 
was dependent on her relations for support, and Swift's uncle maintained him 
at College. He took his B.A. at Trinity College, Dublin, and was incor- 
porated at Hertford College, Oxford, June 14, 1692, and took his M.A. 
degree on the 5th of the following month. The after career of the Dean 
is a matter of history that most are acquainted with. He died a broken- 
hearted, disappointed man, however, in spite of the celebrity attained by 
writing one of the few books in the English language that has become almost 
immortal — " Gulliver's Travels," issued in 1727. The fineness of its humour, 
the strength of its satire, the savage nature of its invective, took the world 
by surprise, and it at once gained the reputation it has ever since enjoyed. 
It is remarkable to note that Swift contemplated a fact that has lately been 
carried out by William Ewart Gladstone, Premier of England (1869). This 
was the probable " disestablishment of the Irish Episcopal Church.'' Swift 
had thoughts of this in 1727; for in Esther Johnson's (Stella) will there is a 
clause foreshadowing this event, showing that the will was dictated by the 
Dean. There was a bequest in the will of £1000 for the support of a 
chaplain in Stevens' Hospital, St. James Street, London ; it closed in this 
language—" And if it shall happen (which God forbid) that at any time 
hereafter the present Established Church of this kingdom shall come to be 
abolished, and be no longer the National Established Church of the said 
kingdom, I do, in that case, declare wholly null and void the bequest above 
made of the said £1000, or the said land purchased, as far as it relates to the 
said hospital and chaplain." Mr. Gladstone referred to this clause during 
the debates on the Irish Church Bill in the House of Commons in 1869. 

Grand Volunteer Review on Port Meadow, Oxford, July, 1862. 



112 NE W COLLEGE— WILLIAM OF WYKEHAM. 

Leaving Magdalen Hall, the lane to the right-hand, takes the visitor direct to 
&r New College, the seventh in numerical order of foundation in the 
University, instituted and endowed by William of Wykeham, Bishop of 
Winchester and Lord High Chancellor of England, in 1379. The charter of 
incorporation was dated June 30, and the College named "Seinte Marie of 
Wynchester in Oxenford." New College was founded for a Warden, seventy 
Fellows and Scholars, ten Chaplains, three Clerks, and sixteen Choristers. 
The seventy were divided into forty Fellows and thirty Scholars. Five Lay- 
Clerks were added to the three already existing in 1868. With this exception 
the foundation remains the same as originally instituted. The Society has the 
patronage of forty livings, and there is an additional one in the gift of 
the Warden. The number of members on the college-books is about 220. 
The first Warden was Richard de Tonworthe, appointed 1376, three 
years before the College was founded. The present Warden is James Edward 
Sewell, D.D., elected in 1860. Thirty-eight Wardens have been elected since 
the foundation. Dr. Ingram, in his " Memorials of Oxford," remarks that u It 
is not without reason that the popular appellation given to this establishment, 
soon after its foundation, has adhered to lb ever since. It forms indeed a new 
era in our academical annals. Walter de Merton had, a century before, opened 
a prospect more extensive than that of the aularian system ; but the Univer- 
sity, as then constituted; continued still in a state of transition. Before the 
time of William of Wykeham, the six earlier colleges, though distinguished 
by peculiar statutes and endowments, were very little more than halls upon a 
larger scale, and were most frequently called by that name (even in legal docu- 
ments) ; but the design of the New College was so grand, and the principal 
buildings upon the whole so much superior to those which preceded them, 
that the collegiate system may be said to be completely established by the 
formation of this society, which served as a model, more or less, to subsequent 
founders of colleges, both here and at Cambridge." William of Wykeham, ac- 
cording to some authorities, was born at Wykeham (now Wickham) in Hamp- 
shire in 1324. It has been stated by a few historiographers that Wykeham's 
surname was ' Longe,' and that he appended the name of Wykeharn to his 
Christian name from a desire to retain that instead of the former patronymic. 
He received his education at Winchester School. Antony a Wood says that 
he spent five years and more at Oxford. Bishop Lowth (his biographer) and 
Mr. Chalmers (author of the " History of the University") doubt this. How- 
ever, on quitting school, he became private secretary to Sir Nicholas Uvedale 
(or Wodale), lord of the manor of Wykeham, and Governor of Winchester 
Castle. Wykeham's genius being great, his knowledge extensive, and his 
judgment sound, he speedily attained distinction, and gained successive 
emoluments of value from Edward III. He became chief warden and surveyor 
of the principal royal castles, manors, and parks, with full powers to repair 
and rebuild if necessary. In October, 1356, he was appointed directing archi- 
tect of Windsor Castle. His retaining-fee was one shilling a-day, and when 
on journeys, two shillings, a large salary in those days. The scarcity of labour 
was so great, that, in addition to his other duties, he was ordered to impress 
masons and other necessary workmen at certain fixed wages. The castle was 
finished in 1374. Fuller, in his "Church History," quaintly remarks of 
Wykeham, " Now as Solomon, when about to build his house at Milo, seeing 
Jeroboam to be an industrious man, made him master of his fabric, so Edward 
III. , discovering a like sufficiency in this great clerk, imployed him in all his 
stately structures. Witness this motto at Windsor Castle : ' This made 

Some students of Magdalen College convicted of stealing deer from Shotover Forest 15S6. 



POSITION OF BISHOP WYKEHAM. 113 

Wickham.'" WyclifF writes severely upon the prosperity of Wykeham. In a 
tract, entitled " Why Poor Priests have no Benefices," he says, "And yet they 
(lords) wolen not present a clerk able of kunning of God's law, but a kitchen 
clerk, or a penny clerk, or wise in building rustles, or worldly doing, though he 
kunne not read well his sauter." Wicliff,with all his professed Christian charity, 
could wield the pen of satire, and even of malignity, when he felt that his 
own progress to affluence was barred — but such a distinctive feature has ever 
been a trait in mankind, and always will be. Disappointed ambition, self- 
interest, and a natural coveteousness overpower their better feelings. Poor 
humanity ! William of Wykeham entered holy orders ; and, on the death 
of William de Edyngton, Bishop of Winchester, in 1366, Wykeham became 
his successor. He was consecrated on October 10, 1366, by Simon Langham, 
Archbishop of Canterbury. Edyngton had commenced the rebuilding of his 
cathedral a short period before his death. Wykeham continued and completed 
the restoration. Still Wykeham progressed in position : Richard II. placed 
him on the woolsack, as Lord High Chancellor of England. Shortly after, the 
peace of the kingdom was disturbed by the frequent quarrels between the 
royal brothers, Edward the Black Prince and John o'Gaunt. Wykeham upheld 
the Black Prince ; and, as one or the other of the brothers made a success- 
ful point in court intrigue, so did the Bishop rise and fall in favour. Tired 
of the unsatisfactory nature of such a life, and almost weary in well-doing, he 
resigned his Chancellorship, and dwelt in peace until the death of Edward in 
1376. Wykeham was then impeached for ilkgal conduct in the performance 
of his multifarious duties. He was deprived pf all his revenues, and forbidden 
to come within twenty miles of the Court. After the King's death, Wykeham 
was pardoned, but nevertheless mulcted in a penalty — having to equip three 
ships of war and provide three hundred trained soldiers at his own cost. He 
rapidly rose again in position, and regained nearly all his former revenues. 
Wykeham had previously cherished the idea of building an educational foun- 
dation that would give his name a place in his country's annals. He had 
purchased a site in Oxford in 1369, and matured the design whilst in retire- 
ment. The buildings were commenced in 1379, from designs by Wykeham, 
and he laid the foundation-stone on March 5, 1380. The College occupied six 
years in construction. On April 14, 1386, the vigil of Palm Sunday, the first 
Warden (Richard de Tonsworthe) and the Fellows entered the College at nine 
o'clock in the morning, "with solemn processions and litanies, commending 
themselves and their studies to the care and protection of Almighty God." 
The College occupies the site of ten ancient academical halls. The buildings 
of the foundation are grand in their simplicity and stability ; and, although 
four centuries have elapsed since their erection, with slight additions, they 
remain substantially the same. William of Wykeham died Sept. 23, 1404, 
aged eighty, and was interred in a chantrey, constructed for himself, in Win- 
chester Cathedral. The College is approached through an 

Entrance Gateway, ornamented in front, on the second storey, with 
figures of the Blessed Virgin (centre), the Founder, and an angel on either 
side, in kneeling posture. Going through this gate, the visitor enters the 

Great Quadrangle, 168ft. by 129ft. The buildings surrounding were 
originally but two storeys in height, the third storey being added in 1674. 
The grass-plot in centre was laid down in 1789. Previous to this, the centre 
of the quadrangle-space w r as gravelled, and ornamented by a leaden statue of 
Minerva. When the grass-plot was laid the statue was sold, and the pro- 
ceeds given to the Library. On the north side are the Chapel, Cloisters, and 

Great Contest on the Annual Election of Proctors, 1594. | 



114 NEW COLLEGE CHAPEL AND WINDOWS.. 

Hall ; on the east side the Library ; on the west, the Warden and Fellows' 
Lodgings. During the civil war the Quadrangle was used as a place of exer- 
cise for armed students. 

The Tower, " a pattern of massive strength," stands upon the site of one of 
the bastions of the old city wall, and is four storeys in height, each roofed with 
stone, and it terminates with an octagonal turret. It is supposed to have 
been the last addition to the College, by the Founder. The summit of the 
tower is gained by ascending a winding staircase. The Tower is six feet 
thick at the base. In the belfry there is a fine peal of ten bells. In .1869, 
these bells were taken down and re-hung. The ancient framework, however, 
remains. Four of the bells (treble, second, fourth, and ninth) have the 
celebrated motto of Wykeham, "Manners makyth man, "inscribed upon them ; 
the seventh bell, "Prosperity to New College," and the rest the names of 
those by whom they were cast, such as " Michael Darbie made mee," &c. 
In the civil wars the Tower was fortified, and occupied both by Royalists and 
Parliamentarians. There is a dark story told of the days of Henry Till. , 
when certain Protestant members of the College were imprisoned within the 
Tower, and allowed to die of cold and starvation. The visitor should not 
omit to enjoy the 

View of Oxford's Collegiate Buildings from the summit of the Tower. 

The Chapel is in the shape of the Roman letter T, and is acknowledged 
to be one of the finest in the University. Brewer says, "All that piety 
could dictate, or affection and taste effect, was done by Wykeham in regard 
to the ornaments of the interior of the chapel. " The sacramental plate dates 
from 1602. The organ is one of the most splendid in England, built in 1663, 
by Robert Dallam, of Dallam, Lincolnshire. It has since been restored by 
Green and Byfield. The choir of the Chapel measures 100ft. by 35ft. , and the 
height is 65ft. The screen through which the choir is entered is richly 
adorned with Gothic sculpture. The communion-table is of dove-colour 
marble, and above are five small fine sculptures, in alto-relievo, by West- 
macott, representing "The Salutation,' " The Nativity," "The Taking 
Down from the Cross," " The Resurrection," and "The Ascension of Christ." 
But, perhaps, 

The Illuminated Windows form the great attraction to the visitor ; and 
they certainly are some of the finest in the kingdom. The figures in the 
great west window were designed by Sir Joshua Reynolds, about 1777, and 
represent Temperance, Fortitude, Faith, Charity, Hope, Justice, and Pru- 
dence. " The original sketches for this window were sold in 1821, by Messrs. 
Christie, of London, for .£7,229 5s. One of these " Charity," can be seen in 
the University Galleries, St. Giles's Street. Above the figures in the window 
is the ' ' Nativity of Christ, " a composition of thirteen figures and a group of 
quadrupeds. In the clouds an angel is contemplating the scene, and near 
him is a scroll, having in Greek, the following, " Mysteries which the angels 
themselves desire to look into. " In the south compartment are portraits of 
Sir Joshua Reynolds and Jervais, who copied Sir Joshua's designs for this 
beautiful window. The windows on the south side are Flemish, said to have 
been executed by the pupils of Rubens. They were repaired in 1740, by 
William Price, and afterwards purchased by the society. The windows on 
the north side are by Peckett, of York, who painted them in 1765 and 1774. 
They represent the Old Testament patriarchs and prophets, from Adam to 
Zephaniah. The small lights in the window-heads retain the original painted 
glass of 1386, and are adorned with curious figures of the various degrees 

Richard Rallingson (Queen's Coll.) devised the Oxford Fortifications, 1642. 



WYKE HAM'S CROZIER AND MITRE. 115 

in the angelic world — cherubim, archangels, and angels, the name appearing 
under each; At the upper end of the Chapel is preserved, carefully enclosed 
in the wall, 

Wykeham's Mitre, Gloves, Ring, Sandals, 
&c, as well as a large collection of plate and 
jewels, including two standing cups, with 



Wykeham's Ceozier. It is nearly 7-feet 
high, and formed of silver-gilt, embellished 
with Gothic ornaments. Instead of the Holy 
Lamb, is introduced the figure of Wykeham,. 
kneeling. It was bequeathed to the College by 
Wykeham. The workmanship is most ela- 
borate. In the Muniment Room in the tower 



covers and three nuts set in silver ; one of 
great antiquity, representing a vine running 
up the cup, hedged in with a rude paling of 
silver. Another, not so old, rests on small 



are preserved SJ PtUred aDgelS ' ThG tMrd * S ° f * he yGar 

The Choral Service, performed in the Chapel daily, forms a special feature. 
Service from five till six p.m. 

The Ante-Chapel, from which the principal Chapel is entered, measures 
about 80ft. by 36ft. , and is supported by two very beautiful staff-moulded 
pillars. Many eminent men and several Wardens of the College are buried 
within its precincts. Brasses and marble monuments can still be seen, 
but many of the most beautiful were destroyed duriog the Civil War. 

The College Seals (the earliest), some other records of nearly the same 
age, and a few old pictures of saints (removed from the Chapel upon its re- 
storation), &c. , are preserved in the College Audit Room . 

The Cloisters, 130ft. by 85ft., formed by Wykeham, after the settlement 
of the society. They were consecrated by Nicholas, Bishop of Dunkeld, Oct. 
19, 1400. The roof represents the ribbed bottom of a boat. An old pulpit and 
original stone altar, as well as several monuments and brasses, are preserved 
here, many of them very remarkable, including those of Bishop Yong, of 
Gallipoli (Turkey), laid down by him while living — the date of death to be 
added (this was never done) ; Archbishop Cranley, of Dublin, in full ponti- 
ficals, &c. In 1643 the Cloisters were used as a store during the war by Charles 
I., when "many of the monuments were sacrilegiously destroyed, and brasses 
stolen. In 1802, those remaining were carefully restored. There is a 
remarkable echo in the cloisters, returning sound eight or nine times. 

The Hall, 78ft. by 35ft. height 40ft. , is one of the most spacious refec- 
tories in the University. It is approached by a flight of steps, and adjoins 
the Chapel. It was carefully restored, under the direction of Mr. G. G. 
Scott, R.A., in 1866. The windows and the wainscot are decorated with the 
arms of the founder and other benefactors. At its restoration a very hand- 
some oaken roof was substituted for the former one. On the walls are 
portraits of the Founder, Dr . Howley, Archbishop of Canterbury ; Bishops 
Bathurst, Bisse, Huntingford, Ken, Lake, Lowth, Shuttleworth, Trimnett, 
Waynflete, &c. ; a valuable painting by Caracci, "The Adoration of the 
Shepherds," presented by Earl Radnor, &c. On August 29, 1605, James 1^ 
and his consort, the Prince of Wales, and a considerable number of the nobility 
dined in the Hall, a sumptuous banquet being provided. There is a curious 
rebus in the Bursary window : a very old painting of a bird, known as the 
' pewit' (pay-it), and in old English characters over it, " Redde quod debes ;" 
and also a portrait of the Founder in the Warden's lodgings, said to be by 
Sir Joshua Reynolds. The Warden's Chair, presented by Mr. Scott, was 
made from wood growing at Botany Bay, New South Wales. The visitor 
proceeds from the Hall into 

The Library (two rooms), 70ft. by 22ft. It was refitted a few years since 
by Mr. Wyatt, of Oxford. Amongst its treasures are several hundred 
manuscripts and a collection of coins. Bishop Rede, of Chichester, founder 
of Merton Library, gave about one hundred books to the foundation. In 

Oxford besieged for fifteen days (May 22 to June 5) by Colonel Fairfax, 1645. 



116 OLD CITY WALLS AND BASTIONS. 

1G75, Dr. Woodward, bequeathed to it five hundred folio volumes, besides 
an annual sum for additions, &c. 

The Garden Quadrangle was added in 1682, and finished in 1684. The 
first stone of this portion of the College was laid by Henry Beeston, LL.D., 
Master of Winchester School, and afterwards Warden of the College. The 
Founder's motto, ' ' Manners makyth man," appears over the elegant iron gates 
leading from this court. The iron palisading is 130 feet in length. The idea 
of this Quadrangle appears to have been borrowed from that of Versailles. 
From the Garden Quadrangle the visitor enters 

The Gardens attached to the College. They are charmingly retired, and 
present some pleasing views of the ancient buildings of the University. On 
the south stands the tower of St. Peter-in-the-East Church, the oldest eccle- 
siastical edifice in the city. Nathaniel Hawthorne, an American writer of 
celebrity, who penned the famous " Scarlet Letter," &c, &c, was enchanted 
with the gardens of this College, and thus speaks of them in his "English 
Notes," a posthumous work, edited by his widow : " The gardens of New 
College are indescribably beautiful — lawns of the richest green and softest 
velvet grass, shadowed over by ancient trees, and have been nursed and 
tended with such care, and so sheltered from rude winds that certainly they 
must have been the happiest of all trees. Such a sweet, quiet, sacred, stately 
seclusion, so age-long as this has been, and I hope will continue to be, cannot 
exist anywhere else. One side of the garden is formed by the ancient wall of 
the city, which Cromwell's artillery battered, and which still retains its pris- 
tine height and strength. " At the south end stands an 

Ionic Temple, said to have been brought from Canons, the once splendid 
seat of the Duke of Chandos, near Edgeware, Middlesex. The Gardens are 
surrounded by the 

Old City Walls and Bastions. An original document is still preserved 
among the muniments of the city, being an agreement made by Wykeham 
with the city, at the foundation of the College, by which he bound the society 
to keep these walls in good repair for ever. And certainly in no other part 
of Oxford can the remains of the old walls be better seen than here. 

Dr. London, Warden of New College, 1526, was a most virulent persecutor of 
Protestants. He was convicted of perjury and sentenced to ride with his 
face to the horse's tail, through Windsor, Reading, and Newbury, and to 
stand in the pillory in each place. This disgrace sank so deeply into London's 
heart, that he died soon after in the Fleet Prison, London, in 1543. Dr. . 
Robert Pincke, the twentieth Warden of this College, met his death in a 
peculiar manner. Coming down the stairs of his lodgings in the College, on 
Oct. 2o,*1647, he slipped down, causing a bruise on his thigh, which in- 
creased in size and pain day by day for over a week, when his system 
gave way and he died. Dr. Bathurst (of Trinity), and Dr. Hoare (of Jesus), 
both met their deaths through simple accidents — Dr. Bathurst, by breaking 
his thigh, and Dr. Hoare from the bite of a favourite cat. A Mr. Crow, 
of New College, was made the subject of a punning joke, in 1759, that will 
bear repetition. He was invited by Dr. Henry Barton, Warden of Merton 
College, to a dinner. He met with Mr. Partridge, of Brasenose, Mr. 
Woodcock, of Ch. Ch. , and Mr. Book, of Merton. Dinner was to be at five 
o'clock. It was not punctual, because the wit had a purpose to serve : 
"Well, gentlemen," said the witty doctor, " I think I h'ave a goodly share of 
the birds of the air, but we must wait for one bird more." Mr. Birdmore 
made his appearance at 5.30, having been expressly invited at that hour. 

Colonel Legge, Governor of Oxford, defeated Cromwell's Troops, June 2, 1645. 



FORMER CUSTOMS AT NEW COLLEGE. 117 

New College, as well as most other ancient foundations in Oxford, had its 
peculiar Curious Customs, now no longer observed. We notice four 



Dinner Call.— The members assembled 
together at meal time, at oue and seven o'clock 
daily: a chorister being sent from the chapel 
door to the garden gate, crying "A Manger 
tours seigneurs," which was afterwards curi- 
ously corrupted into " Eat manchet-toat-seni- 
vat." This became obsolete at the close of the 
eighteenth century. 

Ascension Day. — The Fellows always 
proceeded on Holy Thursday, in the morning, 
to St. Bartholomew's Hospital to hear a ser- 
yice. After the chapter for the day was read, 
an anthem, in five or six parts, was sung by the 
Fellows. The second lesson followed, and then 
another anthem or hymn was sung. The Fel- 
lows then went up to the altar, each giving a 
piece of silver for the poor almsmen of the 
hospital. Walking to a well named Stockwell 



echoed and warbled out melodies, in parts, 
after the custom of the Druids. 

Mock Ceremony of Beard- Shaving, 
on the night preceding magistration. This 
was one of the ecclesiastical mummeries of the 
age, in which a fool used mockingly to shave 
the precentor of his beard in public, on a 
stage. An injunction was afterwards made 
against this ceremony in the statutes of the 
College. 

Carol Singing and Mirabilia Mundi 
on extraordinary occasions. The Mirabilia 
were metrical accounts of the wonders, partly 
true and partly fabulous, seen by the crusaders 
in the eastern countries. There is one of these 
preserved in the Bodleian Library, a vellum 
manuscript, richly decorated with paintings 
and illuminations, entitled " Histoire de Graunt 
Kaan et des Merveilles de Monde. " Some were 



at the upper end of the grove adjoining, they accounts of early English history) in metre. 

Before leaving the " depth of Gothic gloom" of New College, let us note 
a few of the 

Eminent Men of the foundation. Dr. Bruno Ryves, Dean of Windsor, 
and a writer in the ' Newes of the Present Week,' editor of the early Oxford 
newspapers, &c. Dr. Gloster Ridley, author of the "Life of Ridley the 
Martyr," an ancestor of his. Wood, author of the "Institutes of the Laws 
of England." William of Waynflete, founder of Magdalen College. Bishop 
Ken, writer of the well-known "Morning and Evening Hymns," Dr. 
Thomas James, first Bodleian Librarian. \ Dr. Bulkely Bandinel, Bodleian 
Librarian for forty-seven years (1813-60).^ Archdeacon Philpot, the martyr, 
burnt at Smithfield, 1555. Archbishop Chichele, founder of All Souls' 
College. Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, Chancellor of the University, and to 
whom Pembroke College was dedicated. William Pitt, the statesman. 
William Grocyn, the friend of Erasmus, and one of the most eminent men of 
his time, lecturer in Divinity in Magdalen College and St. Paul's Cathedral. 
Richard Haydock, the "sleeping preacher," who professed to preach while he 
was asleep. He was a physician, and had an impediment in his speech. By 
careful training and study he would preach a sermon— taking his text, 
dividing it into heads, &c— whilst apparently in nightly rest. He was tried in 
in many ways, as to his pretended powers, by pinching and pulling his hands 
and feet, but he would not stir. His fame spread, and he was commanded 
to come to court before the King to display his remarkable powers. The 
deception was found out. He had to ask pardon of the King, which was 
granted by him conditionally, that he would tell his deceit to the Archbishop 
of Canterbury (Bancroft). This was in 1605. The Rev. Thomas Lydiatt, 
astronomer and mathematician, writer of an early " Harmony of the Gospels," 
and over 600 sermons. He became bondsman for a sum of money for a rela- 
tive, and was imprisoned in the King's Bench, London, and the Bocardo, 
Oxford, not being able to meet the defalcation. He became Rector of 
Alkerton, near Banbury, Oxon, in 1572, where he died in great poverty, 
April 3, 1646. Dr. Johnson, in his "Vanity of Human Wishes," speaking 
of unfortunate learned men, says, 
• ' There mark what ills th« scholar's life assail : I To buried merit raise the tardy bust. 

Toil, envy, want, the patron, and the gaol If dreams yet flatter, once again attend— 

See nations, slowly wise, and meanly just, \ Hear Lydiatt's life, and Galileo's end." 

The Rev. Sydney Smith matriculated at New College about 1787, and 
Oxford besieged a second time by Fairfax, May 1, 1646. 



118 S YDNE Y SMITH AND DAME PARTINGTON. 

obtained a Fellowship in 1790. An amusing reminiscence of that period 
appeared in one of his "Cathedral Letters," in which he says, "I was at 
school and college with the Archbishop of Canterbury. Fifty-three years 
ago he knocked me down with a chess-board, for checkmating him, and now 
he is attempting to take away my patronage. I believe these are the only 
two acts of violence he ever committed in his life : the interval has been one 
of gentleness, kindness, and the most amiable and high-principled courtesy 
to his clergy." Sydney Smith was the originator of the celebrated Mrs. 
Partington, whose remarkable misconstruction of phrases has provoked many 
a hearty laugh. In 1831, he made a speech upon the rejection of the Reform 
Bill by the House of Lords, in which the rev. gentleman introduced the 
venerable lady. Reference is often made to this speech ; the portion, there- 
fore, is given that immortalised Dame Partington. Sydney Smith said : — 
" I feel most deeply the rejection of the Reform Bill by the House of Lords, 
because, by putting the two Houses of Parliament in collision with each 
other, it will impede the public business and diminish the public prosperity. 
I feel it as a Churchman, because I cannot but blush to see so many digni- 
taries of the Church arrayed against the wishes and happiness of the people. 
I feel it, more than all, because I believe it will sow the seeds of deadly hatred 
between the aristocracy and the great mass of the people. The loss of the 
Bill I do not feel, and for the best of all possible reasons — because I have not 
the slightest idea that it is lost. I have no more doubt, before the expiration 
of the winter, that this Bill will pass, than I have that the annual Tax Bills 
will pass ; and. greater certainty than this no man can have, for Franklin tells 
us that there are but two things certain in this world — death and taxes. As 
for the possibility of the House of Lords preventing, ere long, a reform of 
parliament, I hold it to be the most absurd notion that ever entered into 
human imagination. I do not mean to be disrespectful ; but the attempt of 
the Lords to stop the progress of Reform reminds me very forcibly of the 
great storm of Sidmouth, and of the conduct of the excellent Mrs. Partington 
on that occasion. In the winter of 1824, there set in a great flood upon that 
town : the tide rose to an incredible height ; the waves rushed in upon the 
houses, and everything was threatened with destruction. In the midst of 
this sublime and terrible storm, Dame Partington, who lived upon the beach, 
was seen at the door of her house, with mop and pattens, trundling her mop, 
squeezing out the sea-water, and vigorously pushing away the Atlantic Ocean ! 
The Atlantic was roused ; Mrs. Partington's spirit was up ; but I need not 
tell you the contest was unequal. The Atlantic Ocean beat Mrs. Partington. 
She was excellent at a slop, or a puddle, but she should not have meddled 
with a tempest. Gentlemen, be at your ease— be quiet and steady. You 
will beat Mrs. Partington. " Many other men of mark might be mentioned 
whose accomplishments have increased the lustre already so resplendent on 
the annals of this foundation during the five centuries of its existence. Truly 
" the aiTOw shot the mark," when drawn by William of Wykeham. The Rev. 
W. D. Macray, author of " Annals of the Bodleian Library," lately published 
an excellent account of the progress of the College from its foundation. 
Leaving New College, and passing by the bottom of Broad Street, across 
Holywell Street [about half-way down which is the 

Holywell Music .Room, built from a design of »r, Camplin, of St. 
Edmund Hall, at an expense of £1263 10s. , in 1748], the visitor approaches, 
by way of Park Street, 

Wadharn College, the seventeenth in order of foundation. The monas- 

The Garrison of Oxford summoned to surrender to the Parliamentarians, "May 11, 1646. 



WADHAM COLLEGE— NICHOLAS WAD HAM. 119 

tery of the Augustinian monks formerly stood upon the same spot. The 
foundation-day was July 31 , 1610 ; and April 20, 1613, saw the first Warden 
admitted. It was founded for a Warden, fifteen Fellows, fifteen Scho- 
lars, two Chaplains, and two Clerks. Dr. Hody founded ten Exhibitions : — 
four for the study of Hebrew, six for the study of Greek ; value of each £45 
per annum. There is one for the study of Botany, bequeathed by R. 
Warner, Esq. Bishop Lisle, John Goodridge, Esq., Baron Wyndham (Lord 
Chancellor of Ireland), Dr. John Wills, Sir Benjamin Maddox, &c, have also 
left benefactions to the College. The first Warden was Robert Wright, D.D., 
appointed in 1613. The present Warden is Benjamin Parsons Symons, D.D., 
elected in 1831. Seventeen Wardens have been elected since the foundation. 
The number of members on the books of the Society is about 360. The 
patronage of the Society comprises thirteen livings. Nicholas Wadham, the 
founder, was born at Edge, in the parish of Branscombe, near Sidmouth, 
Somersetshire, in 1548, and was a member of Corpus Christi College. He 
married Dorothy Petre, daughter of Sir William Petre, Secretary of State 
during four reigns. Nicholas Wadham was desirous of founding a College 
bearing his name, and set by a sum of money for the purpose, but died Oct. 
20, 1609, before his designs could be carried out, leaving, however, a legacy 
for the purpose. His widow carried out the desire of her husband, and 
purchased the site of tha»College from the Corporation of the city, into whose 
hands it had fallen, for £600. The consecration of the College took place in 
St. Mary's Church, July 31, 1610, when the heads of the University and the 
city authorities were present, a solemn Te Deum being sung. The architect 
was Thomas Holt, of York, who also designed the Schools. The total 
expense of the building, plate. &c, wasfi>ll,360, the whole of which was 
defrayed by the founder's widow. The-royal license was granted Dec. 20, 
1611. Wadham and his wife had hesitation respecting the foundation of the 
College at first, wishing to found a Roman Catholic College at Venice instead. 
The front of Wadham College faces Park Street, and has a bay projection, 
surmounted by a pediment at each end. 

The Quadrangle is entered from a tower-gateway, and is about 130ft. 
square, and modern Gothic in its style, with one exception. The Hall and 
Chapel are on the east side, together with the library, &c. Over the entrance 
to the Hall is a statue of King James I. in his robes, with the royal arms 
above. On the right is Nicholas Wadham, in armour, holding a model of 
the College in his right hand, and on the left, Dorothy his wife. 

The Hall is 85ft. by 35ft. and 37ft. in height. It forms one of the noblest 
rooms of this nature in the University. The timbered roof and the old oak 
screen will delight the antiquary. Several portraits adorn the walls, including 
those of the Founder and his wife, James I. by Paul Vansomer, Charles L 
and his Queen, William III., Onslow (Speaker of the House of Commons), 
and a series of Bishops who have been connected with the foundation . 

The Library, 55ft. by 30ft., has several curiosities of early typographic 
art on its shelves, and a quantity of manuscripts, prints, &c. Warner's 
" Shaksperian Collection," comprising every edition and every piece in illus- 
tration of the works of the bard which the collector could procure. Lloyd's 
11 Geographical Dictionary," the first published of this nature (1670). The 
author was a member of the College. There is a fine collection of early 
Italian and Spanish books, and a very rare Anglo-Saxon manuscript of the 
Evangelists, dating from the tenth century, curiously illuminated. The first 
books placed in the Library were those of Dr. Bisse, of Magdalen College, 

The City of Oxford surrendered to the Parliamentarians, June 24, 1646. 



120 MOTHER GEORGE, THE CENTENARIAN. 

who left 2,000 volumes to the College, valued at £1,700. Cabinet portraits 
of the Founder and Foundress are in the room. The windows are small, the 
idea being to obtain as much room as possible for the books. 

Tbe Chapel, 70ft. by 30ft., is famed for the purity of its architectural 
design. It was built by a body of Somersetshire masons, the Gothic archi- 
tecture being practised in that county at a later period than in other districts. 
In 1834 it was newly roofed, a handsome Gothic screen added, elegantly fitted 
up, and the stalls, &c, completely renovated, from designs by Mr. Blore, 
whose labours and judgment have improved so many buildings in the Uni- 
versity. The fine east window is an exquisite specimen of illumination, by 
Van Ligne, representing in the lower compartments the Life of Christ, and 
in the upper, the Old Testament antitypes. The window was presented by 
Sir John Strangeways, and the written contract signed by Van Ligne, in 1621, 
is still preserved among the memoranda of the College. The Altar-Cloth is 
a remarkable production, by Dr. Clarke, of All Souls' College. It is just 
touched in for the lights and shades, and the colours are melted in by a red- 
hot iron. The marble floor was laid down in 1667, at the expense of the 
Fellow-commoners. The Communion-plate dates from 1613, and the brass 
Lectern from 1693, the latter being presented by Sir Thomas Lear. 

The Ante-Chapel is more spacious than the Chapel, and contains several 
monuments of past Wardens and Fellows. In 1838,*two splendid illuminated 
windows were added, by Mr. David Evans, of Shrewsbury, from designs by 
Mr. John Bridges, of Oxford. Two other stained windows (illustrative of the 
patriarchs, &c.) have been placed in the Ante-Chapel since that period. 

The Common Room, situate between the Chapel and the Hall, contains a 
curious portrait of Mother George, whom Wood describes as " a very ancient 
dame, living in Black Boy Lane, which leads from the north end of St. Giles's, 
to Rats and Mice Hill. The perfect use of all her faculties at the age of 120 
years, occasioned a great resort of company to her house. It was her custom 
to thread a very fine needle without the help of spectacles, and to present it 
to her guests, who, in return, gave her some small gratuity towards her 
support. In the latter end of her life she removed into St. Peter-le-Bailey, 
and died by an accidental fall (down stairs), which injured her back." She 
was buried in St. Giles's Churchyard, in 1673. There is also a portrait of Dr. 
Wilkins, Warden, afterwards Bishop of Chester, who founded the " Royal 
Society" at Wadham, in the rooms of Richard Boyle, the Christian philo- 
sopher, in 1652. These rooms are over the gateway, and therein the meetings 
of the Society were held for seven years (1652-9.) Dr. Wilkins was appointed 
Warden of Wadham, in 1648, and Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, in 
1659. In 1656, he married the sister of Oliver Cromwell, and widow of Dr. 
French. The Wardens of this foundation were not then allowed to marry, 
but special grant was obtained from the Protector, at that time Chancellor of 
the University, to allow an indulgence to Dr. Wilkins. An Act of Parlia- 
ment passed since enables all Wardens to marry. A valuable painting of 
" Christ Healing the Sick at the Pool of Beihsaida," by Dirk Van Delen 
(1647), is likewise in the Common Room. It was given to the College by the 
present Warden, Dr. Symons. 

The Gardens are prettily set out, and contain some noble cedars, 
cacti, &c. Their seclusion renders them a favorite retiring place of study 
to those who seek intercourse with classic lore, &c. 

Eminent Men of the Foundation. John Wilmot, second Earl of 
Rochester, the celebrated libertine and wit, and constant comp anion of the 
Festivities in Oxford through a Free Parliament being proclaimed, Feb. 13, 1659. 



DR. WHITE AND THE GATEKEEPER. 121 

" Merry Monarch," Charles II. He entered the College as a nobleman, in 
his twelfth year. When at Bodicote Church on one occasion, he penned the 
following extempore lines on the parish clerk and choir (attributed to other 
authority) : — 

" Sternhold and Hopkins had great qualms I But had it been poor David's fate 
When they translated David's psalms, j To hear thee sing, and them translate, 

To make the heart feel glad ; | By Jove, 'twould have drove him mad." 

Dr. Parker, fourteenth Bishop of Oxford, was also of Wadham. He was 
tutored by a Presbyterian, who was associated with a sect named "Grew- 
ellers," from feeding off thin broth. Parker joined them, and used to attend 
a meeting-room in Holywell Street, for weekly exhortation. He was a 
zealous and constant hearer of the prayers and sermons there held forth, a 
receiver of the Sacrament, and such like, that he was esteemed one of the 
1 preciousest ' young men in the University. " — (Wood). In after-life, these 
notions wore away, and he became an unpopular Bishop of the See of Oxford. 
Sir Christopher Wren, afterwards of All Souls'. Harris, the "Philosopher 
of Salisbury." Admiral Blake. Creech, editor and translator of "Lucretius." 
Arthur Onslow, many years Speaker of the House of Commons, and for some 
time Member of Parliament for the City of Oxford. Floyer Sydenham, 
translator of Plato. Anderson, translator of the Arenarius of Archimedes. 
Middleton Howard, author of the first Newdigate Prize Poem, 1768— sub- 
ject : "The Conquest of Quebec." Nicholas Monk, Bishop of Hereford, 
brother of General Monk. Dr. Blandford, Chaplain to the Earl of Claren- 
don. Dr. Thomas Spratt, Bishop of Rochester, 1684. Bishop Tufnel, of 
Brisbane, 1868. Bishop Medley, of Fredericton. Rev. Arthur Mackonochie, 
the renowned Ritualist of St. Alban's, LonTdon. Dr. Humphrey Hody, Pro- 
fessor of Greek. Sir John Pratt, Lord Chief Justice, 1720. Dr. Kennicot, 
the eminent Hebraist. John Richardson, the Persian lexicographer. 
George Costard, the famed linguist and astronomical writer. Dr. White, 
Professor of Hebrew from 1802-14 . Dr. White was a man who suffered from 
forgetfulness — his mind frequently wandering from the objects surrounding 
him, whilst often deeply engrossed in a " brown study." The following anec- 
dote laughably portrays the doctor in a peculiar dilemma. On one occasion 
he undertook to serve a friend's church, and to ride a friend's horse to Kid- 
lington. The doctor, who had seldom sat in a saddle before, managed, with 
quiet assistance from the groom, to mount ; but, after a mile or two, he 
thought it would be more comfortable to walk. He accordingly dismounted 
and hung the horse's bridle upon his arm. On his approaching Kidlington 
turnpike the following short dialogue took place — the gate being closed : — 
Dr. W. : " Holla ! master gatekeeper, why don't you open the gate for me?" 
Gate-keeper: "Open the gat ! Why, maun, you must be beside yourself." 
Dr. W. : "Open it, 1 say, sirrah ! immediately, and don't keep me and my 
horse waiting here." Gate-keeper: "Haw, haw, haw — that's a good 'un. 
You and your horse ! donna you think that side-gat is big enough for you to 
pass through ? And as for your horse, I can't see nothing like one, unless it 
be that there bridle on your arm !" Dr. W. : " Dear me ! how can it be 1 
What has happened to the poor creature ? Sure enough, here is the bridle, 
but what can have become of the horse ?" Deep in thought about " crooked 
letters," the doctor had not felt the gradual slipping off the bridle from the 
head of the animal, which was found quietly grazing on the road-side a mile 
behind ! William Shaw, B.A., of Wadham College, a banister, not in prac- 
tice. He was successively a farmer, editor, and partly proprietor of the 

The Earl of Pembroke ejected from the Chancellorship of the University, 1643. 



122 THE UNIVERSITY MUSEUM, PARKS. 

1 Mark Lane Express,' and first Secretary of the Royal Agricultural Society 
of Eugland, and originator, at least in England, of the system of insuring 
grain crops against loss by hailstorms. Involved in pecuniary trouble 
through his exertions to get Smithneld Market removed to Islington, he died 
May 3, 1853, in Australia, in abject destitution. Several Bishops and other 
eminent men have also been on the books of Wadham College. Leaving the 
foundation, and proceeding onwards still up Park Street, we shortly reach 
the entrance to 

Trinity College Gardens, seen through a magnificent wrought-iron gate- 
way. The celebrated "Lime-Tree Walk" is a feature in the Gardens. About 
one hundred yards further on stands Oxford's celebrated 

3§f° University Museum. The building is of a very striking appear- 
ance, one of the most remarkable modern erections in England. The 
architects were Sir Thomas Deane and Mr. B. Woodward, of Dublin, who 
also designed the Oxford Union Rooms. The builders were Messrs. Lucas 
and Son, of London. The original estimate was ,£29,041. The style of the 
building is Venetian Gothic. The foundation stone was laid by the late 
Earl of Derby (Chancellor of the University) on June 20th, 1855, and the 
Museum was completed in 1860. The frontage is 346ft., depth 145ft., height 
75ft. The Museum was founded for the study of natural science (anatomy, 
chemistry, geology, geometry, mathematics, medicine, mineralogy, and 
physiology), and natural history (birds, beasts, fishes, insects, and reptiles). 
There is a valuable Library (natural science and history), work and 
Lecture Rooms, and Laboratories for the Professors and their pupils. The 
principal entrance leads into 

The Lauge Court of the Museum by a flight of steps. This court (112ft. 
square) has a glass roof, supported by light iron columns. The visitor will 
observe the illustrations on the shafts of the pillars of the different kinds of 
British rock, 124 in number, polished so as to bring out their peculiar 
beauties. The western pillars represent the granitic series ; the eastern, 
the metamorphic series ; the northern, the calcareous series (from Irish 
specimens principally) ; the southern, the English marbles. Plants and 
animals (grouped), illustrative of various epochs and climates, are artistically 
represented on the capitals and bosses. The English fern and Flora families 
are delicately carved. The corbels, of Caen stone, in front of the pillars, are 
occupied by statues of eminent men in the different departments of know- 
ledge, Galileo and Hipparchus representing Astronomy ; Aristotle, Linnaeus, 
and John Hunter, Biology ; Lavoisier, Cavendish, and Davy, Chemistry ; 
Cuvier, Geology ; Archimedes, Euclid, Liebnitz, and Newton, Mathematics ; 
Harvey, Hippocrates, and Sydenham, Medicine ; Bacon, Oersted, Priestly, 
Stephenson, Volta, and Watt, Science in general. Five of the statues were 
presented by the Queen, Aristotle and Cuvier by the students, Euclid by the 
Freemasons. Professor Phillips selected the examples for the decoration of 
the shafts. The Museum should be inspected in the following order : — 

The Zoological Collections in glass cases, &c, The Fossils and beautiful Minerals occupy 

on each side of the central avenue. 

The Anatomical Preparations and Skeletons 
on the north, or left hand side of the central 
avenue, amongst which are the head of that 
extinct bird, the Dodo (the only one known), 
and the specimens showing the progress of 
disease in the human system, &c. 

The Reptiles and Fish on the south, or riaht 
hand side of the central avenue. The large 
Tortoise deserves especial notice. 



the remainder of the space in the central court. 
Passing into the lower corridor, on the south 
side 

The Mechanical and Philosophical Apparatus, 
connected with the Professorship of Experi- 
mental Philosophy, will be observed, and at 
the top, or east portion of the corridor, are the 
large collections of 

Fossils and Geological Specimens. The north 
side of the corridor contains a continuation of 



Banquet to Queen Katherine of Arragon in Merton College Hall, 1518. 



COLLECTIONS IN THE MUSEUM. 



123 



JEtoom is at the north end of the Library. The 
Librarian is H. W. Acland, M.D., Regius and 
Clinical Professor of Medicine. The Library is 
open two evenings weekly during term. Leaving 
the Library, and proceeding to the south side, 
the rooms containing 

The Entomological Specimens are entered. 
At the east or top portion of the gallery, are 
numerous 

Fossils and Shells, and on the north side, 
collections of 

British Quadrupeds, Birds, Reptiles, and 
Msh. 



The Geological Specimens, connected with 
more of the Anatomical Subjects. Proceeding 
up the staircase at the north-west corner, the 
upper corridor or gallery is entered. From 
here the visitor should proceed to 

The Library, a noble room, 200 feet in length. 
The books, in every department of Natural 
Science, number close upon 40,000 volumes. 
They include those from the Radcliffe Library, 
deposited in the Museum Library by consent 
of the trustees and University authorities. 
Strangers and citizens are permitted to read 
in the Library by a special order, obtainable 
from graduates of the University. The Reading 

The doors on this side open into a large 

Lecture Room or Theatre, used by Professors, and capable of containing 
an audience of 500 persons. Descending from the gallery by the staircase on 
the west side, the visitor's attention will be directed to the passages in the 
angle of the building. At the south-western angle is the large 

Laboratory, perfect in every detail. At the north-eastern angle is the 

Dissecting Room, in which students study every point in the human and 
animal frames. At the back of the Museum is a small 

Observatory, and at the south-east angle stands the 

Curator's Residence, erected in perfect keeping with the rest of the 
edifice. The present Curator is J. Phillips, Esq. , M. A., Professor of Geology. 
Before leaving the Museum we specify a few of the presentations, &c. , to be 
found within its walls : — 



The Statue of Prince Albert, facing the en- 
trance, presented by the citizens of Oxford in 
memory of the Prince. 

The Buckland Collection of Fossils, given by 
the late Dean Buckland, of Christ Church. 

Hope Collections of Birds and Invertebrate 
Animals given by Rev. F. W. Hope, of Ch. Ch. 

The Strickland Collection of Ornithology, 
given by the late H. E. Strickland, Esq., M.A., 
F.G.S., Deputy Reader in Geology in the Uni- 
versity. 

The Pengellian Collection of Devonian Fos- 
sils, given by Miss Burdett Coutts. 



The Christ Church Physiological Series, from 
the, Anatomy School at Christ Church, lent by 
the Dean and Chapter. 

_JThe Ashmolean Zoological Specimens, trans- 
ferred from the Ashmolean Museum. 

The Simmondian Collection of Minerals, 
presented by the late R. Simmonds, Esq., M.A., 
of Christ Church. 

The Collections of Shells, presented by four 
donors, viz. Lady and Miss Harvey, Walter C. 
Trevelyan, Bart. M.A., and George Barlee, 
Esq., of Exmouth. They include foreign and 
British specimens. 



At the back of the Museum are to be seen 

The Gardens, known as "The Parks,'' from the fact that Cromwell 
planted his parks of artillery on the spot when besieging Oxford in 1646. 
THey are tastefully laid out, and planted with numerous rare and curious 
productions — indigenous and foreign. The walks around the gardens are 
about two miles in extent, and lead down to the banks of the River 
Cherwell. Seats are placed in many parts, forming a most agreeable lounge. 

On the north side of the University Museum stands the building called 

The Clarendon Laboratory, erected in 1869-70, forming in reality a 
continuation of the Museum, being connected at the north-east corner. It 
is a substantial and well- arranged edifice, designed by Mr. T. N. Deane, of 
Dublin, and it was erected by Mr. R. J. Symm, of Oxford, who contracted 
to raise the building for £10,280. The style corresponds with that of the 
Museum. The elevation of the north and south fronts is 100ft., and the 
elevation of the principal front, 84ft. The Laboratory is devoted to the study 
of acoustics, electricity (dynamic and statical), heat (solar, &c), optics, 
spectrum analysis, and photography. 

The Lecture Theatre, on the ground floor, is 30ft. by 50ft., and will 
accommodate 150 students. 



Serious Affray between the North and South Students on the Vigil of St. Kenelm, X319. 



124 CLARENDON LAB OR A TOR Y—KEBLE COLLEGE. 

The Central Court, 36ft. square, open from ground to roof, supported by 
elegant wooden pillars, standing on pedestals of stone and marble. It is 
surrounded by a gallery, from which spectators can watch the experiments 
made to elucidate the marvels of science. There is an Examination "Room 
20ft. by 26ft. , and a subsidiary Lecture Room on the first floor 20ft. by 27ft. 

The Optical Gallery is in the roof of the building, and is 100ft. in 
length. Galvanic batteries are placed in the basement, from which wires 
convey the galvanic stream throughout the building. 

The Scientific Instruments are of the most costly and massive and 
minute character, by the principal eminent makers of the age. Where 
accurate adjustment is required the instruments are fixed. The Laboratory 
aDd adjuncts are presided over by Professor Clifton, F.R.S. Nearly opposite 
the Clarendon Laboratory, shaded by noble elms, stands 

^IF Keble C ollege, the twentieth and most recent establishment in the 
University, erected in perpetuation of the memory of the Rev. John 
Keble, M.A., of Corpus Christi College, and Vicar of Hursley, Hampshire. 
Keble College is the first entire new collegiate building built in Oxford since 
1610, when the foundation stone of Wadham was laid on July 31. Pembroke 
College, founded in 1624, was a similar erection to Worcester, which many 
cite as later. These are only " old friends with new faces" — Pembroke 
College standing on the site of Broadgates or Segrim Hall, and Worcester 
on the site of Gloucester and St. John Baptist Halls. Worcester College 
was founded by that name in 1714. Keble College foundation-stone was laid 
on St. Mark's Day, April 25, 1868 (the anniversary of John Keble's birth), 
by the late Archbishop Sumner, of Canterbury, and the College was opened 
on June 23, 1870, by the Chancellor, the Marquis of Salisbury. The 
foundation is known as "The Warden, Council, and Scholars of Keble 
College," and the Charter of Incorporation, granted by Her Majesty, declares 
that "the College is founded and instituted with the special object and intent 
of providing persons desirous of academical education, and willing to live 
economically, with a College wherein sober living and high culture may be 
combined with Christian training based upon the principles of the Church of 
England." The Archbishop of Canterbury is the visitor. The College is 
designed to accommodate 101 undergraduates, six tutors, the Bursar, and the 
Warden. When the entire buildings of the College are erected, in con- 
formity with the scheme intended to be carried out, there will be room for 
250 undergraduates and eighteen tutors. The Rev. Edward Stuart Talbot, 
M.A., Senior Student of Christ Church, was chosen as the first Warden. 
Two exhibitions were placed at the disposal of the Warden before the College 
opened its portals. The College expenses for tuition are about .£80 per 
annum, including rooms. Meals are taken in common. The cost of the 
erection of the building was £50,000, of which £35,000 were subscribed 
before the foundation-stone was laid, £5,000 being given by one anonymous 
contributor through Dr. Pusey, of Christ Church. Mr. John Walter, of the 
' Times' newspaper, gave £200 towards the College. The ground devoted to 
the College buildings consists of four and a half acres. The style of the 
College is the decorated Gothic of the thirteenth century, formed of red, 
white, black, and grey brick, with Bath stone dressings. The architect was 
Mr. Butterfield, of London, and the buildings were erected by Mr. Parnell, 
of Rugby. The site belonged to St. John's College. Keble College is quite 
different in its style to any other collegiate building in the University, the 
other Colleges being stone erections. The layers of alternate coloured bricks 

Outrage on the Monks of Abingdon by Oxford Students and Citizens, 1327. 



THE KEBLE MEETING IN THE SHEIDONIAN. 125 



give the building a most peculiar appearance, so much so that it has been 
called the " Zebra College." But there can be no doubt that a most service- 
able building has been erected— one that will stand the effects of the English 
climate better than the more sober-looking foundations previously existing, 
although years may pass by before the present gaudy appearance is toned 
down. 

The Gateway (at the south-east corner) conveys the visitor into the 
quadrangle. It is about 243ft. by 220ft., and rooms for the students and 
tutors are arranged on the east, west, and north sides. A second and third 
quadrangle will be added. 

The Hall and Chapel are on the south side. These are at present but 
temporary. More suitable and permanent buildings will be erected as the 
funds come in. It is intended that the permanent chapel shall be a magnifi- 
cent edifice, costing probably about ,£30,000. There is a 

Library attached to the foundation, to which many donors have furnished 
books of a suitable nature. 

The Undergraduates' Rooms are entered on each floor from a central 
corridor. They are of three sizes, each set comprising sitting and bedrooms. 

The Tutors' Rooms are connected with each corridor, and comprise three 
rooms (two sitting and one bed), scout's room, entrance hall, and other 
features of a modern dwelling house. 

The Gardens (small) are on the west of the College, and ground is reserved 
on the south for the erection of additional buildings when required. 

The meeting after the foundation stone was laid took place in the Sheldonian 
Theatre and deserves record on account of the many noted persons who took 
part in the proceedings. The late Archbishop Sumner, of Canterbury, 
presided, and the Bishops of Oxford (S. Wilberforce), Lichfield, Gloucester, 
Moray, Ross (the Primus of Scotlaud), Montreal (the Metropolitan of Canada), 
and Tennessee (America), Dr. Pusey, the Earl of Carnarvon, Earl Beauchamp, 
Right Hon. Gathorne Hardy, Sir W. Heathcote, Bart., the Heads of the 
Colleges, Professors of the University, &c, &c. The four resolutions sub- 
mitted are appended, for they are now of historical interest. The first, 
" That it is desirable to extend more widely the benefits of University 
education within College walls," was moved by the Earl of Carnarvon and 
seconded by the Right Hon. Gathorne Hardy, M.P. for the University. 
The second, " For this purpose it is desirable to establish a new College, the 
aims of which shall be to impart a Christian training, encourage industry, and 
discourage habits of expense," was moved by the Bishop of Lichfield and 
seconded by Earl Beauchamp. The third, " That such a College, dedicated 
by its promoters to the service of Christ in the work of education and the 
principles of the Church of England, would be a fit memorial to the author 
of the ' Christian Year,' " was moved by Sir W. Heathcote, the late M.P. for 
the University, and seconded by the Rev. Dr. Pusey. The fourth, moved 
by Dr. Wilberforce, Bishop of Oxford, but since translated to Winchester, was 
" That the proposed foundation be called ' Keble College.' " The foundation 
sermon was previously preached in St. Mary's Church, by the Bishop of 
Oxford, from 2 Kings xiii., 20, 21 — " And Elisha died, and they buried him. 
And the bands of the Moabites invaded the land at the coming in of the year. 
And it came to pass, as they were burying a man, that, behold, they spied a 
band of men, and they cast the man into the sepulchre of Elisha ; and when 
the man was let down, and touched the bones of Elisha, he revived, and 
stood upon his feet." Keble College has a threefold purpose : it is a tribute 
of affection to the memory of one of the most eminent religious writers and 

Grevious Affray between the Northern and Southern Students, August 8, 1506. 



126 ST CLEMENTS CHURCH— CATHOLIC CHAPEL. 



workers of the present century ; it is an attempt at University reform ; and 
it is an effort to spread the principles of the Church party with whom John 
Keble was so long associated. The visitor leaving Keble College, will repass 
the University Museum, and turning to the left, pass by several 

Elizabethan and Gothic Villas, built in the most substantial manner. 
The road passing these leads to the 

Private Bathing Place, known as "Loggerhead" and "Parson's 
Pleasure," derived probably from "Parisians' Pleasure." A refreshing 
plunge can be taken for a moderate fee. The stream devoted to this is 
reached by crossing two prettily-designed rustic bridges. Departing from 
the bathing-place, the visitor proceeds along the 

Waterwalks by the River Cherwell, one of the most lovely spots in the 
city, shaded by the willows that fringe either side, meeting at the top, 
and forming a natural avenue. These walks run for about half a mile, and 
seats are placed at frequent intervals along the river banks, on which the 
visitor can rest, and ponder on the beauties of "Oxford in the watery glade, 
and seem half lost in memory's maze." At the termination of the Water- 
walks, King's Mill is passed, and another rustic bridge, bringing the visitor 
into the Marston Road, by which the populous districts of 

St. Clement's and Cowley St. John are reached. These portions of the 
city, although included in the Municipal Corporation and Parliamentary 
privileges, are not included in the Poor Law Incorporation. They have 
largely increased of late years. A population of over 5,000 are located in 
the two parishes, and there are several edifices deserving attention, amongst 
which are 

St. Clement's Church (to the right hand). The present Church is quite 
modern, being built in 1827-8, at a cost of =£6,500. It is a rectory in the gift 
of the Crown, and the value of the living is £92 per annum. The number of 
inhabitants under the rector's visitation is about 2,500. The style of the 
edifice is Anglo-Norman. The designs were furnished by Mr. D. Robertson, 
and the builder was Mr. Hudson. The Church consists of a nave, side aisles, 
and tower. The illuminated window over the communion-table represents 
the " Principal Events in the Life of our Redeemer." Services are held on 
Sundays at 11 a.m. and 6.30 p.m. The old Church of the parish (which stood 
lower down the street, adjoining the toll-bar) was first erected in 1112. It 
was given to the Canons of St. Frideswide by Henry I., from whom it passed 
in 1126 to the Abbey of Osney. It was taken down in 1829. Should the 
visitor have time, before proceeding through the main (or High) street of St. 
Clement's, he will be amply repaid by making a detour, and ascending the 
winding path by which the summit of Headington Hill is reached. There stands 

Joe Pullen's Tree. Pullen was a Vice-Principal of Magdalen Hall, and 
was wont to take a daily walk to this spot and back again. He planted the 
tree about 1700, and from under its umbrageous shade, where a seat is placed, 
a most beautiful view of 

The Vale of the Cherwell, including the New Museum, Keble College, 
SS. Philip and James Church, &c, can be obtained. Proceeding down the hill, 
St. Clement's is again reached. On the left-hand side of the High Street is the 

Roman Catholic Chapel, an unpretending edifice, situated adjoining 
the Parsonage-House belonging to St. Clement's Parish. The Presbytery or 
dwelling-house of the Catholic Priest adjoins. The Chapel is small, and it is 
only one at present possessed by the Catholics in Oxford. It was erected in 
1793, through the munificence of the Rev. Charles Leslie, and dedicated to 

Magdalen College Chapel robbed, 1786. The thieves were convicted, and one was executed. 



INDEPENDENT CHAPEL— HOSPITAL, &>c. 127 

St. Ignatius. The altar is of higlily-polished marble, with a monogram of the 
name of Jesus, encircled with rays of metal. The altar-piece is a valuable 
picture, " The Entombment of our Lord," by an ancient master. A small se- 
pulchral chapel and sacristy are at the back of the edifice. Service on Sunday 
mornings at 11 ; evening, 6.30 ; and on all holy days. Passing up Pembroke 
Street into the Cowley Road, the visitor reaches a small neat 

Independent Chapel, erected in 1869, from designs by Mr. S. Merrick, o f 
Bradford-on-Avon.- The builder was Mr. J. C. Curtis, of Oxford. The total 
cost of the Chapel, including furnishing, was .£1,200. It will accommodate 
about three hundred persons. The Chapel is unassuming in its appearance, 
the style partaking of the Norman character. White brick, with red-and- 
black string-courses. The dressings are Forest of Dean stone. Entrance is 
gained from a semicircular arched doorway. The building is lighted by clere- 
story windows, extending the whole length of the edifice, surmounted by a 
strong purline on five pair of principals. A small vestry is at the rear. The 
ground has been secured for the erection of a more commodious edifice when 
the need arises. In that case, the present building will be used as a school- 
room. The Rev. Isaac Scammel was the first minister appointed ; and it being 
his first settlement, after a oollegiate career, he was publicly ordained in the 
George Street Independent Chapel. Only one ordination, in connection with 
this body of Nonconformists, had previous taken place in Oxford, and that 
was many years since. Service is held in the Cowley Road Chapel on Sundays 
at the usual hours (10.45 and 6.30) A few paces further on, on the opposite 
side of the way, stands the Cowley St. John 

Girls' National School, built in 1868^ by Messrs. Castle and Co., prin- 
cipally at the expense of the Rev. R. M. Benson, incumbent of the district. 
Divine service is held on Sundays at 5.15. At the corner of Chapel Street, the 
turning above, is a small 

Strict Baptist Chapel. Service on Sundays at 11 and 6.30. A short dis- 
tance above, a site has been secured for the proposed 

Hospital for Incurables. This building will offer a well-regulated home 
to patients afflicted with maladies of a chronic or incurable nature. A certain 
proportion of space will be devoted to those who may desire to pay for benefits 
received. An associated body of ladies will conduct the working arrangements 
of the insititution voluntarily, assisted by such a staff of paid labour as neces- 
sity may require. The estimated cost of the building is £50,000. The pro- 
ject originated through the munificence of W. H. Winfield, Esq., who placed 
.£1,000 in the hands of Miss Sandford for the purpose. The Duke of Northum- 
berland holds the chairmanship of the Board. Attached will be a 

District Church, or Chapel- of-Ease to Cowley Church, erected on a 
portion of the land already secured. A short distance from the proposed 
Hospital and Church is the 

Oxford House of Industry, an ornamental building in the Elizabethan 
order of architecture. It was erected in 1865, from the designs of Mr. Wil- 
liam Fisher, and built by Mr. J. C. Curtis, both of Oxford. The cost was 
about £20,000. It accommodates eleven parishes, forming the Oxford Union. 
The house consists of three principal blocks of building parallel to each 
other. The front range is two storeys in height, having an entrance archway, 
with bell-cot over. The main building is 258ft. long by 44ft. wide. A central 
corridor extends the whole length, broken in the centre by a large Hall, sur- 
mounting which is a tower, 90ft. high to the vane. This serves for staircase 
and ventilating shaft. The structure is of red brick, with Bath-stone cornices 



Lord Abercorn tried and acquitted at Oxford for Murder of Mr. Pry or, atBurford, July 20, 1679. 



12$ OLD ST BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPLTAL. 



and dressings. On the east side stands a detached Chapel, and there is, like- 
wise, an Infirmary at the back. Just beyond this stands a curious old build- 
ing, known as 

St. Bartholomew's Hospital, now unused. It was originally a part 
of the royal manor of Headington. The Hospital was founded by Henry I, 
for lepers, soon after he had had Beaumont Palace built. Henry endowed the 
Hospital with the annual sum of £23 Os. 5d., and intended it for the habitation 
of twelve brethren and a chaplain. In the reign of Edward II. it was reduced 
to great poverty ; and in 1328 Adam de Brom, founder of Oriel College, ob- 
tained the grant of the building from Edward III., for his society, promising 
to maintain eight lepers and a chaplain within the Hospital. During the plague 
of 1643 the buildiug was used as a pest-house ; but it was demolished during 
the sieo-e of Oxford. Oriel College had it rebuilt in 1649, three years after the 
capitulation of the city. In 1833 the authorities had the building refitted for 
patients suffering from Asiatic cholera, which severely visited Oxford in that 
year. Eight pensioners, known as the " Almsmen of St. Barty," now receive 
a small annual pittance from Oriel College. They are elected by the freemen 
of the city. Beyond St. Bartholomew's Hospital can be inspected, if the visitor 
has time, 

The Warneford Private Lunatic Asylum and the Cowley 
Industrial School, both excellent institutions for their respective uses. 
The Oxford Lunatic Asylum, for city and county, is situated at Little- 
more, a village about two miles from this part of Oxford. Eeturning down the 
Cowley Eoad, the visitor will shortly arrive at Marston Street, in the centre 
of which is 

St. John's Mission House, an ecclesiastic and collegiate establishment, 
founded on High Church principles, by the Eev. E. M. Benson. There are 
spacious offices and refectory in the basement. The upper storeys contain a 
large parish room, common room, conversation room, library, principal's room, 
and twenty-six rooms for men, who form a society partaking of the monastic 
character. Several of these took part in the remarkable "Ten Days' Mission" 
in London, which excited so much notice in 1869. At the top of the building 
is a large, convenient, and well-designed chapel, with stalls for fifty men, but 
capable of holding many in addition. On the outward east side of the chapel 
is a peculiar stone group of figures, representing " Our Saviour on the Cross, 
with the two Marys at his feet." This has attracted a degree of notice. The 
Mission House is heated throughout with hot water pipes, and is well lighted 
with gas. The height and bulk of the structure give an air of dignity and 
strength to it. The building was erected by Messrs. Castle and Company, of 
Oxford. Turning from Marston Street into the Iffley Eoad, a number of 

Gothic Residences, &c, are seen, each group possessing different 
architectural embellishments. Immediately opposite these is the 

Christ Church Cricket Ground, well laid out, forming a superb piece 
of turf for the enjoyment of the manly game so frequently practised thereon. 
Many of the Colleges have similar grounds in the vicinity. Entering Stock- 
more' Street, from the Ifney Eoad, the visitor will observe 

St. John the Evangelist Church, a small iron structure, wholly 
inadequate to the wants of the district. Service is held five times on Sundays : 
6, 8, aud 11 a.m., and 3 and 6.30 p.m. The three morning services are for com- 
municants as well as ordinary worshippers. St. John's Church forms at pre- 
sent the only accommodation for the Cowley St. John parishioners, but a new 
church will be erected in this neighbourhood. This will be called the 



First Commission of the Peace granted to the City of Oxford, about 1330. 



BOULTER'S AND STONE'S ALMSHOUSES 129 

Longley Memorial Church, to perpetuate the labours of the late 
Archbishop Longley, of Canterbury, who commenced his pastoral duties in 
Cowley. Its site has been secured, and it is proposed to expend .£20,000 in 
the building of a Church that shall add another ornament to Oxford, and 
serve as a memorial to one who was beloved in the parish. From the Imey 
Road the visitor returns into High Street, St. Clement's, and reaches shortly 

Cutler Boulter's Almshouses, erected and endowed in 1780, at the 
cost of Edmund Boulter, jun., Esq., of Haseley, Oxon. The amount ex- 
pended in building was about ,£1,600. The endowment, £330. The Alms- 
houses are six in number, having a Medical Dispensary attached — the resident 
surgeon giving advice to the poor generally. The Almsmen are chosen from six 
places in six different counties ; viz. Barlings, Lincolnshire ; Deptford, with 
Brockley, Kent ; Harewood, Yorkshire ; Haseley, Oxon ; Wherwell, Hamp- 
shire ; and Wimpole, Cambridgeshire. The buildings are placed in an 
enclosure, and have a peculiarly neat appearance. On the opposite side of 
the street will be observed 

Stone's Hospital or Almshouses, founded from a legacy devised by 
the Rev. W. Stone, Principal of New Inn Hall, dated May 12, 1685. The 
will directed that Dr. Obadiah Walker, Master of University College, should 
carry out the stipulations. The deed poll is dated Sept. 10, 1685. The 
premises consist of a large substantial building, providing accommodation for 
eight poor widows, who, in addition to their separate apartments, receive 
the sum of £20 10s. per annum, are provided with coals, and also the 
use of a garden in the rear. The Almshouses were erected in 1700. Dr. Fry, 
one of the executors to the will, gave an additional £1,000 towards the founda- 
tion, and superintended the erection. Dr. Obadiah Walker was dismissed the 
Mastership of University College for his Romish sympathies (see University 
College, pp. 153-4). In the" adjacent thoroughfare (William Street) is a small 

Primitive Methodist Chapel, in which service is held on Sunday 
at 3.0 and 6. 30. p.m. Passing onwa'ds, the visitor arrives at St. Clement's 
Toll-bar, the only one remaining in th 3 city. It will be removed about 1875. 
Adjoining the Gate formerly stood St. Clement's Church, demolished in 1829. 
The churchyard still remains. At the north-east corner a small tablet is 
inserted in the wall in commemoration of the proclamation of peace on June 
27, 1814, at the conclusion of the Peninsular War. The visitor now proceeds to 

Magdalen Bridge, forming the eastern entrance to the city. In coaching 
days it formed the only oirect approach from the two London roads, and is 
most magnificent the entrance into the city at the present time. From this 
spot the visitor obtains a splendid view of Magdalen College Tower, stately 
in its massive proportions. The Bridge crosses two streams of the river 
Cherwell, which converge, and enter the Thames in Christ Church Meadow. 
Magdalen Bridge is 526ft. in length, and it was erected in 1779, under the 
direction of Mr. Gwynn, at the cost of £8,000. _ Passing over the Bridge, the 
stranger stands in front of the princely foundation of 

8^ Magdalen College, one of the most remarkable of our academical 
institutions, the tenth collegiate erection in order of seniority. Let it be 
introduced in the words of the poet, and of honest Antony a Wood :— 
" Thou dear old College, by whatever name I To me, from days long past thou art the same, 

Natives or strangers call our 'Oxford Queen,' | Maudlin— or Magdalen— or Magdalene. 
Wood remarks, in his peculiar and quaint phraseology, that this College is 
" the most noble and rich structure in the learned world ; " and continues, 
"Look upon its buildings, and the lofty pinnacles and turrets thereon, and 

The " Founder's Oak" in Magdalen Water Walks fell, through decay, 1789. K 



130 MAGDALEN COLL.— WILLIAM OF WAYNFLETE. 

what structure in Oxford or elsewhere doth more delight the eye ? admi- 
nistering a pleasant sight to strangers at their entrance into the east part of 
the city. Upon the stately Tower, which containeth the most tuneable and 
melodious ring of bells in all these parts and beyond. Walk also in the 
Quadrangle, and there every buttress almost of the Cloister beareth an 
antick ; into the Chapel, where the eye is delighted with scripture history 
and pictures of saints in the windows and on the east wall ; into the Library, 
and there you will find a rare and choice collection of books, as well printed 
as written. Go without it, and you will find it a College sweetly and pleasantly 
situated, whose groves and gardens, enclosed with an embattled wall by the 
founder, are emulous with the gardens of Hippolitus Cardinal d'Este, so 
much famoused and commended by Franciscus Scholtus, in his ' Itinerary of 
Italy ;' go into the Water- walks, and at sometimes in the year you will find 
them as delectable as the banks of Eurotas, which were shaded with bay 
trees, and where Apollo himself was wont to walk and sing his lays. And of 
the rivers here, that pleasantly, and with a murmuring noise wind and turn, 
may in a manner be spoken, that which the people of Angouleme, in France 
were wont to say of their river Touvre, that ' it is covered over and chequered 
with swans, paved and floored with troutes, and hemmed and bordered with 
crevices.' Such pleasant meanders, also shadowed with trees, were there, 
before the civil distempers broke forth, that students could not but with ■ 
great delight accost the muses." The College was founded by William 
Patten, of Waynflete, Lincolnshire, in 1456-7. He was called William of 
Waynflete from the place of his nativity, according to the custom prevalent 
in those days. The foundation was at first called Magdalen Hall, and the 
buildings were some short distance from the present College, being also on 
the opposite side of the road, and founded eight years antecedent. It was 
dedicated to St. Mary Magdalen, and consisted of a President, thirteen 
Master-Fellows, and seven Bachelor-Fellows or Scholars. The scheme was 
subsequently enlarged, and Waynflete obtained licence of Henry VI. for the 
increased foundation in 1456-7. The site of St. John the Baptist Hospital 
was surrendered into Waynflete's hands conditionally, the Hospital foundation 
being dissolved for the purpose. The conditions were that the Master and 
brethren should be maintained for the remainder of their lives at Waynflete's 
expense. On June 12, 1453, a President and six Fellows were placed on the 
foundation, and two days after Magdalen Hall and its Members joined the 
new Society. Calixtus III. and Sixtus V., Popes of Rome, confirmed the 
foundation, and gave it exemption from the episcopal jurisdiction of the See 
cf Lincoln, in which Oxford was then situated, transferring it to the Bishopric 
of Winchester for ever. The building of the intended College was not pro- 
ceeded with for fifteen years, owing to the troublous nature of the period. 
In 1473, however, the foundation-stone was laid. In 1479, the statutes of govern- 
ment were presented to the College by the founder, in which the house was 
directed to be known as " Seinte Marie Maugdalene Colledge," to the honour and 
praise of Christ crucified, the Blessed Virgin his mother, St. Marie Maugdalene, 
and the various apostles and martyrs, the chief of whom are patrons of the 
Cathedral of Winchester." The contracts (five in number) for the erection of 
the College, between the founder and William Orcheyrde, are still preserved — 
extending from 1475-79. They are particularly interesting to the antiquary. 
History records that William of Waynflete visited the foundation in Sept. 1481, 
to inspect the buildings, bringing with him a quantity of books and manuscripts 
for the Library, and deeds of several estates apportioned for the support of the 

Six Officers of the Guards rowed from Oxford to London (115£ miles) in 15£ hours, May, 1821. 



MAGDALEN COLLEGE— THE PRESIDENTS. 131 

College. The founder studied at Merton College, and some are inclined to 
think likewise at New College. He was successively Master of Winchester 
School, Provost of Eton College, and Bishop of Winchester. He held the Lord 
High Chancellorship of the Kingdom for four years, 1456-60. He died August 
II, 14S6, and was buried in Winchester Cathedral. On the monument there 
erected to his memory is the figure of the Bishop in full pontificals, holding in 
his hand the figure of a heart, alluding to the words of David, " My soul is 
always in my hand." The site occupied by Magdalen College and grounds 
covers about 100 acres. The foundation originally was for a President, forty 
Fellows, thirty Scholars called " Demies," a Schoolmaster, an Usher, four Chap- 
lains, a Steward, an Organist, eight Clerks, and sixteen Choristers. Since that 
ten Fellowships have been suspended, and ten Demyships added. There are, 
likewise, twenty Exhibitions attached to the foundation, and four Waynflete 
Professors. The first President was John Horley, or Horsley, appointed 1448, 
to the Hall ; the first to the enlarged foundation — the College — Richard May- 
hew, 1480. Two Presidents were appointed in 1687 — John Hough (who made a 
firm stand against the attempt of James II. to abolish the Protestant constitution), 
and Samuel Parker (afterwards Bishop of Oxford) ; in 1688 two more were ap- 
pointed Presidents — Bonaventure Gilford and John Hough (reinstated and raised 
to the See of Oxford in 1690). In 1791 Dr. Martin Joseph Routh was appointed ; 
he held the Presidentship for sixty-four years, dying in 1854, a centenarian. 
The present President is Dr. Bulley, D.D., elected in 1855. The Society has 
the patronage of forty-one livings, situate in fourteen counties, and is one of the 
richest foundations in the University. The number of members on the books is 
about 270. Two Cardinals, six Archbishops, and fifty Bishops have been 
educated in the College. r 

The Entrance is through an elegant gateway in the Perpendicular style, 
substituted for the previous Doric entrance, in 1844. The design was furnished 
by Mr. Pugin. The three niches over the gateway contain the statuettes of 
St. Mary Magdalen, St. John the Baptist, and William of Waynflete. The 
inscription, in Latin, is from Luke i. 49 : "For He that is mighty hath done to 
me great things, and holy is His name." The arms of the Founder and College 
surmount the figures. The cost of the gateway was about £600. 

The First Court, constructed in 1508, is small, but interesting from its 
associations with the Hospital of St. John, some few relics of which are still pre- 
served about it. To the extreme right will be noticed an ancient and curious 
pulpit of stone, said to have been erected in conformity with Waynflete's desire, 
for the delivery of public sermons on St. John-the-Baptist's day (Midsummer 
day) ; the day of dedication. The ground in the court was strewed with rushes 
and grass, and the buildings dressed with green boughs and flowers, so as to pre- 
sent an idea of St. John preaching in the wilderness. This attracted a large 
number of spectators. The custom was abolished in the last century, but a first- 
class illustration of it appeared in the 'Graphic 5 newspaper, April, 1870. An 
amusing incident was connected with the last celebration: the day was wet — the 
exhorter's name was Bacon. This gave rise to a joke : " The wet spoiled the 
greens and the bacon ! " The sermon is now preached in the ante-chapel. The 
west window of the Chapel faces the visitor as he enters the court ; it has a 
curious shallow porch, over which are five figures in niches — St. John-the- Bap- 
tist, St. Mary Magdalen, St. Swithin, Edward" IV., and the Founder. 

The Chapel next claims our attention. It was commenced on May 5, 1747 ; 
and has been at many times improved — in 1629-35, 1740, 1833, 1855, &c. 
Cathedral service is performed twice daily, at 10 a.m. and 4.30 p.m., except on holy- 
Erasmus published his Novum Testamentum Graecum at Oxford, 1500. 



132 MAGDALEN CHAFEL AND HALL. 

days and Sundays, when the morning service is at 8 a.m. The Chapel interior is 
beautifully decorated and highly finished, and ranks second to none in the 
University. The additions and improvements hy Mr. Cottingham, in 1833, cost 
upwards of £28,000. The stall work is of foreign oak. The altar of the Corin- 
thian order, and the steps solid marble. A large brass eagle is used as a reading 
desk, probably dating from 1633. The altar candelabra are magnificent, from 
the designs of Mr. Cottingham. The seats of the President and Vice-President 
are of rich workmanship. The magnificent and valuable painting over the altar 
represents" Christ Bearing His Cross," by Ribalta, brought from Vigo in 1702, by 
the Duke of Ormond ; presented to Magdalen College, August 1, 1747, by W. 
Freeman, Esq., Hamels, Herts. The carved stone figures over the altar: "Christ 
Appearing to Mary Magdalen in the Garden," are by Chantrey. The altar-screen 
was embellished with statues in 1864-5. The organ is very powerful, built in 
1855, by Gray and Davison, It has thirty-five sounding stops. There are one or 
two items relating to the organ that will be interesting to the visitor : the first 
Magdalen organ was built by John Chapington, in 1597, and was conveyed, by 
order of Cromwell, to Hampton Court Palace, where it remained until the Resto- 
ration, when it was returned to its former position in the College Chapel. In 
1737 it was removed to Tewkesbury Church, and considerably enlarged whilst 
there. The painted windows are extremely beautiful, both in the principal and 
ante-chapels. In the confusion of the civil wars several were hidden, and 
afterwards restored. In a small Lady Chapel on the north side of the 
the chancel, is a tomb, with sculptured figures on the top, in memory of the 
founder's father, Richard Patten. It was placed in the Chapel in 1833, when 
removed from All Saints' Church, Waynflete. In 1736 the Chapel was robbed 
of two pairs of massive silver candlesticks and a large offertory. The thieves 
(three) were captured and convicted ; one was executed and two transported. 

The Ante-Chapel contains nine painted windows, including " The Last 
Judgment," by Schwartz ; William of Waynflete (founder), Cardinal Wolsey, 
William of Wykeham (founder of New College), Bishop Fox (founder of Corpus 
Christi), King Henry 1IL and many others. They were restored in 1859-60. 
Some interesting monuments can also be inspected, viz., those to John and Tho- 
mas Lyttleton, who perished in the river Cherwell (the one brother being sacri- 
ficed whilst attempting to rescue the other from a watery grave — their ages 
were 13 and 17, and the date of death was May 9, 1735), and that of Dr. Benjamin 
Tate, a Fellow for forty years. There is a brass to the memory of Dr. Martin 
Routh, a centenarian, and President of the College, who died Dec. 2, 1854. 

The Hall is built on the same line as the Chapel, and is entered from a flight 
of stone steps. It is a spacious well-proportioned room with a Gothic roof, and 
the walls are ornamented with armorial bearings in wainscotted oak. The upper 
end has nine compartments, six representing scenes in the life of St. Mary 
Magdalen, viz., 1, "St. Mary Anointing the Feet of Jesus;" 2, " Christ Sitting 
at Table with Martha and Mary," (a scroll over with the words, " Martha solli- 
citates, tubaris erga plurima, Maria optinam partem elegit," underneath the date 
1541); 3, "Mary Pouring Ointment on our Saviour's Head;" 4, " Christ Ap- 
pearing to Mary after His Resurrection," the scrolls bearing the words, " Noli me 
tangere " (Touch me not), and " Rabboni" (Master) ; 5, Mary Telling the Dis- 
ciples of Christ's Appearance," the scroll bearing " Vidi Dominum" (I have seen 
the Lord) ; 6, " Mary and St. John the Baptist;" 7, " Henry VIII. ;" 8, fi Royal 
Arms ;" 9, "Prince's Plumes." Several valuable portraits of Bishops and other 
eminent men connected with the College are hung upon the walls. In the centre 
is a choice whole-length painting of St. Mary Magdalen, attributed to Guercino. 

Spire of All Saints' Church, High Street, fell through the roof, March 8, 1699. 



JAMES IL— EXPULSION OF DR. HOUGH. 133 

armorial bearings of the Founder and many Bishops are placed in the windows ; 
and in the upper window on the right, are the profiles of Charles I. and Queen Hen- 
rietta. Near these are some curious specimens of old painting on glass, seldom 
noticed, hut full of interest. The ceiling of the Hall was renewed in the last 
century. Several monarchs have visited the College, and attended banquets in 
the Hall. "William of Waynflete received Edward IV. here on Sept. 23, 1481. 
He was accompanied by a large retinue of Bishops and nobles, who lodged in 
the College. On July 24, 1483, Richard III. visited the foundation, and abode 
within its walls, holding court. He was also received by the founder. Prince 
Arthur, brother of Henry VIII., Elizabeth, and others have honoured Magdalen 
with visits. On May 19, 1649, Cromwell, Colonel Fairfax, and other parliamen- 
tary commanders dined in the Hall by invitation of the New President, Dr. 
Wilkinson. In return for this hospitality, the greatest outrages were committed 
— monuments, painted glass, &c, being destroyed, and the fine organ carried 
away to Hampton Court, On the death of President Clarke, 1687, the man- 
damus of James II. was received for the election of Mr. Antony Farmer, a man 
of ill-fame, and a papist. This gave great offence to the Fellows, and a deter- 
mined stand was made against it. Dr. Hough was chosen President by them, 
and this offended the King, who demanded their submission. They were sum- 
moned to Whitehall : here evidence was given against Farmer and his habits, and 
was successful. The mandamus was withdrawn, but another issued, commanding 
the election of Dr. Parker. This was treated contemptuously by the Fellows, 
and James, highly incensed, came to Oxford and met them in Christ Church 
Hall, — demanding their authority for refusing his desire. This they gave ; but 
the King was not appeased, and addressed them passionately : — " Ye have been a 
stubborn and turbulent College ! Is this yourCChurch of England loyalty ? Get 
you gone, know that I, your King — will be obeyed ! Go, and admit the Bishop 
of Oxon," &c. Twenty-five Fellows refusing to sign their submission, were ex- 
pelled, and most of the Demies. Dr. Hough was deprived : overawed by the 
soldiers sent by James to carry out his mandate. The scene in the Common 
Room of the College must be imagined. Dr. Hough protested against the pro- 
ceedings as "illegal, unjust, and null." It was of no avail; sequestration was 
carried out. The porter of the College threw down his keys ; the butler refused 
to scratch Dr. Hough's name out of the buttery book, and was instantly dis- 
missed. No blacksmith could be found in the whole city who would force the 
lock of the President's lodgings ; and the Commission had to employ their own 
servants, who broke the door open with iron bars. The falling fortunes of James 
speedily led to a reconsideration ; and on Oct. 25, 1683, the President and 
Fellows were restored ; but James lost his crown. When the Duke of Wellington 
visited Oxford, to be installed as Chancellor, in 1834, he passed Magdalen 
College, and inquired of his companion, Mr. Croker, what structure it was, with 
such a stately tower ? He was informed that it " was the wall James II. ran his 
head against !" Dr. Hough became Bishop of Oxford in 1690 ; of Lichfield and 
Coventry, 1699; of Worcester, 1717. He died May 8, 1743, aged 93. The 
portraits of Cardinals Pole and Wolsey, hanging in the Hall, called forth on one 
occasion, a witty remark, to this effect : " One could be Pope but would not, the 
other would be Pope but could not." The Christmas Eve Custom in the Hall is 
fully described on page 139. In the collection of College plate may be seen the 
' Founder's Cup,' having a statue of Mary Magdalen with long flowing hair on 
the cover. 

The Library, on the western side of the cloisters, is a noble apartment, and 
of late years has undergone thorough renovation. The bookstalls are of the 

Oxford Students forbidden to wear long hair by the Chancellor, 1603. 



134 THE HIEROGLYPHICS IN THE CLOISTERS. 



finest English oak, and on their panels are copies of the " Buccleuch Van- 
dykes," the only specimens allowed to be taken. These are portraits of forty 
eminent painters, given in 1843, by W. J. White, Esq., of Brownlow Street, 
London. They were painted by the donor's son, a promising young artist. 
The Library is very rich in Benedictine folios, the earlier editions of the 
Fathers, and other noted works of the middle ages, from the Library of St. 
German des Fres, at Paris. Also a capital collection of ancient manuscripts, 
amongst which is a Latin one, written by W. Keeks, Fellow, at the request 
of President Clark, defending, amusingly, the grotesque figures or hieroglyphics 
adorning the Cloisters. It is entitled " CEdipus Magdalenensis. " In noticing 
the Cloisters we extract from it. The object is to prove the figures em- 
blematical, exhibiting a system of morals, with an instructive lesson appended. 
There are 800 books and manuscripts presented by the founder. Near the oriel 
window at the north end are white marble busts of Bacon and Locke, by 
Bailey, of Bristol. A portrait of Bishop Waynflete will also be noticed. Dr. 
"Warner, Bishop of Bochester, in the reign of Charles II., gave £1300 in his 
lifetime, and a legacy of £50 in his will, for additions to the Library. He gave 
also £1100 to the demies of the foundation in eleven years. Descending 
from the Library the visitor will proceed to 

The Cloisters, with their roof of ribbed oak and grotesque figures 
(originally coloured). These figures have occasioned a deal of discussion 
amongst antiquaries as to their purport, some averring that a complete 
course of academical discipline is typed in them, while others remark that they 
are but an invention of the mason. The manuscript of Peeks before men- 
tioned, written at the end of the seventeenth century, gives the following 
fanciful account of their design : — 



"Beginning at the south-west corner, the two 
first figures we meet are the Lion and Pelican. 
The former of these is the emblem of courage 
and vigilance, the latter of paternal tender- 
ness and affection. Both of them together 
express to us the complete character of a good 
governor of the College. Accordingly, they 
are placed under the window of those lodgings 
which belong to the President, as the instruc- 
tions they convey ought particularly to regu- 
late his conduct. 

" Going to the right-hand. On the other side 
of the gateway are four figures, viz. the School- 
master, the Lawyer, the Physician, and the 
Divine. These are ranged along the outside 
of the Library, and represent the duties and 
business of the students of the house. By 
means of learning in general, they are to be 
introduced to one of the three learned profes- 
sions, or else, as hinted to us by the figure 
with Cap and Bells, in the corner, they must 
turn out Pools in the end. 

" We now come to the north-side of the quad- 
rangle ; and here the three first figures repre- 
sent the "History of David:" his conquests 
over the Lion and Goliath ; from whence we 
are taught not to be discouraged at any diffi- 
culties that may stand in our way, as the vigour 
of youth will easily enable us to surmount 



them. The next figure to these is the Hippo- 
potamus, or River-horse, carrying his young 
one on his shoulders. This is the emblem of a 
good Tutor or Fellow of the College, who is set 
to watch over the youth of the society, and by 
whose prudence they are to be led through the 
dangers of their first entrance into the world. 
The figure immediately following represents 
Sobriety or Temperance, that most celebrated 
■virtue of a collegiate life. The whole remain- 
ing train of figures are the vices we are in- 
structed to avoid. Those next to Temperance, 
are the opposite vices of Gluttony and Drunk- 
enness. Then follow the Lucanthropus, the 
Hyaena, and Panther, representing Violence, 
Praud, and Treachery. The Griffin, represent- 
ing Covetousness. The next figure, Anger or 
Moroseness ; followed by the Dog, the Dragon, 
and the Deer, representing Flattery, Envy, and 
Timidity. And the three last, the Mantichora, 
the Boxers, and Lamia, representing Pride, 
Contention, and Lust. 

"We have here, therefore, a complete and 
instructive lesson for the use of a society dedi- 
cated to the advancement of religion and 
learning : and, on this plan, we may suppose 
the Founder of Magdalen speaking, by means 
of these figures, to the students of his College." 



The Cloister Court was commenced by the founder in 1473, but the hiero- 
glyphics were probably added about 1509. In 1822 considerable alterations 
were effected under the superintendence of Mr. Parkinson, a London architect. 

The Tower, called by some " Wolsey's Tower," will now attract the 

Public Smoking Match in Broad Street, Oxford, 1743. 



LORD NORREYS AND THE STUDENTS. 135 

visitor's attention. It is crowned with a diadem of pinnacles and fretted 
battlements, and displays a union of real solidity with great lightness of 
appearance, yielding to few of the many elegant towers built by English 
architects previously to the commencement of the sixteenth century. Its 
" stately form, fine proportions, admirable simplicity, and picturesque effect 
delight the eye from whatever point of view it is contemplated." It is 
divided into four storeys, the lower three having a simple pointed window on 
each side and the fourth eight lofty windows of more elaborate workmanship. 
The Tower contains a peal of ten richly-toned bells. The foundation of this 
Tower, originally intended to stand alone, was laid on August 9, 1492, by 
President Richard Mayhew, and completed about 1505, during the President- 
ship of John Claymond. Its height is about 150ft., terminating in an open 
parapet. The tradition giving Wolsey the credit of erecting the Tower, and 
even using a portion of the College funds without due warranty, has been 
denied by Dr. Ingram in his "Memorials of Oxford." He states that Dr. 
Chandler carefully examined all the College books, and could find but a brief 
record of the name of Wolsey therein as relating to this Tower. He was 
certainly Bursar of the College during its erection, and from this fact, no 
doubt, arose the tradition. In 1586 a few of the scholars of Magdalen 
College, whose taste for game was more thorough than their desire for study, 
were convicted and imprisoned for stealing deer in Shotover Forest. Lord 
Norreys acted as judge, by virtue of being Lord Lieutenant of the county. 
The other students of the College determined to resent their condemnation by 
his Lordship the next time Oxford was made his resting-place. This was at 
the following Michaelmas Quarter Sessions. Lord Norreys lodged at the 
Bear Inn (All Saints'), now demolished ; and the students made up their 
minds to do battle with him there. Well supplied with oaken cudgels, &c. , 
they made an attack upon the retinue of Norreys, thinking they would meet 
his Lordship presently. Timely assistance, however, prevented this, for he 
had had a short notice previously of the students' intentions ; and Maximilian 
his son, helped by the servants, made an onslaught upon the assailants, 
beating them down as far as St. Mary's Church. Here the Vice- Chancellor 
and Proctors put a stop to the proceedings by rushing in among the com- 
batants, separating them, and sending the students back to College. Several 
of them were severely hurt, and a keeper of Lord Norreys sorely wounded. 
When his Lordship was leaving the city, and passing Magdalen a few days 
after, the students assembled on the top of the Tower, having a quantity of 
stones, turf, &c, gathered there, which they used as pelts, wounding many 
of his Lordship's retinue, and endangering the lives of others. His Lordship 
was protected by being in his covered chariot, which was driven rapidly past, 
or the possibilities were that he would have been killed. Resulting from this 
second outrage, some of the students were severely punished, some expelled, 
and others having a lengthened course of study allotted to them. With this 
arrangement his Lordship was appeased, and thus ended the " Battle of 
Magdalen Tower !" The custom of singing the " Hymnus Eucharisticus" on 
the summit of the Tower on May 1st, at the hour of five a.m., is noticed on 
page 138. 

The Muniment Room is in the tower in the Cloisters, and there are pre- 
served valuable collections of early charters, including all belonging to the 
Hospital of St. John Baptist, upon the site of which the College was built, 
and to several suppressed Priories annexed to the foundation, reaching back 
to the twelfth century. There are also a few ancient coins, preserved in an 

The Bishopric of Oxford founded by Henry VIII., January 6, 1642. 



1 36 JOHN HAMPDEN AT MA GDALEN COLLEGE. 

old chest, known as " Spur-royals" or " Ryals." These are each of the value 
of 15s., and derive their names from bearing a star on the reverse which 
resembles the rowel of a spur. In July, 1649, a large quantity of these coins 
were discovered in the room, where they had been stowed away from the 
reign of Queen Elizabeth. Their value was equal to .£1400. They were 
divided amongst the members of the College, including even the choristers. 
Each Fellow had thirty-three. They were exchanged at the rate of 18s. 6d. 
to 20s. each. When this embezzlement became known to Parliament, the 
members were called upon to account for their procedure, and deemed it wise 
therefore to refund what had been wrongfully abstracted. This act was 
one of the means that gave Selden such a distaste to Oxford, and hindered 
him from bestowing his valuable collection of works to the University, 
although his executors afterwards did so. 

The New Buildings of the College stand on the north side of the great 
quadrangle. The design was furnished by Edward Holdsworth, M.A., Fellow, 
author of the " Miscipula," and other ingenious writings. It was intended to 
rebuild the whole College in a similar style, but we rejoice to say that such a 
scheme was never carried out. The full design was, however, engraved in 
the ' Oxford Almanack' for 1731. Mr. Holdsworth was a nonjuror, and a 
great friend of Hearne, the antiquary. The first stone of the new building 
was laid September 27th, 1733. 

The College Grounds, Water- walks, Grove, Addison's Walk, &c, are 
very attractive to the visitor, embowered, as they are, in the midst of a 
miniature forest. They are kept in excellent order, and much frequented by 
the students. Pope notes " Maudlin's learned grove," and with its pic- 
turesque and park-like appearance, so close to the city, and the numerous 
sportive herds of deer, the visitor cannot fail to be charmed . The terms 
u Magdalen" and " Maudlin" are synonymous (derived from the Syriac), 
literally meaning magnificent. And truly Magdalen College is a magnificent 
foundation ! In these walks Addison lingered, here Gibbon studied, and 
Collins wooed the genius of poetry. At the entrance of the walks stood until 
1789 a large tree known as the " Founder's Oak.'' It was supposed to have 
been upwards of 600 years old. It fell to the ground with a tremendous 
crash on June 29, 1789. It was 91ft. in height, 21ft. in girth, and its cubic 
contents were 754ft. A chair made from some of the timber is still preserved 
in the President's lodgings. 

Eminent Men. — Amongst the many sent from " Magdalen's portal" may 
be mentioned two Cardinals (Pole and Wolsey), about six Archbishops, and 
close upon fifty Bishops, the last being the Pight Rev. Richard Durnford, 
the seventy-first Bishop of Chichester. Dr. Chalmers says that " there is 
scarcely a bishopric in England to which this College has not afforded at least 
one prelate, doubling her files in some places. " John Hampden was also a 
commoner of this foundation, entering the College in 1610 at fifteen years of 
age. On matriculation he presented a small silver jug, on which was graven, 
" Cantharus ex dono Joannis Hampden, Buckinghamensis, 1610." When 
King Charles was besieged in Oxford, and about the time that Hampden 
received his death wound on Chalgrove Field, this, with other plate, was 
given by the College to be melted down for coin to meet the King's additional 
outlay for troops, &c. While at Oxford Hampden wrote a few Latin verses 
upon the death of Prince Henry, which were published at the time. The 
manor of Wing, in Buckinghamshire, held by the Hampden family, was for- 
feited in consequence of a blow received by the Black Prince, when on a visit 

Antony a Wood, Oxford antiquary and historian, born Dec. 17, 1630 j died JTov. 23, 1695. 



LOCKHART AND THE HEBREW PROFESSOR. 137 

with Edward III. at Great Hampden. This occasioned the writing of the 
following couplet : — 

" Tring, Wing, and Ivinghoe, For striking of a blow, 

Hampden did forego j And glad he did escape so." 

Dean Colet, of St. Paul's, London. The Lylys — grammarian and dramatic poet. 
John Lyly, M.A., was one of the dramatists who immediately preceded 
Shakespeare. He was the author of " The Anatomy of Wit" and " Euphues 
and his England," the latter being a style of language known as " Euphuism," 
or reformed English apart from all foreign interpolations. John Foxe, the 
martyrologist. Chilmead, the philologist and critic. John Wilson, the 
Professor of Moral Philosophy in the University of Edinburgh and poet. 
Pr. Peter Heylin, the ecclesiastical historian. Dr. Walton, physician to 
Henry VIII. Dr. John Raper, the theologian. Bishop Cooper, of Winchester, 
formerly a chorister. Theophilus Gale, a famous Nonconformist, author of 
the " Court of the Gentiles." Dr. Routh, the centenarian, President of the 
College for sixty-four years. Dr. Daubeny, the late eminent Professor of 
Botany. Collins, the poet, author of "The Passions." Addison, who wrote 
several essays in the ' Spectator,' &c. The Earl of Posse, the astronomer. 
Sir Roundell Palmer, author of the " Book of Praise," M.P. for Richmond, 
&c. Sir Benjamin Brodie, Waynflete Professor of Chemistry. John O. 
Westwood, the Hope Professor of Zoology. The Right Hon. J. W. Henley, 
P.C., M.P. for the county of Oxon. The Rev. Luke Rivington, the Ritualist. 
John Gibson Lockhart, of whom the following anecdote is told. He was full 
of fun and humour, and had a marked antipathy to all forms of pretence. 
His tutor — a grave, formal man — used to dread him, and not without reason. 
This gentleman assumed to be a great Hebrew/scholar, and Lockhart, doubting 
the fact, one day handed to him a paper covered with Hebrew characters. 
He was complimented, and desired to persevere. The Hebrew papers 
accumulated, and at length the tutor, in a glow of pride, carried them to Dr. 
Parsons, who was a really good scholar in Hebrew literature. The doctor 
glanced over them, while the tutor dilated on what might in time be achieved 
by such an extraordinary young man. Presently, however, the doctor burst 
forth into an immoderate tit of laughter. Lockhart had written in the 
Hebrew character, but in the English language, a series of good-natured 
lampoons upon his tutor, for each of which, as he had handed them, he 
received the public thanks of the person lampooned. Gibbon, the historian, 
author of the " Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire," was of Magdalen. 
He remarks that " My own introduction to the University of Oxford forms a 
new era in my life ; and, at the distance of forty years, I still remember my 
first emotions of surprise and satisfaction, In my fifteenth year I suddenly 
felt myself raised from a boy to a man. The persons whom I respected as my 
superiors, in age and academical rank, entertained me with every mark of 
attention and civility ; and my vanity was flattered by the velvet cap and 
silk gown which distinguish a gentleman commoner from a plebeian student." 
College Customs. — Magdalen College at one period observed many remark- 
able customs. But three are now practised, the most noteworthy of which is 

The May-Morning Hymn, or the 
Magdalen Grace, sang on the 1st of May 
at live o'clock in the morning, on the sum- 
mit of the tower. Mr. John Timbs, F.S.A., 
the clever author of many curious works, states 
in his "Garland of the Year," that "in the 



year of our Lord God, 1501, the most Christian 
King Henry VII. gave to St. Mary Magdalen 



College, the advowsons of Slymbridge (Glou- 
cestershire), aud Fyndon (Sussex), together 
with an acre of ground in each parish. In gra- 
titude for this benefaction, the College was 
accustomed during the lifetime of the royal 
benefactor, to celebrate a service in honour of 
the Holy Trinity, with the collect still used on 
Trinity Sunday, and the prayer — 'Almighty 



Beaumont Palace built by at the cost of Henry I., 1132. 



138 



MAGDALEN MAY-MORNING HYMN 



and everlasting God, we are taught by Thy 
Word that the heart of Kings,' &c. ; and after 
the death of the King to commemorate his 
memory by a requiem." The Latin Hymn, still 
sung in honour of the Holy Trinity, on the 
summit of the tower on May 1st, has evidently 
reference to the original service. The produce 
of the two acres formerly used to be divided 
between the President and the Fellows ; but 
now the choristers have an entertainment, or 
" Gaudy," in lieu thereof. The author of the 



Avords is unknown, but the music is generally 
attributed to Dr. Benjamin Rogers, Oxon, 1685. 
The custom was first observed in 1501— so that 
it has been repeated close approaching four 
.hundred times. We append, for the grati- 
fication of the visitor, a transcript of the hymn 
in Latin, and Rev. J. W. Burgon's (Vicar of St. 
Mary-the- Virgin) translation. The choristers 
ascend the roof at about 4.30 a.m., and directly 
the clock strikes the hour of five, they unite 
their voices in singing : — 



Htmnus Eucharisticus Deo Tri-tjni. 

" Te Deum Patrum colimus, 
Te laudibus prosequimur, 
Qui Corpus cibo reficis, 
Ccelesti mentem gratia. 

"Te adoramus, Jesu ! 
Te, Fili unigenite ! 
Tu, qui non dedignatus es 
Subire claustra Virginis, 

"Actus in crucem f actus es 
Irato Deo victima ; 
Per Te, Salvator unice, 
Vitse spes nobis rediit. 

" Tibi, iEterne Spiritus, 
Cujus afflatu peperit 
Infantem Deum Maria, 
iEtermim benedicimus ! 

" Tri-une Deus, hominum 
Salutis Autor optime, 
Immensum hoc Mysterium 
Ovanti lingua canimus." 



EUCHARISTICAL HYMN TO THE TRINITY. 

"To Thee, God the Father,— Thee 
All worship, praise, and glory be ! 
Thy hand bestows our daily bread, 
And that wherewith our souls are fed. 

To Thee, Jesu,— Thee, the Son,— 
To Thee, alone-begotten One, — 
Who for our sakes did'st not abhor 
The Virgin's womb, — our hearts we pour. 

'•' When Thou upon Thy cross wast laid, 
To God a willing offering made, 
The hope of life first dawned below, 
Our joy, our only Saviour, Thou ! 

' To Thee, Holy Ghost, by whom 
The Babe was born of Mary's womb, — 
Both God and Man,— to Thee we raise 
The hymn of everlasting praise. 

' Three in One, Who did'st devise 
Such pathway back to Paradise ; 
This Mystery of Love be sung 
In every age by every tongue." 



Should the morning be fine, generally a vast crowd gathers below to hear 
the " May-Morning Matin" sung. The singing usually occupies about five 
minutes, and then the crowd rush away to gather May garlands. The Rev. 
J. W. Burgon has written a beautiful little poem upon the subject, from 
which we cull the two concluding stanzas : — 

for the 



" Ah, you should hear it chanted ! 

strain 
Grows weak and powerless fettered down 

to song,— 
Like a swift eagle prisoned with a chain, 
Which else had soared the rolling clouds 

among. 
Trust me, once heard, 'twould haunt thy 

memory long, 
That calm sweet strain ! And oft, when 

sundered far, 
Brought low by sorrow, or oppressed by 

wrong, 
'Twould soothe thy spirit — like the evening 

star- 
Foretaste of what sweet things the song of 

angels are. 



"JSTow ring out all the bells a merry 

chime 
While the hoarse horn croaks forth, a 

league below. 
The note which doubtless seems the true 

sublime 
To urchins straining might and main to 

blow. 
Ring out, glad bells ! and let the sleepers 

know 
That, while they slept, we watched the 

month of May 
Twine the first garland for her virgin brow. 
Then bid them rise, for 'tis the prime of 

day; 
And lo, the young month comes, all smiling, 

up this way." 



The allusion to the "hoarse horn" refers to a peculiar instrument, locally 
named the May Horn. It is customary for many of the assembly to bring 
a small tin horn, with which they make a hideous noise. Dr. Routh, the 
centenarian, thirty-fourth President, had doubts as to the author of the words 
not being known. He thought that a Dr. Smith, a Fellow of Magdalen in the 
sixteenth century, was the author. An illustration of the custom appeared in 
the < Illustrated London News,' May 17, 1856. The remaining two obser- 
vances are : — 



The City Gates taken down, 1771. Ruins of Beaumont Palace destroyed, 1829. 



MA GDALEN CHRISTMAS -EVE GA UD Y. 



139 



The Physic Benefaction.— On the first 
Monday in Lent two Bursars go round the cha- 
pel, during the chanting of the 'Benedicite,'and 
dole to each member, from their caps, a small 
screw of paper, containing a trifling sum of 
money, viz., Is. for the President, down to 2d. 
for a chorister. This is called "the Physic 
Benefaction." 

Christmas-Eve Gaudy.— A large party 
are always invited to partake of the cheer of 
the College on Christmas Eve. They gather 
between eight and nine o'clock. The first part 
of Handel's Oratorio of the " Messiah," is then 
sung, the guests joining in with the choir. At 
ten o'clock supper is served, consisting of cold 
rounds of beef, oysters in barrels, furmity, 
mince pies, ale, stout, and mulled wines. After 
supper, a selection of Christmas carols is sung, 
commencing with "Christmas comes, the time 
of gladness," and concluding shortly before 
twelve, with Pearsall's grand carol, "In dulci 
jubilo." This is one of those old Roman Cath- 
olic melodies which Luther, on account of their 
beauty, retained in the Protestant service. It 
dates from 1570, and it is named "An Ancient 
Song for Christmas-Eve." The words are re- 
markable, being half in Latin and half in Eng- 
lish. Those versed in music have decided that 
these words formed part of the ritual of the 
Protestant congregations of Zweibrucken and 
Neuberg. It was sung in village processions 
on Christmas-Eve, when the quaint words and 
sweet melody were enchanting and uplifting 
to those engaged. Thus interesting, and per- 
haps unknown to many, we introduce them :— 



"In dulci jubilo 
Let us our homage show ; 

Our hearts' joy reclineth 
In prcesepio, 

And like a bright star shineth 
Matris in gremio. 

Alpha es et 0. 

" Patris caris ! 
Nati lenitas ! 

Deep were we stained 
Per nostra crimina; 

But Thou hast for us gained 
Coelorum gaudia : 

Oh, that we were there ! 

"Ubi sunt gaudia, where, 
If that they be not there 2 

There are angels singing 
Nova cantica ; 

There the bells are ringing 
In regis curia: 

Oh, that we were there ! 

From this to the striking of the clock, at the 
hour of twelve, a pause ensues. At the last 
stroke of the clock the choir once more bieak 
into song, and Pergolesi's " Gloria in. excelsis," 
closes the musical part of this cheerful festival. 
A brief ceremony now remains for the conclu- 
sion : amidst the clanging of the bells of the 
tower, the President passes round the " Grace- 
cup, "having first drank out of it, with toast of 
"A Merry Christmas, and a Happy New Year." 
Thej^uests then drink, and depart." 



The visitor, leaving time-worn Magdalen College and its interesting associa- 
tions, and passing some fine elm trees, will next arrive at Magdalen 

Choristers' School, abutting on the High Street, forming one of the most 
perfect specimens of modern architecture in the city. The School was 
originally founded in 1456, but rebuilt in 1849-51, the foundation stone being 
laid by Dr. Routh on his 95th birthday, Sept. 29, 1849. It is a single room, 
72ft. long by 24ft. 9in. breadth, and about 50ft. in height. The seat of the 
first master is at the east end, that of the second master at the west end. A 
series of carved corbels sustain the arches of the timber roof, pierced with 
tracery to the apex. The east window contains the arms of Waynnete and 
Wolsey, each surmounted by the mitre, and commemorative of individuals 
formerly masters or choristers. The west window bears the arms of Dr. 
Eouth, and of others connected with the recent history of the School, the 
background consisting of monograms of benefactors. Passing from the 
School, and crossing the road, a little to the right, the visitor enters the 

Botanic Gardens, formerly denominated the " Physic Gardens." They 
were instituted by Henry Danvers, Earl of Danby, Yorkshire, " with a view to 
the general improvement of learning, and especially to the faculty of medicine." 
At his death Danby bequeathed the living of Kirkdale, in Yorkshire, to maintain 
the buildings and gardens which he had originated. The Gardens date from 
July 25, 1632, and form the oldest establishment of the kind in the kingdom. 
The first Professor was not appointed until 1679, when Dr. Morison held the 
post ; he wrote a history of the plants under his charge. In 1683 ; Dr. Jacob 
Bovart succeeded him, and continued the history which Morison left incomplete. 
At one period, the Jews used the ground for the purpose of interment, nnd 
numerous remains of bones have been discovered from time to time. The 



Dr. Radcliffe's coffin accidentally discovered in St. Mary-the-Virgin Church, 1819. 



140 BOTANIC GARDENS— HOLYWELL CHURCH. 

Gardens comprise about five acres, and are surrounded by a wall 14ft. high, 
which, as well as the elegant gateway, was built from the design of Inigo Jones, 
at an expense of £5,000, and finished in 1633. Over the archway is a bust of 
Earl Danby (the founder), and on the right and left are statutes of Charles I. 
and II., the cost of the two latter (put up at a later period) being defrayed out 
of a fine paid by Antony a Wood, the antiquary, for a libel on the Earl of Cla- 
rendon, in the first edition of his " Athense Oxoniensis." The face of the corona 
and freize bears this inscription : " Glorise Dei optimi maximi Honori Caroli I. 
Regis in Usum Academise et Republics Henricus Comes Danby. Anno 1632." 
An annual revenue was bequeathed by the founder for the support of the 
Gardens. They are well stocked with rare British and foreign exotic, herbaceous, 
and aquatic plants, and there are conservatories, greenhouses, hothouses, and 
aquaria, for their propagation. The Gardens are divided into four quarters, with 
a broad walk down the centre. There are likewise spacious Lecture Rooms, and 
a Library ; the latter containing a large number of works on Botany, including a 
copy of Dr. Sibthorp's " Flora Grseca," consisting of 10 vols, folio, with 100 
coloured plates in each, costing £250 per copy. Several eminent botanists have 
bequeathed their collections to the Gardens, including Dr. Sherard, Dille- 
nius, Morison, Fielding, and Sibthorp. Fielding's Collection alone consisted of 
70,000 species, gathered at a great expense, and forming one of the most com- 
plete Herbarias in the world. Dr. Sherard also left £3,000 to increase the 
Professor's salary ; Dr. Sibthorp, a freehold estate ; and Dr. Radcliffe £500. 
Near the river (the Cherwell) is a Salicetum, containing almost every species of 
the British willow, and the Gardens are also well furnished with plants and 
flowers of the most varied character. The Professor is required, according to 
the statutes, to travel at certain periods for the study and collection of foreign 
plants. John Tradescant was the first gardener. He is well-known as the founder 
of the Ashmole Collection, and gathered many of the curiosities before " The 
Ark" passed into the hands of Elias Ashmole, by will (see "Ashmolean Mu- 
seum.") The Library and Professor's study (on the left-hand) and the Lecture- 
room (on the right hand) were erected from designs by Mr. Underwood, of 
Oxford. The appointment to the Professorship is vested in the College of Physi- 
cians, London. Leaving the Botanic Gardens, re-crossing the road, turning up 
by the School, past the walls of Magdalen College, will bring the visitor to 

Holywell Church, dedicated to the "Holy Cross." Its situation is most 
pleasant, closely adjoining the old Roman road. The Church dates from about 
1100, when it was built or remodelled at the expense of Robert D'Oyley, Norman 
governor of the city, the manor being then attached to the adjoining royal 
manor of Headington. After D'Oyley's death it came into possession of Henry 
de Oxenforde, and it subsequently became Crown property, and was granted by 
Henry III. to Bogo de Clare, lord of the manor. "A fair stone cross, with the 
stocks, pillory, and gallows," once stood near the Church, and one T. de Ben- 
sington was the last person executed there, for stealing an ox. This offence took 
place about 1229, and the judgment was given by Bogo de Clare, lord of the 
manor. Very little of the old Church now remains, it having been altered and 
added to at so many periods. The Norman chancel-arch is the only relic. The 
belfry (containing a peal of five bells) was rebuiltabout 1264, by Warden H. Sever, 
of Merton College. The present Church consists of a nave, side aisles, chancel, 
andftower. The north aisle was added in 1838, the south aisle in 1S43. The 
nave is 57ft. long, and the chancel 27ft. The illuminated window in the chancel 
represents our Saviour with SS. Peter and Paul on either side. The living is 
now in the hands of Merton College ; its value is about £142 per annum, and 

Reginald Heber, Bishop of Calcutta, gained the JStewdigate Prize Poem, " Palestine," 1S03. 



£7: EDMUND HALL— EDMUND LE RLCHE. 141 



the population of the parish close upon 1000. Service at 11 a.m. and 6.30 p.m. 
principally choral. 

The Holy Well, from whence the parish took its name, was dedicated to 
SS. Winfred and Margaret. It is now covered up by the boundary wall of the 
Cemetery. The spring was remarkably cold and seldom froze. Antony a Wood 
says, " I find many persons yearly relieved by these wholesome waters to this 
day" (about 1675). The water was deemed a specific for opthalmic complaints. 
On Holywell Green was another spring of a similar character, known as " Jenny 
Newton's Well." Adjoining the Church is the 

Cemetery of Holy Cross, a quiet secluded spot ; fit locality for " the 
mansions of the dead." Each grave is surrounded with its parterre of flowers, 
and the Cemetery much resembles those of Germany. It forms the interment 
ground of five parishes, viz. All Saints', Holywell, St. John, St. Mary-the-Virgin, 
and St. Peter-in-the-East. The Cemetery is carefully kept, and neatly planted 
with flowers. At the north end the visitor will notice the artistic 

Family Tomb of the Rev. J. W. Burgon, Vicar of St. Mary's. Just 
below Holywell Church stands 

The Oxford Penitentiary, on the site of the Holywell Manor House. 

is conducted by a body of Sisters of Mercy, presided over by a Lady Supe- 
rior. The establishment is worthy of a visit. Passing from Holywell, down 
Long Wall Street, the High Street is again entered, and close by stood 

The East Gate of the City, taken down in 1771. It crossed the road 
a few yards from Long Wall Street to the opposite side. Proceeding up the street, 
the visitor arrives at the spot on which the 

New Examination Schools will be erected. The site (where the noted 
"Angel" stood) has been already cleared, and the building will soon be in 
progress. The design is by Mr. J. N. Deane, of Dublin, and the striking archi- 
tectural features and elaborate ornamentation of his conception will be shown in 
another beautiful edifice gracing the street already so famous. The price paid 
for the ground already in hand was nearly £20,000, and the authorities are 
waiting for other leases to fall in, in order that the space may be extended. 
Altogether, the New Schools will cost close upon £100,000. Several incidents in 
connection with this spot have already been noticed (see " Eastern Entrance), 
and yet another may be added. Dr. Johnson, the lexicographer, put up at the 
"Angel" Hotel in 1776, and " Bozzy" (as he called his favourite companion, 
Boswell) says, " We put up at the ' Angel ' Inn, and passed the evening by our- 
selves in easy and familiar conversation." A still more ancient inn formerly 
stood on this spot, called the " Saracen's Head." Up a narrow thoroughfare on 
the opposite side, the visitor will find two edifices worth inspection, viz. St. 
Edmund Hall and St. Peter-in-the-East Church. Let us notice first 

St. Edmund Hall, the fifth in numerical standing of the Halls. < It was 
founded by Edmund le Riche, of Abingdon, Archbishop of Canterbury, in 1233. 
His father was named Rainold le Riche, and his mother's name was Mabilia a 
woman of great piety. There is a small benefaction attached to the Hall— the 
advowson of Gatcombe, purchased in 1821, by a legacy of £1000 left in 1/63 by 
George Holme, D.D., of Queen's College. It is held by the Principal of the Hall, 
and the University first presented it in 1844. The first-named Principal is John 
deCornubia, 1317. The present Principal is the Rev. Edward Moore M. A., 
appointed in 1864. Fifty-two Principals have been elected since the foundation. 
The number of members on the books of the Hall is about one hundred Ihis is 
one of the most ancient Halls now remaining, and it has had several eminent 
men connected with it. Edmund le Riche, its founder, was the author oi 

Hober's Prize Newdigate Poem, « Palestine," set to music by Dr. Crotch, Commemoration, 1820. 



142 HEARNE THE ANTIQUARY AND HIS DIARY. 



" Speculum Ecclesise," and delivered lectures on divinity and philosophy, in the 
University from 1219-26, and was the first to introduce some of the Treatises of 
Aiistotle into the University. He was canonised by Pope Innocent V. The 
16th of November was the day formerly on which a "gaudy was held to do him 
honour." The Hall was purchased by Thomas de Malmsbury, Vicar of Cowley, 
at the latter part of the twelfth century, and presented by him to the Canons of 
Osney Abbey. When the latter establishment was dissolved iu 1546, it was con- 
veyed to W. Burnell, Esq., and purchased of him for forty marks, by William 
Demyse, or Dennyson, Provost of Queen's College, and presented by him to the 
College in 1557. The right of the presentation by Queen's was conferred by the 
University in 1559. The present building occupies three sides of a quadrangle, 
and is quite a modern erection, dating from the latter part of the seventeenth 
century. 

The Hall is small and unpretending, and the 

Chapel axd Library are on the east side of the Quadrangle. The Chapel 
was built in 1C80, chiefly at the expense of Principal Stephen Penton, B.D. It 
was consecrated and dedicated to St. Edmund, by Bishop Fell, on April 7, 1682. 
The Library contains several thousand volumes in ancient and modern literature, 
and is situated over the Ante-Chapel. 

Eminent Men. Amongst others may be mentioned Thomas Hearne, the 
zealous antiquary, well-known in connection with the Bodleian Library, of which 
he was an assistant-keeper for eleven years, and sub-librarian for four years. He 
was born in 1 678, at White Waltham, Berks, and was the son of a schoolmaster, 
George Hearne, who taught him the neat and beautiful handwriting which he 
practised. He was always an enthusiast in tombstone study. He entered St. 
Edmund Hall at the age of 17, in 1695, as a battelar, and took up his abode at 
the Hall in the following year. He took his B.A. in 1699, and his M.A. in 1703. 
He was dismissed from his sub-librarian ship of the Bodleian, in consequence of 
his refusal to take the oaths in favour of the House of Hanover, being devotedly 
attached to the Stuarts — for he always considered them ' sacrificed.' He died 
June 10, 1735, and was buried in the Churchyard of St. Peter-in-the-East, 
adjoining the Hall. His "Collectanea" he devised toMr. Bedford. They consisted 
of 145 volumes, beautifully written, dated, and indexed ; half-bound in vellum, 
their backs neatly inscribed, in faded ink, with various numbers and dates. 
They consist of bibliographical curiosities, extracts, occurrences, and opinions. 
The earliest date is July 4, 1705, the latest June 4, 1735, six days previous to 
his death. It was his custom to keep one of these volumes always in his pocket, 
and to jot down any curious fact that might come in his way. For example : — 

'• 1723 : April 7. — I heard Mr. Bagford (some time before he dyed\ say that he walked over into 
the country on purpose to see the study of John Bunyan. When he came, John treated him very 
civilly and courteously, hut his study consisted only of a Bible and a parcell of books the ' Pil- 
grim's Progress ' chiefly, written by himself, all lying on a shelf or shelves." 

"1729: Nov. 29.— The present Dutchesse of Brunswick, commonly called Queen Caroline, is a 
very proud woman, and pretends to great subtelty and cunning. She drinks so hard that her 
spirits are continually inflamed, and she is often drunk/' etc. 

These volumes are deposited in the Bodleian Library, to which they were 
bequeathed by Dr. Rawlinson, who purchased them of Mr. Bedford, for i'100. 
They were not to be opened for seven years after Rawlin^on's decease. This 
happened in 1755. His printed books were sold to Mr. Osborne, a bookseller, 
who published in Feb. 1756, a catalogue of them, entitled " A Catalogue of the 
Valuable Library of that Great Antiquarian, Mr. Thomas Hearne, of Oxford, 
consisting of a great variety of uncommon books, and scarce ever to be met 
withal." The following remarkable prayer, composed by Hearne, was found 

Reginald Heber, Bishop of Calcutta, gained the English Prize Essay, 1S06. 



BISHOP WILSON AND " COMMON- SENSE." 143' 



amongst his miscellaneous papers, when they were being looked over. The 
worship of manuscripts is curiously interwoven with the worship of the Creator, 
showing the tenor of the antiquary's mind : — 

" most gracious and merciful God, wonderful in Thy providence, I return all possible thanks 
to Thee for the care Thou hast always taken of me. I continually meet with the most signal in- 
stances of this Thy providence, and one yesterday, when I unexpectedly met with three old 
manuscripts, for which in a particular manner, I return my thanks, beseeching Thee to continue 
the same protection to me, a poor helpless sinner, and that for Jesus Christ, His sake.— Amen." 

The " pavement- worship " incident in the life of Hearne will aptly close our 
notice of him. He was in the habit of visiting an hostelry well-known as 
" Antiquity Hall," near the present North Western terminus, to refresh himself. 
One day, " Tom Hearne," and a companion were sitting in the kitchen of the 
hostelry, which was mostly paved with sheep's trotters in various compartments. 
After one pipe and a glass or two, Mr. Hearne, with his usual gravity and 
sobriety, proposed to depart ; but his friend, who desired to have more of his 
company, artfully observed that the floor of the apartment in which they were 
sitting was no less than a " tessalated Roman pavement." This engaged Hearne's 
attention, and out of respect to a work he had lately published on the " Stunsfield 
Roman Pavement" (which was dedicated to Bacchus), he willingly complied. 
An enthusiastic transport seized his imagination : he fell on his knees and kissed 
the sacred earth, on which in a few hours, after imbibing a few tankards, he was, 
by a sort of sympathetic attraction, obliged to repose for some period. Probably 
his friend was in the same imaginative disposition (or indisposition), but two 
printers coming in, conducted Mr. Hearne between them, with much state and 
pomposity, to St. Edmund Hall. Archbishop Thompson, of York, was sometime 
Principal of St. Edmund Hall. Good Bishdp Wilson, of Calcutta, and Metro- 
politan of India, matriculated at this Hall in Nov. 1798. His manner unas- 
suming,his conversation intellectual, his demeanour courteous, made him a favourite 
with all, and he became one of the best scholars of his day. In 1803 he 
gained the prize for the best English Essay on "Common Sense/' Dr. Thompson, 
Vice- Principal at the time, met a certain College head in the street one day, who 
remarked sarcastically, " Well, so ' Common Sense ' has come to St. Edmund 
Hall at last ! " "Yes," replied his antagonist, " but not yet to your College !" 
It is a remarkable fact that when Wilson had recited his Essay at the Com- 
memoration, he was succeeded on the rostrum by Reginald Heber, who had to 
recite the Newdigate Prize Poem on " Palestine,' which he had gained. Thus met 
the two future Metropolitans of India, and both were gathered to rest on "India's 
arid soil." Amongst other noted men of the Hall, were Edward Chamberlayne, 
author of " i\otitia Anglise;" Sir Thomas Littleton, and the Right Hon. Arthur 
Onslow, Speakers of the House of Commons ; John Newton, first class in Mathe- 
matics and Astronomy ; Dr. Charles Bate, chief physician to Charles I., Cromwell, 
and Charles II. ; Sir R. Blackmore, physician to William III. and Queen Anne ; 
White Kennet, Bishop of Peterborough ; George Carleton, first Bishop of Llan- 
daff, and then of Chichester ; Sir William Jones, an eminent judge, who entered 
at 14 years of age ; Fulton, classical commentator, &c. The visitor will next 
inspect the Church of 

St. Peter-in- the-East, according to Wood " the first Church of stone 
that appeared in these parts," one of " those glorious piles that seem to mock 
at time, telling of bygone years and things that were." It is undoubtedly 
the oldest Church in England, and considerable doubt has existed as to the 
period in which it was erected, some asserting the ninth century and others 
the twelfth. The latter appears to be the more correct— about 1100. The 
style of the building is early Norman, many rich specimens of which yet 

Dean Milman, author of "Annals of St. Paul's," gained Newdigate Prize, « Belvidere Apollo,' 1812. 



144 THE OLDEST STONE CHURCH IN ENGLAND. 

remain for inspection. The Church has undergone several alterations, 
especially in the reign of Henry V. At present it is divided into chancel, 
nave, aisles, and tower, the latter somewhat resembling the tower of Oxford 
Castle. The date of this part is uncertain, but is supposed to have been 
built in the time of Henry VI. The Lady Chapel was built about 1240, at the 
cost of Edmund le Riche, founder of St. Edmund Hall, and the north aisle 
was added about 1350. An organ was erected in the church, before 1500 : 
the present one dates from 1768. The north window has some fragments of 
painted glass, inserted in 1433, by yincent Wyking, vicar, being a symbol of 
" The Trinity," containing in a small compass the principal points of the 
Athanasian Creed. The east lancet windows were filled with stained glass 
in 1839. The pulpit, formerly standing opposite, near a pillar, had two 
entrances ; one from the pillar for University preachers only. Five of the 
bells in the tower bear the date of 1700, the other was recast by Rudhall in 
1753, and the small sanctus bell in 1777. The whole length of the edifice is 
about 76ft., width 42ft. The chain ornament of the roof is typical of the 
chains of St. Peter (St. Pietro ad Vincula). 

The Ckypt is the most remarkable part of the Church, and is commonly 
called " Grymbald's Crypt." It is beneath the chancel, and the visitor enters 
from a large buttress. Its length is 36ft. , width 24ft. 9in. , height 9ft. The 
arches are supported by four ranges of short Saxon columns, having well- 
executed capitals. An altar appears to have stood at the east end. The 
Crypt has been the cause of much discussion, and it is certainly the most 
ancient part of the building. Hearne remarks in volume xxxix. of his 
manuscript collection, page 179, that " In the vault, which is large, St. 
Grymbald made, and in which he designed to have been buried, is a dragon 
upon one of ye pillars. A dragon used to be put upon the banners in the 
times of the Danes and Saxons." St. Grymbald was a teacher in Oxford in 
the reign of Alfred the Great. A subterranean passage is supposed to exist 
between the Crypt and New College, but only a few feet have been explored ; 
and there is a tradition that Fair Rosamond came daily to worship in St. 
Peter's Church from her residence at Godstow Priory through this Crypt, to 
avoid meeting her enemy, Queen Eleanor. A remarkable sermon was 
preached in the Church by Dr. Abbot, Master of Balliol College and Vice- 
Chancellor in 1615, in which he made a furious personal attack upon Arch- 
bishop Laud for stating that "the Presbyterians were as bad as the Papists." 
The University Lent Sermons were formerly preached in St. Peter's, but 
were discontinued in 1827. A malefactor was executed at the Church door 
in Queen Mary's reign, and the staple from which the cord hung remained 
for many years. Several University dignitaries have been interred in the 
Church and churchyard, including Dr. Gerard Langbaine, Provost of Queen's 
College, one of the most eminent men of his age, who died February, 1657 ; 
Dr. Arthur Charlett, Master of University College, famed for his immense 
correspondence ; Philip Randall, M.A., M.B., and Principal of Hart Hall 
for fifty years (March 9, 1549, to March 11, 1599) ; Dr. John James Dillenius, 
Professor of Botany ; Thomas Hearne, the antiquary, &c, &e. There is a 
tomb of Petworth marble in the interior to the memory of Sir R. Atkinson, 
Knight, four times Mayor of Oxford, husband of two wives, and father of 
eleven children. He died in 1574, and there is likewise a memorial brass in 
perpetuation. Service on Sunday mornings and evenings. Value of the 
living about £200. Population of the parish, 1200. Leaving Queen's Lane and 
St. Peter's Church, the visitor again enters High Street, and proceeds into 



John Keble, author of "The Christian Year," gained English and Latin Prize Essays, 1S12. 



QUEEN'S COLLEGE—ROBERT DE EGLESFELD. 145 



l&ir Queen's College, the sixth foundation in numerical order in the 
University, founded in 1340 by Robert de Eglesfeld (Chaplain to Queen 
Philippa), Rector of Burgh, in Westmoreland, and Warden of St. Julian's 
Hospital, Southampton. It was named Queen's College in compliment to 
Philippa, Queen of Edward III., and was originally founded for a Provost 
and twelve Fellows. It is supposed that Eglesfeld intended to add seventy 
poor scholars, so as to perpetuate the twelve apostles and seventy disciples of 
our Lord. The College now consist of a Provost, nineteen Fellows, one or 
more Chaplains, fifteen Scholars, two Bible Clerks, and four Eglesfeld Ex- 
hibitioners. In addition there are about thirty other exhibitions founded by 
various persons. The first Provost was Richard de Retteford, elected in 
1340. The present Provost is the Venerable William Jackson, D.D., elected 
in 1862 . Thirty-eight Provosts have held office since the foundation. The 
Society possesses the right of patronage to twenty-four livings, and six 
additional on Mr. Michel's foundation. The College has had many liberal 
benefactors, including several kings and queens, so much so, that the mem- 
bers assert that " kings have been their nursing fathers and queens their 
nursing mothers." These benefactors comprise Edward III., Edward IV., 
Charles I., Queen Philippa, Queen Henrietta Maria, Queen Caroline, Queen 
Anne, Queen Charlotte, &c. The number of members on the books is about 
340. Robert de Eglesfeld, or Eglesfield, was born at the village of Allerby, 
near Maryport, Cumberland ; and Brewer remarks that "It is a sufficient 
eulogy on his talent and integrity, when we say that he enjoyed for many 
years the familiar confidence of one of thebravest of kings, and most excel- 
lent queens that ever adorned the English throne." He died May 31, 1349, 
and probably was buried in the original Chapel of his, College, a brass 
being found, in the last century, under the communion table forming part of 
his sepulchral record. After his death, Queen Philippa consented to become 
patroness of the institution, then named "The Hall of Queen's Scholars," 
and Edward III. gave the Hospital of St. Julian, called "God's House," to 
the College, as well as the vicarage of Holy Rood, &c. The first buildings 
occupied by the Society consisted of Temple Hall and a few other tenements 
purchased by the founder. Very little progress was made in building a 
College until 1349, the year of the founder's death, when Edward III. granted 
a patent for building a Chapel, finished about 13o3. The only knowledge of 
the old College to be gleaned now consists of some charters and three views 
of it taken (deposited in the Bodleian Library) in 1751, by Mr. James Green. 
The great entrance was opposite St. Edmund Hall. It was a gabled elevation, 
and a mass of domestic irregular building existed on the north side, to which 
was attached, in 1672, another considerable range of heavy building. The 
original Hall stood on the west of the old quadrangle, and the Library at the 
west end of the Chapel. So early as 1362 there is an item in the College 
accounts for a register or catalogue of the books, and in 1389 a charge of 
26s. 8d. for iron chains for the books. Over the great entrance was the 
chamber in which Henry V. studied, with Cardinal Beaufort for his tutor. 
The present College was commenced in 1672, with the Library, and finished 
in 1694. On Feb. 6, 1710 (the birthday of Queen Anne), the foundation- 
stone of the new buildings in the High Street was laid by Provost William 
Lancaster. The grand front (resembling the Palace of Luxembourg) was 
completed in 1756, from designs by Hawksmoor, a pupil of Sir Christopher 
V^ren. The whole area on which the College is built forms an oblong square 
of 300ft. length by 220ft. breadth, divided by the Chapel and Hall into two 

John Keble, Oriel College, wrote his Morning and Evening Hymns, 1815. L» 



145 QUEEN'S COLLEGE CHAPEL AND HALL. 

spacious courts. In the cupola over the grand entrance is a statue of Queen 
Caroline, consort of George II., who gave £1000 towards the building. The 
gateway is connected by an ornamental wall, with the lofty lateral fronts of 
the east and west sides, over which are six statues — Jupiter and Apollo on 
pediments, and the others emblematical of Geography, Mathematics, 
Medicine, and Religion . The western wing of the first quadrangle was quite 
destroyed by fire on December 18, 1778. It was restored at the cost of 
£6,286 6s. 4d., towards which Queen Charlotte gave £1000. The entire 
front was renovated during the vacations of 1845-6 . The inaugural dinner 
of the English Agricultural Society (now the Royal) was held in this quad- 
rangle on July 19, 1839, when the party consisted of 2,500 persons. The 
Chapel and Hall face the grand entrance. The order of the architecture of 
the College is Grecian . Conducting the visitor across the quadrangle, we 
enter 

The Chapel (of the Corinthian order within and the Doric without), 
100ft. long, 30ft. broad. The illuminated windows are very ancient, and in 
a high state of preservation. They were removed from the old Chapel, for 
which they were painted by Van Ligne. They consist of the following 
subjects : — 



1. Three Bishops with their croziers. 

2. The Annunciation. 

3. The. Last Supper. 

4. The Resurrection.— The Wise Men above. 

5. The Last Judgment. — The Baptism of 

Christ Above. 

6. (Over the Altar. ) The Holy Family, a fine 

painting from the original, by Carlo Ma- 
ratti. " Let all the Angels of God Wor- 
ship Him." SS. Thomas and Peter above. 



7. The Ascension. The Passion, and SS. John 

and Luke above. 

8. The Resurrection. — The Flight into Egypt 

Christ in the Garden. 

9. The Adoration of the Magi. 

10. The Descent of the Holy Ghost. 

11. Two Bishops and a Pope in their robes. 

Three of the windows at the west-end are 
but copies of the originals. 



The eastern end of the Chapel is circularly turned, imitating the Romish 
Basilica. The ceiling, painted by Sir James Thornhill, represents "The 
Ascension.'' The altar-piece is a copy (by Mengs) of Correggio's " La Notte" 
("The Night"), from the Dresden Gallery. Presented by the late Mr. 
Robson, of Bond Street, London. The reading desk is a brass eagle on a 
pedestal, dated 1662, and bearing the inscription, "Regina avium, avis 
Reginensium'' ("The bird of Queen's is the queen of birds.") The screen, 
supported by eight columns of the Corinthian order, formed of fine 
Norman oak, is very handsome. The massive marble pillars, near the altar, 
are specimens of first-class art workmanship. The chairs of the Provost 
and Vice-Provost are valuable examples of antique carving. The windows 
of the Ante-Chapel, brasses, and other memorials are worthy of inspection . 

The Hall, designed by Sir Christopher Wren, is 60ft. in length by 30ft. 
width ; having an arched roof of a proportionate height. The order is Doric. 
The chimney piece is marble : a bust of Aristotle stands upon it . The walls 
are surrounded with portraits of benefactors (royal and civilian), with heraldic 
devices. The Provost, Fellows, and Student of this foundation still preserve 
the ancient academical system of dining — the Fellows sitting on one side, the 
Scholars on the other, with the Provost in the centre. They are summoned 
to dinner by trumpet, by an official called a " tabserdar," so called from a 
part of their former dress— a taberdum or tabard. In this Hall is also 
celebrated the " Boar's Head" custom on Christmas Day (see p. 149). 

The Library is one of the most splendid in the University, 123ft. in length, 
35ft. in breadth, and 55ft. in height It was finished in 1694. The number 
of books comprised in the whole of the upper and lower Libraries is con- 
Rev. F. Faber (Father), University, gained the ISewdigate Prize, " Knights of St. John," 1S36. 



HENR Y K, BE A UFORT, 4h THE BLACK PRINCE. 1 47" 



siderably over 60,000. The exterior has a most elegant appearance, and the 
interior is fitted up in excellent style. The cast of the Florentine Boar 
presented by Sir Roger Newdigate, attracts universal attention, as well as 
the large orrery, given by six gentlemen-commoners of the College. The 
delicately-carved bookcases are beautiful, and the ceiling is tastefully stuccoed. 
Some fine wood carving by Grinlin Gibbons deserves notice. The doorway 
at the south end of the room is very elegant ; above it, a highly-ornamented 
stone arch, supported by fluted Corinthian pillars. At each end of the arch 
is a female figure, emblematical of Geography and Astronomy, having 
between them the instruments used in the cultivation of those sciences° 
Over the arch are the arms of the College, illuminated, carved in alto-relievo! 
In the north windows are the original portraits of Henry Y. and Cardinal 
Beaufort, restored to the Society by Alderman Fletcher, of this city, who 
rescued the former from the chamber in which the Prince lodged ' The 
portrait has an inscription, and Wood states that the original, previous to 
its removal from the royal chamber, ran thus : — 



' In perpetuam rei Memoriam. 
Imperator Britannise, 
Triumphator Gallise, 
Hpstium victor et sui. 

Henricus V. 
Parvi huius cubiculi 
Olim magnus incola. 



"In memory for ever. 
Henry V. 

Emperor of Britain, 

Conqueror of France, 

The victor of his foes and of himself, 

Was formerly the great tenant 
r Of this little chamber." 



In 1841 Robert Mason, D.D., formerly a member of the College, bequeathed 
£30,000 for the purchase of books, as well as a valuable collection of 
Egyptian, Grecian, Roman, and other antiquities, a collection of shells, a 
portrait of Mr. Belzoni, &c, to the foundation. To contain these, and the 
ever increasing number of books, a second Library was rendered necessary. 
The whole space beneath the Library was accordingly fitted up for the 
purpose. The basement storey is decorated with eight statues in niches, 
including the founder, Edward III., and Queen Philippaj Charles I. and 
Queen Henrietta, Archbishop Lamplugh, Bishop Barlow, and Sir Joseph 
"Williamson. 

The Buttery possesses one of the curiosities of Oxford— an ancient 
wassail bowl or drinking horn, said to have been presented by Queen 
Philippa, and therefore above 500 years old. In shape it resembles a powder 
horn ; height 1ft. 8in., and the outer curve from the extreme point, 3ft. 5in. 
It will hold two quarts. Richly ornamented with silver gilt, the lid bearing 
a silver eagle of curious workmanship, supported by eagles' claws. The 
Saxon phrase, " Wacceyl" (health drinking), is inscribed on several parts of 
the exterior. The brass of the founder, Robert de Eglesfeld, is also pre- 
served here, and the curious cocoa-nut cup of Provost Bost, resting on four 
lions. 

Eminent Mpn. : — The "Black Prince," son of Edward III. King Henry V. 
Wicliff, who entered the College at its opening. Whilst at College, Wicliff 
wrote the following striking sketch of Oxford life at that time: — "The 
scholar is famed for his logic. Aristotle is his daily bread, but otherwise his 
rations are slender enough. The horse he rides is as lean as is a rake, and 
the rider is no better off. His cheek is hollow, and his coat is threadbare. 
His bedroom is his study. Over his bed's-head are some twenty volumes in 
black and red. Whatever coin he gets goes for- books, and those who help 
him to coin will certainly have the advantage of his prayers for the good of 
their souls while they live, or their repose when they are dead. His words 

Dean Stanley (Westminster), Balliol, gained the Newdigate Prize, "The Gipsies," 1837. 



1 48 * MORNING HERALD' 6- ' PRESS ' NE WSPAPERS. 

are few, but full of meaning. His highest thought of life is of learning and 
teaching." Cardinal Beaufort, tutor to Henry V. The Most Rev. William 
Thomson, Archbishop of York. Dr. William Nicholson, author of the 
"Historical Library." Bernard Gilpin, the "Apostle of the North." Dr. 
John Mill, editor of the Greek Testament. Dr. Gerard Langbaine, Provost 
of the College. Sir John Davies. Sir Thomas Overbury. Addison, who 
entered at fifteen years of age in 1687. His first poetical contribution was 
inserted in the " Examen Poeticum," 1693. He was afterwards demy of 
Magdalen. Collins, author of " The Ode on the Passions." Wycherley and 
Tickell, poets. Moses Rowe, Rawlinson, Thwaites, and Tyrwliitt, anti- 
quaries. Dr. Burn, author of "Burn's Justice." Sir John Floyer, an 
hydropathic physician, who laboured to prove bathing in cold water con- 
ducive to health. Dr. Tanner, whose " Bibliotheca" is so valuable to 
students. Guy Carleton, entered as a servitor, and rose to be Bishop of 
Bristol and Chichester. Richard Rallingson, who devised the Oxford 
fortifications in 1642. Rev. Richard Cecil, the most eloquent and persuasive 
preacher of his time . He was twenty- five, an advanced age for matriculation, 
when he came up. He did so under remarkable circumstances. He was 
designed for an artist's life, and had been at the point of going to Rome to 
pursue his art education. At this time, too, he had become an avowed 
infidel, and was living in deep sin ; but the example of a pious mother was 
deep in his heart, and the special thought that his mother's comfort in 
religion sprung from faith in Christ, at first an hindrance, was afterwards an 
inestimable help to him. When the great change came over him his father, 
who was in the employ of the East India Company, suggested to him that he 
should go to college and study for the ministry. Accordingly he entered at 
Queen's College and studied most assiduously even to the point of injuring 
his health. It was here, then, that he laid the foundation of those large 
stores of knowledge which he turned, with admirable eloquence and ver- 
satility, to high sacred purposes. Rev. Henry Bate, founder of the 
' Morning Herald,' Nov. 1, 1780, and previously editor of the ' Morning 
Post.' He was commonly known as the "bruising parson," and held for 
some time the living of Fambridge, Essex. Inheriting a large estate, he 
assumed the name of Dudley, calling himself "Bate-Dudley." He pur- 
chased the reversion of Bradwell-Juxta-Mare, near Maldon, and expended 
£28,000 upon the restoration of church, schools, and rectory. On the death 
of the rector, the bishop of the diocese refused to induct him, because of his 
political and duelling propensities. He rashly entered into a law-suit, which 
cost him £22,000, and lasted seven years, without success. The ' Morning 
Herald' had an existence of ninety years, issuing its last number December 
31, 1869. Samuel Lucas, M.A., founder and first editor of the 'Press' 
Conservative newspaper, established 1853. After resigning that office, and 
disposing of his share in the paper, he became literary reviewer to the 
' Times .' He was also six years editor of the periodical ' Once a Week' from 
its commencement in 1859 to 1865. Mr. Lucas matriculated at Queen's 
about 1839, and gained the Newdigate Prize Poem in 1841— subject, " The 
Sandwich Islands." About twenty bishops have also graduated as Queen's. 
Remarkable Customs. — There are three connected with the foundation, 
the principal of which is the 

Boar's Head Procession on Christ- | this usage at Queen's as a commemoration of 
mas Day, at five o'clock. The spectacle an act of valour performed by a student of the 
is open to strangers. Tradition represents | College, who, while walking in the neighbour- 
John Ruskin, M.A., Slade Prof essor of Art, gained Newdigate, " Salsette ana Elephanta," 1839. 



THE BOAR ' 5 - HEAD ON CHRISTMAS -DAY. 1 49 



ing forest of Shotover and reading Aristotle, 
was suddenly attacked by a wild boar. The 
furious beast came open-mouthed upon the 
youth, who, however, very courageously, and 
with a happy presence of mind, is said to have 
" rammed in the volume," and cried " Grsecum 
est,' fairly choking the savage with the sage." 
" He seized the closed volume— text, comment, 
and note, 
And thrust it afar down his ravening throat." 
Till towards the middle of the seventeenth 
century it appears to have been customary to 
bring up to the gentlemen's tables, as the first 
dish on Christmas Day, a boar's head with a 
lemon in its mouth: and, although the custom 
has grown obsolete among the gentry, a relic 
of it is still observable at the tables of the yeo- 
manry, particularly at the northern part of the 
kingdom, to which a pig's head is hardly 
brought without having its jaws distended by 



either a lemon or an apple. Of the manner in 
which the ceremony is conducted at Queen's 
the following account is given by Aubrey, in 
one of his manuscripts deposited in the Ash- 
molean Museum: — "The boar's head, being 
boiled or roasted, is laid in a great charger 
covered with a garland of bays or laurel. When 
the first course is served up in the refectory on 
Christmas Day, the manciple brings the boar's 
head from the kitchen up to the high table, ac- 
companied by one of the taberdars, who lays 
his hand on the charger." Hollingshead says, 
" In the year 1170, upon the day of the young 
Prince's coronation, King Henry I. served his 
sonne at the table as server, bringing up the 
• Bore's-head, with trumpets before it, according 
to the manner." The carol now sung by the 
taberdar is appended, as well as a more ancient 
one, printed by Wynkin de Worde, from which, 
doubtless, the present one was taken. 



The Bodelian Carol, 
(As now sung. ) 
" The Boar's-head in hand bear I, 
Bedecked with bays and rosemaiy, 
And I pray you, masters, merry be, 

Quotquot estis in convivio. 
Chorus— Caput Apri defero, 

Redden laudes Domino. 

" The boar's-head, as I understand, 
Is the bravest dish in the land, 
Being thus bedecked with gay garland, 
Let us servire cantico. 
Caput Apri, &c. 

" Our steward has provided this 
In honour of the King of Bliss, 
Which on this day to be served is 
In Reginensi Atrio. 
Caput Apri, &c." 



Wynkin de Worde's Carol, 

(Printed in 1521.) 

" Caput Apri differo, 
Reddens laudens domino ; 
The bore's-heed in hand bring I, 
With garlands gay and rosemary, 
I pray you all sing merely 
Qui estis in convivio. 

' the bore's-heed, I understande, 
Is the chefe servyce in this lande, 
Loke where ever it be fande 
Servite cum cantico. 

* Be gladde, lordes, both more and lesse, 
For this hath ordeyned our stewarde 
To chere you all this Christmasse, 
The bore's-heed with mustarde." 



On New Year's Day the Bursar presents 
each member with a needle and thread, accom- 
panying the gift with these words, " Take this, 
and be thrifty?" This custom is probably de- 
rived from the words, ' aiguille et til : ' " needle 
and thread," a fanciful allusion to the name of 
the founder, Eglesfeld. When Prince Henry, 
against whom ' ' certain charges of disaffection" 
had been brought, went to Court to clear him- 
self from the imputation, he wore a gown of 



blue satin, full of oilet holes, and at every hole 
a needle hanging by a silken thread. 

Dinner-call.— The members are called to 
dinner by the sound of a trumpet. It has been 
so from the days of the founder. Taberdars 
were so called from a part of their former dress, 
called a taberdum or tabard. This was a short 
gown without sleeves open at both sides, with 
a square collar, winged at the shoulders. 



Leaving Queen's College, the visitor crosses the road, almost in a direct 
line, and enters 

<JT University College, to which the place of honour in the Univer- 
sity is given, as being the first collegiate foundation. The College is said to 
have been erected at the cost of Alfred the Great about 872, and called Great 
University Hall. The legal title of the College is " Collegium Magnse Almae 
Universitatis." Few question the statement that the schools of Oxford were 
fostered and endowed by Alfred the Great, but there is no existing record 
to prove that Alfred bestowed assistance upon any particular College or Hall. 
However, on the ground that this College was a royal foundation, the Crown- 
vests its right to the patronage or visitation, a claim which was decided m 
favour of the royal prerogative by the Court of King's Bench in 1726. The 
first great benefactor to this College, Hall, or School was William of Durham, 
who died in 1249, bequeathing a sum of money (310 marks) for the permanent 
endowment for the maintenance of ten or more masters. The first purchase 



Wordsworth, Poet Laurette, granted Honorary D.C.L. Degree, June 12, 1839. 



150 UNIVERSITY COLLEGE— ALFRED THE GREAT 

with his bequest was made in 1253, and the first statutes are dated 1280. A 
more enlarged body of statutes was granted in 1292, and again in 1311, 
1380, 1475, and 1478, and it Was recognised in an order of Parliament as 
early as the year 1384 . This was an order sent in answer to a petition from 
the College, directing the case to be heard in the King's Council. An 
endorsed copy of this is yet preserved in the muniments of the foundation. 
The present foundation consists of a Master, twelve Fellows, one By- 
Fellow, fourteen Exhibitioners, twelve Scholars, and two Bible Clerks. 
The first elected Master was George Caldwell in 1219. The present Master is 
Frederick Charles Plumtre, D.D., elected in 1836. Above sixty Masters 
have been elected since the reputed foundation in 872. The Society has the 
patronage of ten livings. The number of members on the books is about 
340. The chief benefactors have been William of Durham, King Henry IV., 
Walter Skirlaw, Bishop of Durham ; Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland ; 
John Freestone, Esq., Sir Simon Bennett, Bart., Rev. Charles Greeawood, 
Dr . John Radcliffe, Dr . John Browne, &c. A building named Drogheda or 
Drowda Hall (opposite the College) was purchased with a portion of Durham's 
benefaction in 1255, and eight years after (1263) Brasenose Hall and four 
schools adjoining Little University (the present site of Brasenose College) 
were also purchased. There is reason to think that the first body of students 
gathered as the nucleus of the foundation assembled in one of the many halls 
formerly standing in School Street, an avenue leading from the High Street 
to the Bodleian Library (now known as Radcliffe Street). They removed, it 
is coojectured, to the present College about 1343. In 1441 the University 
sent letters to Pope Eugenius, in which this College was named the " eldest 
daughter of Alma Mater" — "Senior Filia, Collegium Antiquius Univer- 
sitatis." About the beginning of Henry YI.'s reign the old buildings, 
which, according to Wood's statement, "stood without any method" 
(without uniformity), were taken down in order that a building partaking 
more of the essentials of a College should be erected. About 1450 a refec- 
tory was added through the munificence of Henry Percy (Earl of Northum- 
berland) and Cardinal Beaufort. A tower was erected in the reign of Henry 
Till., and extensively repaired and enlarged in 1561. In 1S09 the College 
parted with its property of Brasenose Hall, &c, to Sir Richard Sutton, for 
his foundation of Brasenose College. The present buildings (the west side) 
of University College were commenced on April 14, 1634. The north side, 
fronting the High Street, was begun on June 19, 1635, and just after the 
south side (containing the Hall and Chapel) was added. The east side was 
not completed until 1674, owing to the want of funds, and the distraction 
consequent upon the civil war which the country had been passing through. 
Mr. Charles Greenwood contributed £1500 and Sir Simon Bennet £5000 to 
this work. The present front of the College was ingeniously substituted, 
from a design of Dr. Griffith, in 1800. It is 260ft. in length, and Mr. 
Chalmers remarks that "Its numerous Gothic ornaments, and especially 
when contrasted with the airy grandeur of its opposite neighbour, Queen's, 
serve to perpetuate the notion that this is the eldest daughter of Alma 
Mater." The front is three storeys in height, embattled by turrets in the 
ogee manner, and lighted by uniform ranges of windows. The College is 
entered by two gateways. The statue over the western gateway is Queen 
Anne, and that over the eastern, Queen Mary (consort of William III.). Two 
more statues are placed in corresponding niches on the interior — that on 
the eastern being Dr. Radcli ffe, and the western, James II. There is but 

The " Oxford University Almanack" first published in octavo size, 1673. 



UNIVERSITY COLIEGE CHAPEL AND HALL. 151 

another statue of this monarch known, and that is the one behind the 
Banqueting House, Whitehall, London. This is of brass, by Grinlin 
Gibbons. James' statue once stood on Sand Hill, JSTewcastle-on-Tyne, but that 
was thrown into the river by an infuriated mob at the revolution. It was 
afterwards raised, and converted into a peal of bells for St. Andrew's Church, 
Newcastle. A statue of Alfred the Great formerly stood in the niche now 
occupied by Queen Anne. The vaulting of both gateways is adorned with 
fan tracery. By the western gateway the visitor enters the 

Great Quadrangle, spacious and regular in appearance, bearing no 
slight resemblance to that of Oriel College. The Hall and Chapel stand in 
this Quadrangle. Passing into 

The Chapel, gratification at its beautiful features can scarcely fail to be 
produced in the visitor. Until 1369 no Chapel was possessed by the College, 
the members of which worshipped in the Churches of SS. Mary and Peter. 
The old Chapel was consecrated to the memory of St. Cuthbert in 1476. The 
present Chapel was commenced in 1639, and completed in 1665 ; the interior 
was restored, in the decorated style, at a great expense, by G. G. Scott, P. A., 
in 1862. The carved work over the altar, by Grinlin Gibbons, has been 
preserved. The windows are illuminated, but are not reckoned of first-class 
order, except that portion which is the work of Van Ligne . The altar-piece 
is a curiosity, being burnt in wood, the work of Dr. Griffith, at one period a 
Master of the College. It is a copy of the " Salvator Mundi" of Carlo Dolci. 
Chalmers says, "This is a mode of delineating objects which certainly 
produces a very extraordinary effect, and may be ranked among the most 
ingenious substitutes for the pencil." The illuminated window in the Ante- 
Chapel was presented by Dr. Radcliffe, and represents " Our Saviour Driving 
the Money- Changers out of the Temple.'' It was executed by Henry Giles, 
of York, in 1687. There are several fine monuments in the Chapel and 
Ante-Chapel, amongst which is that by Flaxman in memory of Sir William 
Jones, an eminent Indian judge. It was originally intended to be sent to 
Calcutta, but the East India Company having erected one at their own 
expense, it was presented to this College, and that which had been prepared 
by the friends of Sir William for University College was transferred to St. 
Mary's Church. It stands in an arch between the two chapels at the western 
end. The bas-relief represents Sir William in the act of translating and 
forming a digest of the Indian laws from the sacred books or Vedas, which 
the Hindoos appear to be reading to him. It is one of the happiest designs 
of Flaxman's many monuments. Two other elegant monuments by Flaxman 
are also in the Ante-Chapel, one to the memory of Sir Robert Chambers, a 
member of this foundation, the other of Mr. Rolleston, a Fellow and Tutor 
of the College. Another monument is to the memory of Mr. Thomas 
Musgrave, youngest son of Sir J. C. Musgrave, Bart. He was drowned in 
the Thames at Oxford June 5, 1822. 

The Hall is one of the most handsome refectories of the University. It 
was commenced about 1640, but not completed until 1657 . The former Hall 
was built about 1450. The interior of the present Hall, with its decorations 
of peculiar elegance, was refitted in 1776 at the expense of the members of 
the foundation. Previous to these alterations the floor was boarded, and a 
grate for burning charcoal, according to the custom of the time, stood in the 
centre of the room. The present floor is formed of Danish and Swedish 
marble. The splendid marble chimney-piece was the gift of Sir Roger 
Newdigate, founder of the University Prize Poem which bears his name. 

The "University Almanack" published on sheet, with Views of Buildings in Oxford, 1695. 



152 EMINENT MEN AT UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. 

It is said to have been copied from a monument in Ely Cathedral, but it is 
really an adaptation of the beautiful monuments on the north side of the 
choir in Westminster Abbey. Several portraits adorn the walls, including 
one of Sir Roger Newdigate. The fine roof displays the arms of the 
benefactors, and they are also continued in the windows. 

The Librahy was newly-erected in 1860, from designs by G. G. Scott, 
R.A. Its origin is attributed to Walter Skirlaw, successively Bishop of 
Lichfield and Coventry, Wells, and Durham. He gave several manuscripts 
for the use of the students. Archbishop Abbot, who was Master in 1597, 
was likewise a great benefactor to the Library. The Library preceding the 
present one was built in 1669, and refitted in 1841 . Two very fine statues 
of the brothers Lords Eld on and Stowell ornament it. They were formerly 
Fellows of the foundation, and their statues were presented by the trustees 
of the late Lord Eldon. 

The Common Room contains some few features of interest, including 
portraits of Henry IY. and Robert Dudley (Earl of Leicester), burnt in wood 
by Dr. Griffith, who was a thorough master of this peculiar art. There 
is an excellent bust of Alfred the Great, by Wilton, after a model by 
Rysbrach, presented in 1771 by the Earl of Radnor, and a fine bust of Mr. 
Pitt, by Nollekens, presented by a few members of the foundation in 1811 ; 
also two very scarce and valuable engraved portraits of Dr. Johnson (who 
used to spend much of his time in this room) and Sir William Jones. 
Boswell says " that the Doctor would often drink off three bottles of port in 
the common room of University College without being the worse for it." 

The New Buildings, to the west of the grand front, detached from the 
rest, were erected in 1841, in the domestic Gothic or Tudor style, from 
designs by Sir Charles Barry, architect of the new Houses of Parliament. 
They were built by Mr. J. Plowman, and consist of eleven sets of rooms. 

Eminent Men. — Bishop Ridley, the martyr, has been placed on this foun- 
dation by some authorities ; but although elected to a Fellowship here, he did 
not accept it, being sure of obtaining a Fellowship in his own College at Cam- 
bridge. Walter Skirlaw, Bishop of Lichfield, &c, the son of a sieve maker, at 
Skirlaw, Yorkshire He ran away from his father's house at a very early age, 
and came to Oxford, and partook of William of Durham's benefaction. When 
he succeed to the Bishopric of Durham, he sent his steward to Skirlaw to bring 
his parents to him if they were still alive, that he might make provision for 
them. He was famed for his knowledge of architecture as well as theology. He 
died in 1406. Bishop Bancroft, of Oxon, who built the old palace at Cuddesdon, 
was a Master of this College. A portrait of him, with a view of the palace in 
the background, is in the Master's dining room. Bishop Flemmyng, founder of 
Lincoln College, at one period a devoted adherent of John Wicliff, and then 
thoroughly against him. Dr. Radcliffe, founder of the Radcliffe Library, a great 
benefactor to this College and other buildings. Three of the most eminent 
Indian Judges— viz., Sir Robert Chambers, Chief Justice of Bengal ; Sir Edward 
West, Chief Justice of Bombay ; Sir William Jones, Chief Justice of Calcutta ; 
Sir William, whilst in India, discovered the key to the whole marvellous and 
beautiful productions of Aryan dramatic literature. One translated by Sir 
William was entitled " Sacontala ; or, The Fatal Ring." Goethe re- 
marked of this drama, in a musical little epigram, that if any one wanted to 
name in one word all that there is of lovely in the earth, of tender in the heart, 
and of subtle in the fancy, say " Sakoontala," and then all is said. Percy Bvsshe 
Shelley, the poet, author of " Queen Mab," " Prometheus," &c, was a member of 

Duke of Wellington appointed and installed Chancellor of the University, 1834. Died 1S51. 



SHELLE Y—GOLD WIN SMITH— LORD ELDON. 153 

this foundation. He was born at " Field Place," near Horsham, Sussex. His 
death in Italy, in 1822, and the burning of his body by Lord Byron, are nar- 
rated 'in a graphic letter of the great poet's. Shelley was expelled from Univer- 
sity College, in 1812, on account of the bold opinions set forth by him in " Queen 
Mab," a comparatively youthful effusion. His rooms -were on the first floor of 
the staircase to the right of the Hall, and are thus described : "Their contents 
were eminently heterogeneous, including papers, boots, philosophical instruments, 
books, clothes, linen, pistols, crockery, bags, and boxes which were scattered on 
the floor in every direction. Tables and carpets were stained with large fire- 
spots. There was an electric machine, an air pump, and a solar microscope; two 
piles of books supported the tongs, and a small glass retort above an Argand 
lamp, which soon boiled over, added fresh stains to the table, and rose in dis- 
agreeable fumes." He used to love a walk in the woods, to stroll on the banks 
of the Thames, but especially to wander about Shotover Hill. At a pond at the 
foot of the hill on the left of the road, formed by the water which had filled an 
old quarry, he would linger in the dusk, gazing in silence on the water, repeating 
verses aloud, or loudly exulting in the splash of the stones he continually threw 
into the water. Goldwin Smith, so well known for his political opinions, late 
Professor of Political Economy, and Professor of Cornell University, United 
States, was a member of University. The Rev. Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, Dean of 
Westminster, Ireland Scholar, 1837 ; English Verse, 1837 ; Latin Essay, 1839 ; 
English Essay, 1840 ; Professor of Ecclesiastical History ; Canon of Ch. Ch., 
&c, is an Honorary Fellow on the foundation. Sir Travers Twiss, D.C.L., Vicar- 
General of Canterbury and Chancellor of the Dioceses of Hereford, Lincoln, 
London, and St. David's, graduated 1830. Lord Chancellor Eldon, who re- 
marked that it was not difficult to obtain a B.A. degree at Oxford in his time, 
for he says, " My examination comprised two questions — first, ' What is Hebrew 
for the place of a skull V My answer was, ' Golgotha.' Second, 'Who founded 
University College?' Answer, 'King Alfred.' The Examiuer: — 'You are 
competent for your degree!'" Dr. Obadiah Walker was the thirty-second 
Master of the College, in 1676, and held the post between two and three years. 
On the accession of James II. in 1685, Dr. Walker professed himself a Roman 
Catholic, and obtained a dispensation from the King. He procured also a man- 
date to authorize him to appropriate two chambers on the ground floor, between 
the College Chapel and the passage leading into the smaller quadrangle, for a 
Chapel, where mass might be performed. James sometimes attended vespers in 
the Chapel, during his visit to Oxford (" Letters from the Bodleian," vol. i. p. 
35). Lord Macaulay, writing of the year 1637, says, " Already had University 
College been turned by Obadiah Walker into a Roman Catholic seminary. 
Already Christ Church was governed by a Roman Catholic Dean. Mass was 
already said in both those Colleges. The tranquil and majestic city, so long the 
stronghold of monarchical principles, was agitated by passions which it had never 
before known. The undergraduates, with the connivance of those who were 
in authority over them, hooted the members of Walker's congregation, and 
chanted satirical ditties under his windows. Some fragments of the serenades 
which then disturbed the High Street, have been preserved. The burden of one 
ballad ran thus : — ' Old Obadiah sings Ave Maria.' 

So mutinous indeed was the temper of the University, that one of the newly- 
raised regiments — the same which is now called the Second Dragoon Guards, was 
quartered at Oxford for the purpose of preventing an outbreak. As a^ necessary 
consequence of James's arbitrary proceedings, when, in 1688, the insurgents 



Earl of Derby appointed and installed Chancellor of the TJniversi ty, 1852. Died Oct. 23, 189. 



154 DR. OBADIAH WALKER— FATHER FABER. 

under Lovelace, appeared before Oxford, they were received with a hearty wel- 
come. Already some of the heads of the University had dispatched one of their 
number to assure the-Prince of Orange that they espoused his cause, and would 
willingly coin their plate for his service. The Whig chief, therefore, rode through 
the capital of Toryism amidst general acclamation, and at the head of a long 
procession of horse and foot. The whole High Street was gay with ribbons and 
banners, and the townsmen and the gownsmen were, for once, united by a com- 
mon purpose." With James's downfall, came that of " Old Obadiah." He was 
turned out of the University, and lived for some years obscurely in London ; his 
chief maintenance being by the help of his friends. Dr. Radcliffe, founder of 
the Library, who was educated under Walker, used to " send him yearly a new 
suit of clothes, ten broad pieces, and a dozen bottles of Canary wine — to support 
bis drooping spirits." Whilst in Oxford Dr. Walker was appointed executor to 
the Rev. William Stone, Principal of New Inn Hall, and carried out the foun- 
dation of Stone's Hospital or Almshouses, in St. Clement's. Sir Roger Newdigate, 
was also a member of this foundation; and at his death in 1806, left a legacy 
for the continuation of the Newdigate Prize Poem, before only awarded at inde- 
finite periods. It was first competed for in 1768, when Middleton Howard, of 
Wadham College, was successful — subject, " Conquest of Quebec." The Rev. 
Frederic W. Faber," late Superior of the Oratory, Brompton, was of University. 
He was born in 1814, and died September, 1863. Faber gained the Newdigate 
Prize in 1836 — subject — " The Knights of St. John." His views were so essen- 
tially different in early life to what they afterwards became that a brief notice of 
Faber and his career will be interesting. Whilst young in orders he vindicated 
the Church of England against the Romish schism. Of the Church of Rome he 
wrote in the most depreciatory terms : ' : Now let us turn to that miserable and 
forlorn Church which once was queen of the nations. With all her professions — 
the falsehood of which her own history sets forth — no Church has shown less reve- 
rence for antiquity than the Church of Rome : no Church has kept less faithfully 
the faith once delivered to the saints. The lineaments of the true Church visible on 
her, are distorted and disfigured, buried beneath the load of utterly abominable 
and corrupt novelties." The denomination of the " Archbishop of Rome " was 
" unscriptural :" the Romanists, he said, " added falsehood to the Sacraments ;" 
and, as to the Romish Church, " May God have mercy on her ! " When on his 
foreign travels his mind became imbued with the pomp, glitter, and power of the 
Romish Church ; and it was about that time that he wrote those verses which 
have been quaintly described as " Lives of the Saints potted down into Sonnets." 
Having gained a character for ultra High Churchism, he, in 1845, went over to 
the Church of Rome. At that period he was clergyman at Elton, and took 
over with him a Mr. Knox (who was his guest), about a dozen of his parishioners, 
and one or two choir-boys of very tender age. He returned to London in 1849, 
bringing with him six priests, and established the Oratory in King William 
Street. In 1854, the Oratory was removed to Brompton, Faber having as 
many as twenty priests with him. Brompton Oratory is famed for the earnest 
preaehing of the Fathers attached. Faber's poems show great power of descrip- 
tion and poetical feeling, intermingled with much credulity. The worship of 
Mary, known as " Mariolatry," permeated his whole system. Scarcely a poem 
appeared but what was tainted with this idolatry. Instance the following : — 

" Love of Mary was to them . Which they timorously pressed, 

As the very outer hem And whereby a simple soul 

Or the Saviour's priestly vest, » Might, for faith's sake be made whole." 

But for startling effect, nothing can be equal to those parts of his works where it 
Marquis of Salisbury appointed Chancellor of University, Nov. 12, 1S69. Installed June 21, 1S70 



Holy Communion. —After the admini- 
stration of the Sacrament, the Master and Fel- 
lows adjourn to the Ante-chapel, whither they 
are followed by a Bible Clerk, bearing the re- 
mains of the sacred elements, which they con- 
sume, standing in a semicircle. 

The Wakening Mallet— The members 
are awakened from their slumber each morning 
by a violent cudgelling at the foot of each stair- 
case, with a large heavy mallet. 



"CHOPPING THE BLOCK" AT UNIVERSITY. 155 

is gravely stated that a Cardinal Archbishop, in 1688, was buried in the ruins of 
a house, but was protected by St. Philip of Neri, by whose means his reverence's 
scabs fell off, and his swellings were reduced ; that a certdfeir Canon was cured of 
dreadful convulsions by "small portions of the prsecordia of St. Philip ;" that a 
Venetian, who had a swollen hand, crossed himself, invoked St. Philip, and he 
was well ; that Count Crivelli was dying, and had received extreme unction, when 
some priest gave him a relic of St. Philip, and he recovered on St. Philip's day. 
The Rev. E. Bradley, M.A., better known under the nom de plume of " Cuthbert 
Bede," likewise graduated at University College. Mr. Bradley is the author of 
of many amusing works and magazine sketches, including that popular book 
" The Adventures of Mr. Verdant Green, at Oxford." Mr. Bradley came from 
Durham College, and became a Foundation Scholar of University College. The 
list of eminent men in connection with this College might be greatly extended. 
Curious Customs observed at this College : — 

Chopping - at - the - Block.— On Easter 
Sunday, the block, dressed up with evergreens 
and flowers, is placed on a turf close to the 
Buttery, and every member then resident, as 
he leaves the Hall after dinner, chops at the 
tree with a cleaver. The cook stands by with 
a plate, in which the Master places half-a- gui- 
nea, each Fellow five shillings, and other Mem- 
bers half-a-crown each. The tradition is, that 
whoever succeeds in cleaving it will become 
possessor of the College estates. 

Leaving University College, and again crossing the High Street, the visitor 
approaches 

<iT All Souls' College, "with central towers superbly grand." The 
ninth foundation in numerical order in the University. Founded in 1437, by 
Henry Chichele\ Fellow of New College, Bishop of St. David's, and Archbishop 
of Canterbury, for a Warden, twenty Fellows (to be increased to forty), two 
Chaplains, and four Bible ulerks. The foundation remains the same, with the 
exception of ten Fellowships, which have been suppressed for the endowment of 
two Professorships, called the " Chichele Professorship of International Law and 
Diplomacy," and the " Chichele Professorship of Modern History." The first 
elected Warden was Richard Andrew, in 1437. The present Warden is Francis 
Knyvett Leighton, D.D., elected in 1858. Thirty-one Wardens have_ been 
elected since the foundation of the College. It has the patronage of sixteen 
livings, and of two others, one presentation in three and four respectively. The 
number of members on the College books is about 120. There are no under- 
graduates. The Ki»ht Hon. W. E. Gladstone, M.A., Prime Minister, is an 
Honorary Fellow on the foundation. The charter of incorporation is dated 1438, 
and it is styled, " Collegium Omnium Animarum Fidelium defunctorum de 
Oxon (The College of the Souls of all the Faithful People deceased of Oxford). 
It was so called from an obligation under which the Society lay, to offer up 
prayers for the good estate of Henry VI., and of the founder, during their lives ; 
and for the souls not only of the King and the Archbishop after their decease, 
but of all subjects who had fallen in the war with France, and of all faithful 
deceased. Henry Chichele', the founder, was born of an obscure family, at 
Higham Ferrers, Northamptonshire, in 1360. Tradition relates that whilst he 
was tending his father's flock, near his birthplace, he was noticed by William ot 
Wykeham, founder of New College, who was so struck with the intelligence ot 
the lad, that he took him under his favour, sent him to Winchester School, and 
then to New College, of which foundation he become one of the first fallows. 
Being of a quick and studi ous turn, his promotion in Holy orders became rapid. 
Jenny Lind, the " Swedish Nightingale," sang in the Sheldonian Theatre, 1849. 



156 ALL SOULS' COLLEGE— ARCHBISHOP CHLCHELE. 

He was also frequently employed as a diplomatist by Henry IV., V., and VI. 

His knowledge of architecture was thorough, he was a fluent speaker, and a great 

patron of learning and learned men. When at Sienna in 1407, as embassy, 

Pope Gregory XLI. consecrated him Bishop of St. David's. From this he was 

transferred to the Archbishopric of Canterbury, which he held for twenty-nine 

years, a longer period than any of his predecessors for 500 years. His character 

was full of energy and firmness, prudence and discretion ; and the people of that 

age being so much incensed against the Church and Clergy, Chichele was the 

right man chosen to the position he held, insomuch that it was remarked that 

"Chichele stood in the sanctuary of God as a firm wall, which neither heresy 

could shake, nor simony undermine ; that he was the darling of the people, and 

the foster-parent of the clergy." This testimony occurs in a letter to Pope 

Martin V., dated from the Old Congregation House, Oxford, July 25, 1427. He 

received the offer of a Cardinal's hat ; but declined its acceptance. After passing 

a long, active, and useful life in the service of his sovereigns and the Church, he 

died April 12, 1443, aged 80, and was buried on the north side of the choir of 

Canterbury Cathedral, under an alabaster tomb. This tomb has been frequently 

repaired at the expense of All Souls' College. Besides founding All Souls' 

College, he established and endowed St. Bernard's College (now St. John's), for 

Scholars of the Cistercian order, and a Collegiate Church, Grammar School, and 

an Hospital for twelve poor men in his native town. He founded a Library at 

Canterbury Cathedral, and contributed freely to the improvement of the Archi- 

episcopal Palace at Lambeth, the Church at Croydon, and Rochester Bridge. 

The first purchase of land for All Souls' College was made on Dec. 14, 1437, and 

Chichele laid the foundation-stone on Feb. 10, 1438. The building occupied 

about six years in erection, the whole expence being about £5,000. Besides 

another sum of over ,£4,000 was expended during tue same period for books, 

furniture, &c. Henry VI., at the request of Chichele, assumed the name of 

Founder in the charter ; and, by a special bull from the Pope, the College was 

exempted from all jurisdiction of the Bishop of Lincoln, in whose see Oxford was 

situated. The College was also made extra-parochial as regarded its situation in 

St. Mary's parish, paying, as an indemnification, 200 marks to Oriel College. 

The statutes framed by the founder, for the College government, were modelled 

on those of New College, with one exception— that in the choice of Fellows, a 

preference was always to be given to the next of km descended from himself and 

his brother. Such a provision as this, it may be imagined, has led to great 

litigation, in consequence of the difficulty of proving consanguinity in remote 

periods. In 1765, the collateral descendants of Chichele' were to be traced through 

nearly 1200 families. The wages of the workmen at the erection of the College 

were as follow : — 

Carpenters and sawyers, 6d. per day. . Master carpenters, 3s. 4d. per week. 

Masons, 8d ditto Image malce rs and carvers, 3s. 8d. 

Labourers, 4£d. ditto. ■ ditt0i besides bed and board. 

The windows were glazed at Is. per foot. 
lhe buildings of the College consist of two large Quadrangles, of separate dates 
and characters, and a small Court of the same date as the old Quadrangle. The 
principal front is 194ft. in length, and has been restored and faced with Bath 
stone, within the last few years, at a great expence. The old Quadrangle is 
remarkable as being nearly in the same state as left by Chichele'. Entrance is 
gained through a large gateway, over which rises a beautiful tower. Above the 
gateway are statues of Henry VI. and the Founder, over which is a tall richly- 
decorated canopied niche, containing a group of figures in bas-relief, "The 
Resurrection of the Dead." The visitor first enters the 

First Middle-Class Examination held in Oxford, June 17, 1S5S. 



ALL SOULS' COLLEGE CHAPEL AND HALL. 157 

Old Quadrangle, 124ft. in length, by 72ft. breadth. In it is Wren's Dial, 
constructed by Sir Christopher, whilst a Fellow of this College. It shows time 
to a minute — having two half-rays and one whole ray to each hour, and the 
minutes marked on the side of the rays, fifteen on each side. Crossing to a 
corner turret, the visitor enters 

The Chapel, 70ft. long, by 30ft. broad. Consecrated in 1442. There is a 
stoup for holy water on the right hand of the entrance. St. Thomas's Hall for- 
merly stood on the site of the Chapel. The Ante-Chapel is of the same size as 
the Chapel, and resembles that of New College, from which the design was taken. 
On the first celebration of Mass, on May 12, 1442, an entertainment was given, 
according to ancient custom, in the choir. In 1444, Archbishop Stratford, the 
successor of Chichele', granted forty days' indulgence to all Christians within his 
province of Canterbury, who would visit this Chapel. In 1457, when the Lady 
Isabella Shottesbrook was interred, there was a charge for 4,900 wafers, used by 
communicants. The present interior was fitted up by Sir Christopher Wren, Sir 
James Thornhill, and Dr. Clarke. The Altar- Piece is the " Noli me Tangere," 
representing Our Saviour's appearance to Mary Magdalene, after His resurrec- 
tion, when He said to her, "Touch Me not," &c. It cost 300 guineas, was 
painted by Raphael Mengs, and is supposed to be the most beautiful effort of his 
famous pencil. It is placed in the centre of a small Grecian portico, of the 
Corinthian order. Immediately above it is the " Assumption of the Founder," 
painted al-fresco, by Sir James Thornhill. Evelyn went " to see ye picture on 
the wall over ye altar of All Souls, being the largest piece of fresco painting in 
England, not ill designed." The ceiling, the ten figures between the windows, 
and the two elegant vases, representing the Sacraments, are likewise the work of 
Thornhill. The screen, dividing the two Chapels, was designed by Wren, and 
the gift of Sir William Portman. The Illuminated Windows, with the exception 
of the western one (by Egginton), were painted by Lovegrove, of Marlow, in 
chiar'oscuro. The original stalls and desks of the choir, with the misereres, with 
their grotesque carving, are in excellent preservation. The Ante-Chapel con- 
tains a fine marble statue of Sir William Blackstone, beneath the western 
window. He was a Fellow of this College, first Vinerian Professor of Common 
Law in Oxford, a Justice of Common Pleas, and author of the celebrated " Com- 
mentaries." Bacon was the sculptor, and the cost was 450 guineas. The War- 
den's lodgings contain a portrait of Charles I., known as the " Oxford Charles." 
The Hall, on the south side of the small court. It is from a design by Dr. 
Clarke, and was commenced in 1729. There are several busts in various parts, 
including Bishop Heber, by Chantrey ; Henry Chichele, the Founder, by Rou- 
biliac. There is a large picture by Sir James Thornhill, on the wall, representing 
** The Finding of the Law — King Josiah Rending his Robe." Several fine 
portraits of distinguished men also adorn the walls, including the Founder (full 
length), Reginald Heber (Bishop of Calcutta), Bishop Jeremy Taylor (author of 
" Holy Living and Dying," &c), Young (author of " Night Thoughts"), Hon. 
Edward Legge, D.C.L. (Warden and Bishop of Oxford), Sir Christopher Wren, 
Linacre, &c. &c. Adjoining the Hall is 

The Buttery, of oval form, and remarkable for its fine arched roof. It 
contains a curiosity in the shape of the Founder's Salt Cellar, about 18in. high. 
It is wrought in silver-gilt and crystal, supported by a figure armed with a 
sword. It is placed in the Hall on All Souls' Day, Faster and Whitsun Sun- 
days and Christmas Day. There is also a Drum, from Sedgmoor Field, a relic 
of the battle fought there. 

The Library is a most magnificent apartment, occupying the whole of the 

Dr. Routh, President of Magdalen College, born 1754 ; died Dec. 2, 1854, aged 100. 



158 EMINENT MEN AT ALL SOULS' COLLEGE. 



north side of the New Quadrangle. The foundation-stone was laid on June 20, 
1715, but the building was not completed until 1756 — forty years after. Its 
length is 200ft. ; its height, 40 ft. The expense of building and furnishing the 
Library amounted to above £12,000. It contains above 50,000 volumes, including 
many rare foreign and law books. Colonel Christopher Codrington, Fellow, and 
Governor of the Leeward Islands, bequeathed the sum of £10,000 towards the 
building, and a collection of books, valued at ,£6,000. He was born and died at 
Barbadoes, but his body was afterwards brought to England, and interred in the 
Ante-Chapel of this College, on June 19, 1716. Over the upper bookcases are 
busts in honour of several of the most eminent Fellows of the foundation, cast by 
Sir H. Cheese, knight, who also cast the statue of Colonel Codrington, f to- be 
seen here. In the centre of the room is a 



Planetarium, kept in motion by machinery, 
and wound up every eighth day. The vestibule 
contains a 

Tripod, found at Corinth, bearing the in- 



scription, "Antony "Lefroy; in 1771, presented 
to the Warden and College of All Souls', this 
Altar and Tripod, formerly consecrated to 
Cybele, in the sacred temple of Corinth." 



The New or North Quadrangle is 172ft. in length, and 155ft. in breadth, 
and abounds with rich results of chaste creative taste. Dr. Ingram says, " Nothing 
can exceed the astonishing effect produced by the assemblage of so many striking 
objects as are here blended together in one magnificent, though not harmonious, 
whole." The two beautiful Gothic Towers on the east, the Library on the north, 
the Chapel and Hall on the south, with the Cloisters and entrance from Radcliffe 
Square on the west, bears this testimony fully out, and will enchant the visitor. 

Eminent Men. — Dr. Mocket, the " roasted Warden," so called from hi& book 
on the "Liturgy of the Church of England" being burnt. Jeremy Taylor, the 
"illustrious divine," Bishop of Down and Connor, nominated to a Fellowship by 
Archbishop Laud. Linacre, one of the first Professors of Greek in Oxford, and 
part founder of the Royal College of Physicians. Joseph Iveble, first of Jesus 
College, a writer of incredible industry. He reported all the cases in the Court 
of King's Bench from 1661 to 1710, and all the sermons preached in Gray's Inn 
Chapel, during his residence in London, amounting to above 4,000. Marchamont 
Needham, entered as a chorister. He edited several early English newspapers. 
Matthew Tindal, famous for Deism and gluttony. Leland and Tanner, the cele- 
brated antiquaries. Sir William Blackstone, the well-known judge, elected 
from Pembroke College, afterwards Principal of New Inn Hall. Archbishop 
Sheldon, Chancellor and founder of the Sheldonian Theatre. Reginald Heber, 
from Brasenose, Bishop of Calcutta. Dr. Edward Young, the poet. Sir William 
Petre, Secretary of State in four reigns. Thomas Palmer, Esq., M.P. for the 
University, and donor of the picture " Finding of the Law," in the College Hall. 
George Clarke, LL.D., Lord of the Admiralty in the reign of Queen Anne. Sir 
Christopher Wren, architect of St. Paul's Cathedral. Brian Duppa, Bishop of 
Winchester. Max Muller, Professor of Comparative Philology, elected to a Fel- 
lowship in 1851. Henry W. Acland, D.M., Regius Professor of Medicine and 
Radcliffe Librarian. Sir F. Hastings Doyle, Bart., Professor of Poetry (1S69), &c. 

Before departing from All Souls' College we just note the now obsolete 
" gaudy" known as the 

Mallard Night, a curious custom, for- 
merly observed in the College on Jan. 14. It 
was in commemoration of the discovery of a 
very large mallard or drake, in a drain, when 
digging for the foundation. On the College 
"Gaudies," however, a merry old song, set to 
ancient music, is sung, as follows :— 



Griffin, bustard, turkey, capon, 

Let other hungry mortals gape on ; 

And on the bones their stomach fall hard. 

But let all All Souls* men have their Mallard. 

Oh, by the blood of lung Edward ! 

Oh, by the blood of King Edward ! 

It was a swapping, swapping Mallard ! 



Dr. Pvouth President of Magdalen College for sixty-four years (1791 to 1855). 



ALL SOULS' MALLARD CUSTOM AND SONG. 159 



The Romans once admired a gander; 
More than they did their chief commander, 
Because he saved, if some don't fool us, 
The place thatis called from the head of Tolus. 
Oh, by the blood of King Edward ! 



' Swapping he was, from bill to eye ; 
Swapping he was, from wing to thigh • 
His swapping mode of generation 
Outswapped all the winged creation 

Oh, by the blood of King Edward ' 



V The poets feign Jove turned a swan, - Therefore let us sing, and dance a galliard 

But let them prove it, if they can ; To the remembrance of the Mallard • 

As for our proof, 'tis not at all hard, And, as the Mallard dives in pool ' 

Eor it was a swapping, swapping Mallard. Let us dabble, duck, and dive in bowl 

Oh, by the blood of King Edward ! Oh, by the blood of King Edward i 

The Rev. Mr. Pointer, in his short " History of Oxford," committed a grave 
offence by asserting that this Mallard was only a ' Goose. 3 This insinuation 
produced a reply from Dr. Buckler, published as a pamphlet, which, it is said, 
for genuine humour and irony, has seldom been equalled. It was entitled a 
" Complete Vindication of the Mallard of All Souls' from the Injurious Sugges- 
tions of the Rev. Mr. Pointer." Pointer retaliated, having gained partisans' in 
Mr. Bilson (Chaplain of All Souls') and Moses Rowe. He published a folio 
sheet, entitled " Proposals for Republishing a Complete History of the Mal- 
lardians," with the figure of a cat prefixed, said to have been found starved in 
the College Library. Leaving All Souls' College, the visitor proceeds up the 
High Street, past St. Mary's Church, and shortly reaches 

All Saints' Church (formerly known as All Hallows), outwardly much 
decayed, but the interior has been thoroughly restored within the last few 
years. It is built of Headington stone, of very inferior quality, which at 
once accounts for the age-worn appearance of the edifice. The Rev. Sir John 
Peshall gives a full account of this Church and the charities, <fec, connected 
therewith, in his " History of Oxford." It was formerly connected with the 
Church of St. Michael and the now unknown Church of St. Mildred, long 
since demolished. In 1122 Henry II. gave it to the Canons of St. Frideswide, 
in company with two other churches ; and in 1190 it was made a vicarage. 
In 1327 it was granted by Edward II. to Henry Burwash, or Burghersh, 
Bishop of Lincoln, by whom it was retained (in conjunction with his suc- 
cessors) until Flemmyng settled it upon Lincoln College, by this act making 
it collegiate as well as parochial. It is related that St. Edmund of Abingdon 
(founder of St. Edmund Hall) was one day preaching in the churchyard, 
when a violent thunderstorm came on. The congregation deserted the 
preacher, affrighted by the war of the elements, but he desired them to stay, 
and prayed that fte might be allowed to finish his discourse without inter- 
ruption ; after which, though the rain washed down the High Street in 
torrents, not a drop fell in the churchyard. How St. Edmund " Preached in 
Alle Halewene Churchyard" is described in an old black-letter ballad of the 
reign of Edward I. In 1699 the spire of the ancient Church fell and destroyed 
nearly the whole edifice ; so much so, that it was necessary to entirely rebuild 
it. The new Church was commenced in 1705, and finished in 1708, the cost 
being defrayed by public subscription. The design (generally admired) was 
furnished by Dean Aldrich, of Christ Church. It is 72ft in length, 42ft. in 
width, and 50ft. in height. The steeple, one of the noteworthy objects in the 
High Street, consists of three stages — a rustic square tower, a turret encircled 
with Corinthian pillars, and a handsome tapering spire. The ground floor 
forms the vestry, and the tower contains a peal of five bells. The tomb of 
Dr. Tatham, Rector of Lincoln College, erected in 1843, at a cost of £800, is 
in the centre of the vestry. He is buried it beneath, according to the special 
directions contained in his will. On the south side of the Church (the upper 
part) is a tomb to the memory of Alderman Levins, five times Mayor of the 

Dr. Kouth, President of Magdalen College, married September, 1820, aged sixty-six. 



1 60 ALL SALNTS ' CHUR CH— ALDERMAN LE VLNS. 

city, who died a centenarian. This tomb was completely hidden for a long 
period, but uncovered when the Church interior was restored in 1865. The 
inscription on it is as follows : — 



What others singly wish,— Age, Wisdom, 

Wealth, 
Children to propagate their names and 

blood, 
Chief place in city oft, unphysicked Health, 
And that which seasons all— the name of 

God, 



In Levins were all mixt, yet all are gone, 
Only the good name lasts, that look upon." 

" In hopes of the Eesurrection, here lies the 
body of William Levins, Alderman, and five 
times Mayor of this City. Obit, April 12, 1616. 
Aged 100. 



The roof of the Church is remarkable for the extent of its span, unsupported 
by any pillar. The ceiling is richly ornamented with Grecian fretwork. The 
altar-piece is of stone, coloured in imitation of marble, and was presented by 
Lord Crewe, Bishop of Durham, at an expense of ,£500. Service is held on 
Sunday morning and evening. The parish is limited in extent, and contains 
about 500 population. The value of the living (a perpetual curacy in the gift 
of Lincoln College) is about £137 per annum. All Saints' parish was noted 
for the number of Halls within its limited boundary. One was known as 
Broadgates (or Amsterdam) Hall (one of three having the same name indifferent 
parishes) having peculiar privileges. It was situated in a court called 
Amsterdam, near St. Mary's Church, and formed a sanctuary for all petty 
offenders, and even for manslaughter. In 1463 a certain J. Parry, tailor, 
stabbed a man mortally ; and, being in fear of his life, fled for refuge to 
Amsterdam Hall, and he was received. This refuge continued until the 
Reformation in 1530, after which period immunity from punishment was not 
ensured. Amsterdam Hall was named after the Dutch students inhabiting 
the building. The Hall was pulled down in 1661. Whilst the workmen were 
engaged in digging the foundations for the Church erected in 1705, they dis- 
covered a coffin containing a body that had been buried for one hundred and 
fifty years. It was firm and entire. Exactly opposite the Church stands the 
new premises of the 

London and County Bank, erected in 1866, from designs by Messrs. 
F. and E. Francis, of London. The builders were Messrs. G. and T. Jones, 
of Oxford ; the cost about £10,000. Architecture, the Tudor or Modern 
Gothic. 

The Public Room, 43ft. by 34ft., and 16ft. high, is a very handsome 
apartment. The floor is laid with encaustic tiles, and all the fittings har- 
monise with the style of the building. Turning to the left, Alfred Street is 
entered, at the bottom corner of which will be found the 

Oxford Gymnasium, built in 1858. It is fitted with all the athletic 
apparatus necessary for its peculiar purposes. The building is equal to any 
other in England for gymnastic effort, and is largely patronised by members of 
the University. The manager, Mr. A. Maclaren, is quite an authority upon the 
special duties that he superintends, and has written several clever pamphlets and 
magazine articles on Gymnastics. On the opposite side of Alfred Street, are the 
buildings retained by the 

Alfred Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons, containing elegant 
Lodge and Banqueting rooms, and every convenience for the brethren who 
assemble under its roof. The members include most of the principal citizens of 
Oxford. Returning into the High Street, and crossing the road slightly to the 
left, the visitor enters the 

Oxford Market, for meat, poultry, vegetables, fruit, flowers, &c. Special 
market days — Wednesday and Saturday. The Market was commenced in 1771, 

Bread Riots in Oxford : the Foot Guards called from London, Nov. 1867. 



LINCOLN COLLEGE—RICHARD FLEMMYNG. 161 



and opened on St. Thomas's Day, 1774. The first stall was let to Mr. William 
Forte, at a rental of £9 5s. per annum. A newspaper paragraph of 1779, says, 
" Oxford Market was enlivened last week by the sale of a wife. She was offered 
by her husband, a navvy employed at the canal. He tied a ' penny slip ' round 
the waist of his wife, the end of which he kept fast till he had pocketed three 
shillings in part payment for the fair bargain. He then put the cord into the 
hands of the new possessor of his old love, and took French leave. The woman 
immediately called for her second wedding-ring, which being put on, she eagerly 
kissed the purchaser, with whom she walked off." On the opposite side of the 
High Street, facing the Market, stand Three or Four Old Houses, very diverse in 
their architectural points, but exceedingly interesting to the antiquary, being 
the remains of old academical buildings, so numerous in this part of Oxford in 
former times. Exactly opposite the Market will be found the 

New Police Station, approached by a passage-thoroughfare from the High 
Street. An ancient academical building, known as " Kemp Hall," has been 
modernised to suit the purposes required. This Hall is noted in Dr. Ingram's 
" Memorials of Oxford" as being one of the most earliest collegiate foundations 
in the University. The modernised building contains police offices, cells, and 
sleeping-rooms for fourteen men. A few paces beyond the 

Chequers Inn is reached. This Inn undoubtedly has been transformed from 
one of the old monastic halls used for educational purposes. A curious piece of 
sculpture was brought to light in 1870. The tracery is very elegant, and will 
delight the antiquarian. Crossing the High Street into Turl Street, 

Lincoln College stands upon the right hand. It is the eighth institution 
in numerical order, being founded by Richard Flemmyng, Bishop of Lincoln, on 
Oct. 12, 1427, for a Rector and seven Fellows. Thomas Rotherham, Bishop of 
Lincoln, afterwards Archbishop of York, and Lord High Chancellor of England, 
added five Fellowships, and gave a new body of statutes to the College in 1479. 
These limitations were abolished by Act of Parliament in 1854-5, and Hhe 
foundation at present consists of a Rector, twelve Fellows, and eighteen Scholars. 
The Bishop of Lincoln is the visitor. The first Rector was William Chamberlyn, 
elected in 1427. The present Rector is Rev. Mark Pattison, B.D., elected in 1861. 
Twenty Rectors have presided over the College since its foundation. It has the 
patronage of ten livings, including those of St. Michael and All Saints' in 
Oxford. The number of members on the College books is about 240. Bishop 
Flemmyng was a native of Crofton, Yorkshire, and took his degrees at Univer- 
sity College. He imbibed the opinions of John Wicliff at a very early age ; 
and, being of a most impetuous nature, displayed great energy in their propa- 
gation. These opinions he afterwards changed for those of quite an opposite 
nature. Dr. Ingram says, " At what precise period, or from what motives, he 
changed his opinions respecting the doctrines of Wicliff, cannot be easily now 
ascertained ; but it is an admitted fact, that he was at first a zealous promoter, 
and afterwards a determined opponent, of those doctrines." In 1406, Flem- 
myng had the prebend of South Newbold, in the Cathedral Church of York, 
conferred upon him. He exchanged this for that of Langtoft, in 1415, and had 
the Rectory of Boston, Lincolnshire, presented about 1417. He was promoted 
to the See of Lincoln in 1420, being consecrated by Pope Martin V. On Oct. 
12, 1427, he obtained the charter of foundation for his College, from Henry VI., 
to be called the " College of the Blessed Virgin Mary and All Saints', Lincoln, in 
the University of Oxford." He died in 1421, at Sleaford. Through this event; 
the building of the College was retarded— the students residing in Deep Hall, a 
part of the founder's purchase, and standing on the site of the present kitchen. 

The Oxfordshire Militia founded anterior to the Conquest of England. M 



162 LIBRARY 6- CHAPEL OF LINCOLN COLLEGE. 

The foundation languished until 1474, when a second benefactor arose in the 
person of Thomas Rotheram, or Scott, Bishop of Lincoln. The occasion of 
Rotheram's munificence towards the College is said to have arisen from hearing 
John Tristoppe's sermon, whilst eDgaged in the visitation of his diocese. Tris- 
toppe was the third Rector under Flemmyng's foundation ; and, feeling that the 
College was decaying, he addressed a stirring appeal to the Bishop, from Psalm 
lxxx. 14, 15 : " Behold, and visit this vine, and the vineyard which thy right 
hand hath planted," &c. The Bishop was so moved during the exhortation that 
he could scarcely restrain his emotion, rising from his seat. At its close, he 
promised to do all that was necessary for the well-being of the foundation, and 
nobly redeemed the pledge given. Rotheram occupied several high stations in 
succession — Chaplain to Edward IV., Provost of the Collegiate Church of 
Beverley, Keeper of the Privy Seal, Bishop of Rochester, Chancellor of Cam- 
bridge University, Prebendary of Sarum, Bishop of Lincoln, Archbishop of York, 
Secretary to four Kings, and three times Lord High Chancellor of England. 
In 1480, he founded a College at Rotherham, for a Provost, three Fellows, and 
six Choristers. For this number he gives a curious reason in his will — that 
* whereinsoever he may have offended God in His Ten Commandments, these 
ten persons might pray for his forgiveness." He also founded the fraternity of 
the Holy Trinity, at Luton. It is supposed that he died of the plague at Cawood, 
May 29, 1500, aged seventy-seven years. The entrance to the College is by a 
tower-gateway, into a Quadrangle, 80ft. square. The Hall stands on the east, 
the Library on the north, and the Rector's residence on the south side. 

The Hall, 42ft. by 25 ft., is but little altered from that built by Dean Forest, 
in 1436. It was repaired (at the expense of Lord Crewe) in 1701, and again in 
1835. Several capital portraits of benefactors to the foundation adorn the walls. 
The Library was originally at the west side of the present erection, and 
was likewise built by Dean Forest. It was furnished with books, the be- 
quests of the founder and Thomas Gascoigne. The present Library was 
fitted up in 1739, at the expense of Sir if. Lloyd, and contains many valu- 
able books and manuscripts, including the " Dictionarium Theologicum," a 
manuscript copy of Wicliff's Bible, &c. Portraits of Bishops Flemmyng and 
Rotheram, and Lord Crewe, are on the walls. Lincoln Library was the ODly 
one in Oxford that escaped the ravages of the commissioners of King Edward 
VI., when " other Libraries were visited and purged, suffering thereby such 
an incredible damage, that posterity have cursed their proceedings. " 

The Rector's Residence is remarkable for the rebus on the walls — a 
beacon over a tun. This part of the College was built at the expense of Dr. 
Beckynton, Bishop of Bath and Wells. The south Quadrangle contains 

The Chapel, 62ft. by 25ft. It was built at the expense of Lord Keeper 

Williams, Bishop of Lincoln, and Archbishop of York, and consecrated in 

1631, by Dr. Richard Corbett, Bishop of Oxford. The cedar roof, the screen, 

and carved figures are deservedly noticeable. The Illuminated Windows are 

of the most splendid hues and were brought from Italy in 1629. They 

consist of four on each side, and one over the altar. The left side windows 

represent the twelve prophets ; the right side, the twelve apostles. The 

centre window the types and antitypes of our_Sayiour, in six compartments : 

I. The Creation of Man. 

The Nativity of Christ. 

II. The Passage through the Red Sea. 



The Baptism of Christ. 
III. The Jewish Passover. 
The Lord's Supper. 



IV. The Brazen Serpent in the Wilderness. 

The Crucifixion of Christ. 
V. Jonah Delivered from the Whale's Belly. 

The Resurrection of Christ. 
VI. Ascent of Elijah in the Fiery Chariot. 

The Ascension of Christ. 



* _The pulpit in which John Wesley preached is still retained. 

tvi Oxfordshire Militia marched to Brighton Camp, during the Napoleon panic, 1793-4. 



JOHN WESLEY AND SOPHIA CAUSTON 163 



Eminent Men.— Amongst those who>ave risen "to swell the ranks of 
-collegiate fame," from Lincoln, may be mentioned Sir William Davenant 
poet, the "sweet swan of Isis," a native of Oxford, and to whom Shakspeare 
stood godfather. Robert Flemmyng, nephew of the founder, and author of 
an elegant poem, entitled " Lucubrationes Tiburtime." On his return from 
the continent he deposited in the College Library some finely illuminated 
manuscripts, and a Greek and Latin Dictionary of his own compilation 
This dictionary is mentioned by Leland. Edward Weston, champion of the 
Roman Catholic cause. John Wesley was elected to a Fellowship here in 
1726, from Ch. Ch. It was his custom to pass daily to devotion from the 
College to St. Mary's, and to receive the weekly sacrament also. He is men- 
tioned as "going through a ridiculing crowd, submitting to their jibes and 
jeers with a meek spirit, with his hair remarkably long, and flowing down 
upon his shoulders." Not only was Wesley persecuted at Oxford, but at 
every town and village when first pursuing his evangelical labours. At 
times he was assailed with filthy missiles and language, and with do^grel lines 
bawled into his ear by stentorian lungs, without the slightest attempt at vocal 
unison, but merely intended to drown the preacher's voice. The following 

vulgar distich, sung at Wednesbury, exemplifies the " mob-poesy :" 

" Mr. Wesley's come to town, boys, 
To try to pull the churches down, boys ; 
His sermons are vile, and his prayers are all evil, 
And his doctrines and songs have come straight from the devil." 

In the latest " Life of Wesley," issued in Oct. 1870, by the Rev. Luke Tyer- 
man, Wesleyan minister, it is stated that Wesley had but one idea in 
preaching the gospel — not to secure fame, but to save souls. The author 
remarks that the materials for this life are the accumulation of seventeen 
years, adding that he has searched hundreds of Methodist publications, besides 
perusing thousands of private letters (written by Wesley) lent him by friends. 
It is, certainly, one of the best and most reliable works on Methodism extant. 
One fact more : John Wesley began his career as a reforming preacher in 
1738. He died in 1 791 : thus showing an active period of fifty- three years 
engaged in that work. At his death there were attached to the connexion he 
he had founded, 300 recognised ministers, and above 1,000 local preachers. 
We give two traits in Wesley's life, respecting matrimony, that may be 
interesting. He did not marry until he had passed the meridian of life, and 
then was singularly unfortunate — "unequally yoked." In early life, how- 
ever, he had a narrow escape from matrimony, when in Savannah, America. 
General Oglethorpe, desiring to damp the enthusiasm of his evangelical views, 
whilst he was with the Moravians, iriaced a Miss Sophia Causton (niece of the 
chief magistrate of Savannah) in his way. She was of a polished mind and 
cultivated manners ; but used an artifice to inveigle Wesley, representing 
herself as one suffering from a wounded spirit, and desiring salvation. This 
was a most difficult part to act, but it was nearly successful. Charles Dela- 
motte, one of his companions, saw through the design, and tried to dissuade 
Wesley from marriage. Prayer was offered by Wesley for guidance in the 
matter, and it was laid before the Moravian elders. After mature deliberation, 
they decided that it was unwise for Wesley to proceed further in the matter. 
" The will of the Lord be done," replied he ; and in future avoided Miss 
Causton's company. Shortly after, she married a Mr. Williamson ; and in 
less than twelvemonths Wesley thought it desirable to repel her from the 
Holy Communion. This raised a storm of indignation against Wesley, and 
he was bitterly persecuted. He stopped in the colony for some time, and 

Oxfordshire Militia broke out in mutiny, robbing corn-mills, &c, Newhaven, Sussex, 1795. 



164 JOHN WESLEY'S UNFORTUNATE MARRIAGE. 

then returned to England, " a sadder yet wiser man." Charles Wesley mar- 
ried in his forty-first year ; and this again turned John's attention to the 
matrimonial state, although he had published a book entitled "Thoughts on a 
Single Life," wherein he advised all unmarried persons to follow the eounsel 
of Christ and St. Paul, and "remain single for the kingdom of heaven's 
sake." Seeking counsel upon the matter, he was advised to marry; and, 
accordingly, married a widow named Vizelle, who had been left with four 
children, and an independent fortune. The money was settled upon herself, 
and a stipulation made that he should not preach one sermon nor travel one 
mile the less by reason of marriage. For a time his wife travelled with him ; 
but she soon got tired of his active life, and the company in which he mixed. 
By her outrageous conduct, abominable temper, and inordinate jealousy, she 
vexed him in such a manner as to be deserved to be classed in a group with 
Xantippe and the wife of Job, as one of the three bad wives. And all this 
because he would not give up preaching duties. He wrote to her in this wise : 
" Know me, and know yourself. Suspect me no more, asperse me no more, 
provoke me no more : do not any longer contend for mastery, for power, 
money, or praise. Be content to be a private insignificant person, known 
and loved by God and me. Attempt no more to abridge me of my liberty. 
Stop and consider what you do. As yet the breach may be repaired. You 
have wronged me much, but not beyond forgiveness. I love you still ; and 
am as clear from all other women as the day I was born." This did not 
suffice. She searched his pockets, opened his letters, laid violent hands upon 
him, tore his hair, placed his communications in the hands of his enemies, 
thinking thereby to blast his character. She frequently left his house ; and, 
on his entreaties, returned oft again. And thus his life was disquieted by 
this vixen for twenty years. At last she departed, taking part of his journals 
and many other papers, which were never restored. She did not return. 
"Wesley simply noted this fact in his diary, briefly adding, "Non earn reliqui, 
non dismisi, non revocabo" ("I did not forsake her, I did not dismiss her, I 
will not recall her "). Thus this unfortunate marriage was dissolved. Mrs. 
Wesley lived ten years after her self-sought separation. The epitaph on her 
tomb describes her as a woman of exemplary piety, a tender parent, and a 
sincere friend. Nothing is said of her conjugal 'virtues :' and, perhaps, well 
so. Amongst other eminent men matriculating at Lincoln College have been 
James Hervey, author of "Meditations among the Tombs," and a sincere 
friend of John Wesley, &c. Dr. Kilbye and Richard Brett, translators of 
the Bible. William Smyth, Bishop of Lincoln, founder of Brasenose College, 
Henry Foulis, author of a "History of Treasons," &c. Dr. Radcliffe, the 
eminent physician, founder of the Radcliffe Library, &c, was a Fellow of 
Lincoln. Lord Crewe, Bishop of Durham, 1674, a great benefactor to the 
University. Dr. John Sib thorp, author of "Flora Oxoniensis," and "Flora 
Grseca," John Underhill, third Bishop of Oxford, and fifteenth Rector of 
the College. He was a native of the city, and died in great poverty. Bolton, 
the noted puritan. The Rev. Mark Pattison, B.D., the present Rector, one 
of the writers in the noted " Essays and Reviews," &c. There is a College 
officer on Lincoln foundation, known as the " corrector," who keeps a scourge 
as the emblem of his authority, because it was formerly a part of his duty 
to chastise delinquent Fellows. In olden times several Lollards were im- 
prisoned in the treasury of the College. The next College the visitor will 
inspect adjoins Lincoln, but separated by a narrow lane, known as "Brase- 
nose Lane," but called formerly ( " St. Mildred's Lane." This is 

Tyro Privates (Cooke & Parish), Oxon Militia, shot for the mutiny, near Brighton, June 12, 1795. 



EXETER COLLEGE— WALTER BE STAPLEDON. 105 



Exeter College, the fourth foundation in numerical order in the Uni- 
versity. Founded in 1314, by Walter de Stapledon, Bishop of Exeter, and 
then called Stapledon Hall. The Scholars of this foundation assembled firstly 
at Hart Hall (on the present site of Magdalen Hall). The first foundation 
was for a Rector and twelve Fellows : eight to be elected from the Arch- 
deaconries of Exeter, Totness, and Barnstaple ; four from that of Cornwall, 
and one to be nominated by the Dean and Chapter of Exeter. In 1404, the 
College received its present name and two additional Fellowships, through 
Edmund Stafford, Bishop of Exeter. In 1565, Sir William Petre, Secretary 
of State, and Privy Councillor to Henry VIII. , Edward VI, and Queens 
Mary and Elizabeth, added eight Fellowships. In 1636, Charles I. annexed 
a Fellowship for Guernsey and Jersey, and there are several other bene- 
factors. In 1855, these arrangements were amended ; and the Society now 
consists of the Rector, fifteen Fellows, twenty-four Scholars, and about twenty 
Exhibitioners. The first Rector was John Neale, elected in 1565 . The present 
Rector is the Rev. John Prideaux Lightfoot, B.D., elected in 1854. Twenty- 
two Rectors have held office since 1 565. The Society has the patronage of 
sixteen livings, one of which is annexed to the Rectorship, and to another 
the Dean and Chapter of Exeter nominate, the College presenting. The 
number of members on the College books is about 660. Walter de Staple- 
don, Bishop of Exeter, Chaplain to the Pope, Lord High Chancellor of 
England, and Secretary of State to Edward' II., was born at Amery, near 
Bideford, Devonshire, and received his education in this University. In 
1307, he was consecrated Bishop of Exeter, an event celebrated by lavish 
expenditure and hospitality. In 1325 he accompanied Queen Isabella to 
France. Whilst there he discovered the treachery of the Queen and those 
with whom she was implicated, and returned with haste to England to inform 
the King, that he might be prepared for any contingency. Edward 
immediately proceeded into Wales, deputing to Stapledon the custody of the 
city of London. The fate of the King is well-known, and Stapledon's end 
was of a no less tragical character. Returning to his palace from an excur- 
sion, he was dragged from his horse, near the north door of St. Paul's Cathe- 
dral, and, with his brother (Sir Richard Stapledon), and two servants, slain 
on the spot. His body was tumbled into an obscure cemetery near Pye 
Corner, but afterwards concealed beneath a heap of sand behind his residence 
in the Strand. Six months after, Isabella and her son (Richard I.), regretting 
the outrage, caused his body to be interred with pomp on the north side of 
the altar in Exeter Cathedral. Three years after, his murderers were con- 
demned and executed, an inquiry (tardy in the extreme) being held into all 
the circumstances surrounding such an enormous offence. The license of 
mortmain for giving Hart Hall to collegiate purposes is dated May 10, 1314. 
The benefactions of Walter de Stapledon were, no doubt, much decreased by 
his premature death : but the College received almost a second and third 
donation from the munificence of Edmund Stafford (Bishop of Exeter), and 
Sir William Petre. The College front, embracing a length of 220ft., with its 
noble gateway, is very striking. The present front was renewed in Bath 
stone, in 1835; and the gateway has been built thrice— 1595, 1703, 1834. 
The Broad Street front is also very handsome, and was erected in 1832. A 
row of poplars once faced this part of the College, but were removed a few 
years since. The Quadrangle forms a parallelogram of 135ft. The Hall 
stands on the right ; the Chapel and Rector's residence on the left ; and the 
Library in the College garden. The visitor proceeds into ^ 

Two Privates (Sansom & Sykes), Oxon Militia, executed for the robbery, Horsham, June 14, 1795. 



166 EXETER COLLEGE CHAPEL AND HALL. 

The Chapel, a most elaborate and magnificent building, erected in 1856-9, 
from designs by George Gilbert Scott, R.A. The cost of the erection and 
decorations was about .£20,000, of which a good proportion was given by past 
and present members of the College. It has been designated one of the best 
efforts of Mr. Scott ; and, externally, resembles the celebrated Sainte Chap- 
pelle, Paris. The interior is gorgeous. The arches at the apsidal termination 
of the edifice are filled in with enamelled glass mosaic. The centre arch con- 
tains a representation of our Saviour, sitting, the right hand lifted in blessing 
— the left hand holding the globe, surmounted by a cross. The figure is 
crowned, and has a nimbus round the head. The full-length figures of SS. 
Peter and Paul are on the right and left of the Saviour. St. Peter, having 
the keys of office — St. Paul, the sword of martyrdom. On the north side, the 
arches are filled in with figures of SS. Mark and Luke — an arch between, 
bearing the Lamb, with passion-flowers, cross, spear, sponge, nails, and crown 
of thorns. The corresponding central-arch on the south-side is occupied by a 
credence-table, upon the pedestal of which are carved the emblems of the 
Holy Sacrament, in the shape of ears of wheat and clusters of grapes. This 
bracket supports a slab of alabaster. The mosaic over the credence-table 
represents a pelican feeding her young with the blood of her breast, flowing 
from a self-inflicted wound. It is surrounded by similar emblems to those 
on the north-side. On each side are full-length figures of SS. Matthew and 
John. Extending immediately under the windows, along the arcade, is a 
band of twenty angels, each carrying a scroll, inscribed " Sanctus, Sanctus, 
Sanctus ! " The figures stand out boldly from a gorgeous gold ground. 
Below them a border of gold and colour, and beneath that alabaster, iDlaid 
with floriated crosses of Sienna and other marble. It requires a very close 
inspection to discover the separate pieces of mosaic forming such an harmo- 
nious whole. The entire work was designed by Dr. Salviati, of Venice, and 
executed by J. B. Philip, of Chelsea, London. The mosaics were placed in 
position by Luigi Verona, and another Italian artificer of London. Signor 
Salviati was the first to reintroduce glass mosaic into Church restoration in 
England. The Altar-cloth, beautifully embroidered, on a ground of crimson 
damask silk, with lilies, passion-flowers, and other emblems, was executed 
chiefly by the ladies of the Sisterhood, at Manor House, Holywell. The 
length of the Chapel is 91ft. by 30ft. ; height, to the roof, 84ft. ; to the sum- 
mit of the vane, 150ft. The windows are filled with stained glass, by Messrs. 
Clayton and Bell. The Chapel has been rebuilt thrice— between 1321-6, in 
1624, and 1856-9. Dr. George Hakwill, author of an extended work upon 
"Divine Providence," Fellow of the College, and Archdeacon of Surrey, laid 
the first stone of the second Chapel in 1623, and it was completed in 1624. 
In every window was an inscription—" Domus mea, Domus Orationis" (" My 
House is a House of Prayer") ; and " Primo Qmeritas regnum Dei" ("Seek 
ye first the kingdom of God"). The foundation of the present Chapel was 
laid by the Bishop of Rupert's Land (Dr. Anderson), formerly a member of 
the College. (See also page 216.) 

The Hall was built about 1618. Sir John Ackland gave £800 towards the 
expense, and the College ,£200 additional. A few years since the Hall was 
refitted and decorated at an expense of £1,800. When the excavations were 
in progress, a stone coffin was discovered, containing the remains of a man, 
with a crown upon his head, and at his side, money and other valuable arti- 
cles. The ceiling of the Hall is a high-pitched timber roof of handsome 
framework, of a curious reticulated design. Several excellent portraits 
are on the walls, including those of the founder, Walter de Stapledon, painted 

The Oxon Militia degraded from a royal regiment, through the Newhaven Riots, 1795. 



DR. KENNICOTS FIG TREE. 1G7 



by W. Peters, Esq., and copied from a French print of Bossuet, the cele- 
brated Bishop of Meux ; Queen Elizabeth, when young ; Charles I., Sir An- 
tony Ashley Cooper, and other benefactors. 

The Library, in the garden, was erected in 1856, from designs by Mr. G. 
G. Scott, R.A. The previous Library was built in 1699, and on Dec. 2 
1709, the room in which the Library was then deposited caught fire, the 
greater part of the books being consumed, and the Bodleian Library (only 
twelve yards distant) placed in great danger. Antony a Wood was of 
opinion that a Library was founded by Walter de Stapledon, but had no idea 
of its locality. Stapledon left books to the College, with Bishop Grandesson, 
so early as 1368. Simon de Bredon added some astronomical and mathe- 
matical works to these in 1372 ; and Bishop Rede, of Chichester, the founder 
of Merton Library, gave .£20, and twenty-five manuscripts, to be deposited 
therein, in 1374 and 1382, until a handsome Library was formed in 1383. 
In 1404 it was reconstructed and enlarged. The present room contains a 
portrait of the Rev. Joseph Sandford, B.D., represented with a book under 
his arm, supposed to be the first complete edition of the Hebrew Bible, 
printed at Soncino, in Italy, about 1488. The Library contains very many 
valuable books and manuscripts, including a copy of the Old Testament, in 
Hebrew, of the year 1483, and a volume of Polyglot Poems, in manuscript. 
On great occasions, people whose names are lost, offered premiums for poems 
in various languages. Did a royal representative die — Oxford poetised it. 
Get married — the same ensued. The volume, at Exeter, is addressed to the 
Royalists and Parliamentarians, and consists of English, German, Greek, 
Hebrew, Latin, and Welsh effusions. The large chesnut tree at the bottom 
of the garden, is called " Heber's tree," because it directly overshadowed the 
room which Bishop Heber — the "gentle Reginald," — used to occupy at 
Brasenose College. The garden also contains a fig tree, known as " Bishop 
Kennicot's fig tree." He took a fancy to this tree, being of a very peculiar 
mind. When the figs were ripe he had a label placed upon the tree, "Dr. 
Kennicot's fig tree," which an undergraduate altered to " A fig for Dr. Ken- 
nicot." Hence its name. 

Eminent Men. —One of the earliest inmates of Stapledon Hall, was John 
de Trevisa, Canon of Westbury, Wiltshire, and Vicar of Berkley, who assisted 
Wicliff in the translation of the Holy Scriptures, and left behind him an 
English abridgement or Commentary of the Bible, a work scarcely known, a 
copy of which was presented in 1808 to Dr. Ingram, President of Trinity Col- 
lege, and author of the " Memorials of Oxford," Dr. Walker, the historian 
of the clergy, who suffered for their loyalty and religion. John_ Anstis (the 
elder), the celebrated herald and antiquary. Dr. Borlase, the biographer of 
Cromwell. Maundrell, the traveller. Rev. W. Jacobson, Regius Professor 
of Divinity (1848), and now Bishop of Chester. Right Rev. R. A. P. Vena- 
bles, Hon. D.D., Bishop of Nassau. Rev. James Antony Froude, the histo- 
rian. Right Hon. J. T. Coleridge, knight, Privy Councillor (Latin Verse, 
1810 ; English and Latin Essays, 1813). John Duke Coleridge, M.P. for 
Exeter, mover of the University Tests Abolition Bill. Rev. John Fielder 
Mackarness, present Bishop of Oxford. Joseph Caryll, commentator on the 
Book of Job. Samuel Wesley, father of Revs. John and Charles Wesley 
Samuel was the son of an ejected and starving Nonconformist minister. At 
the age of sixteen he walked to Oxford, and entered himself as a servitor at 
Exeter College— his sole worldly wealth amounted to £2 16s. In an amusing 
missive, we find Wesley writing to his mothe r, and thanking her for the 

The Oxon Militia engaged (with others) in quelling the Rebellion in Ireland, 1798. 



168 SAMUEL WESLEY AT EXETER COLLEGE. 

present of a Cheshire cheese, and saying, "lama rising lad, mother ; and 
have got prefarment in College allready, for our sexton, being gonn into 
Heryfordshear, has left me his depoty, which is a very good place ;" and, 
concludes, " with believing he shall do very well, " if you will but send me 
t'other crowne. " He was ordained, entered London with <£10 in his pocket, 
as curate, became a navy chaplain, and distinguished himself by refusing to 
read James's obnoxious " Declaration," taking for his text the reply of Daniel 
— "Be it known unto thee, O King, that we will not serve thy gods, nor 
the golden image which thou hast set up." The revolution came, and Wes- 
ley wrote in its defence, dedicating his effusion to Queen Mary, consort of 
William III. , and was rewarded with the living of Epworth, Lincolnshire. 
He engaged in an acrimonious controversy with Dissenters ; and the request, 
that he would drop the dispute, from the friend by whose means he hoped 
for preferment, had a contrary effect to that intended. He writes, 1 1 1 left 
my fortunes in God's hands, and resolved to act according to my conscience." 
He threw himself with undue zeal into election struggles, wrote letters, was 
charged with treason, ousted from his chaplaincy, and thrown into prison for 
debt. Wesley thus chronicles the adversity that beset a poor parson in the 
last century : "I had been thrown behind by a series of misfortunes. My 
parsonage was blown down ere I had recovered the taking of my living. My 
house, the great part of it, was burnt down about two years since. My flax, 
great part of my income, was wilfully burnt in the night. My income, sank 
one-half by the low price of grain, and my credit ruined by the taking away 
of my chaplaincy of the regiment, I was brought to Lincoln Castle ; and, 
about three weeks since, my very unkind people, thinking they had not done 
enough, have, in the night, stabbed my three cows, which were a great part 
of my family's existence. For which, God forgive them ! " This letter 
brought in many subscriptions to aid Samuel Wesley, and £20 was voted by 
the Justices in session. Hearne, the antiquary, says, " There is a gathering 
in the University for Mr. Wesley, to the great mortification of the fanatics*" 
Apropos of the Wesleys, it was mentioned in our notice of Christ Church, 
that Charles Wesley wrote upwards of 900 hymns. Consulting a later work, 
published in America, and entitled "Evenings with the Sacred Poets," we 
find a statement giving the authorship of a far larger number to him. This 
volume mentions that Charles Wesley published 4,000 hymns, and left 
upwards of 2,000 in manuscript. Such may be the case — we have no reason 
to doubt it ; but, it is remarkable, that but about one-twelfth part of these 
appear in the ■ " Wesleyan Hymn Book." However, Charles Wesley was 
most prolific with the poet's pen — especially upon sacred themes . Southey 
considered Wesley's hymn, " Stand the Omnipotent decree," the finest lyric 
in the English language. Handel composed a few tunes especially for Wesley's 
hymns. Wesley's last hymn was penned by his wife, from dictation, whilst 
he lay upon his death-bed, shortly before departing to the unknown world. 
The following lines are a brief extract : — 

" l^. age aud f eebleness extreme . Strength of my failing flesh and heart, 

Who shall a helpless worm redeem » Oh, could I catch a smile from Thee, 

Jesus, my only hope Thou art, ' Then drop into eternity." 

Browne, the poet, author of "Britannia's Pastorals, " was an Exeter man; 
so also Diggory Wheare, the first Camden Professor of Ancient History. 
Upton, one of the earliest editors of Shakspeare's Works. John David Mac- 
bride, Principal of Magdalen Hall for fifty-five years, and Lord Almoner's 
Reader in Arabic. Dr. John Prideaux, Warden in 1612. He was of poor 
family, resident at Stowfort, Devonshire. He became parish-clerk at the 



The Oxon Militia employed on garrison-duty in many parts of the kingdom, 1799-1809. 



FIRST ISSUE OF THE LONDON ' TIMES: 169 



Tillage of TJgborough, close to his home ; but, after a while, left that locality 
and appointment, and came to Oxford. He entered Exeter College as kitchen 
menial. Being of quick natural attainments, he raised himself to a Canonry 
of Ch. Ch., Regius Professor of Divinity, and to the headship of the foun- 
dation he entered as servant. His fame increased, the College became full 
of students anxious to place themselves under Prideaux, and all appeared 
flourishing. Prideaux held the Rectorship from 1612 to 1642 ; and, during 
that period, was Vice- Chancellor. In 1641, Charles I. advanced him to the 
Bishopric of Worcester. Matters changed. The Presbyterians became the 
dominant party — the Bishops' revenues were sequestrated, and so scanty did 
his pittance become, that he was obliged to sell his library for a subsistence 
It is said that his distress was even more severe than this. He was met by 
a friend, in the street of the village where he resided, walking with something 
carefully covered up in his gown, as if he wished concealment. The friend 
enquired what his errand was, that he was so careful. He replied, with jocu- 
larity, amid his trouble, " that he was like the ostrich, going to make a meal for 
once off iron," showing some fragments of metal he was about to part with to 
procure a dinner. About twelvemonths after the execution of Charles I. 
Prideaux died, a martyr to his sufferings — want, woe, and weakness. John 
Walter, the principal proprietor of the ' Times' newspaper, was educated at 
Exeter. He is the third of the same name in connection with the print that 
has become almost ubiquitous. He has the principal part of the shares in 
the 'Times,' but takes a very little part in its management. He took his 
degree of B.A. in 1840, and M.A. in 1843, and is at present M.P. for Berk- 
shire. The 'Times' was first issued as the " Daily Universal Register,' on 
January 1, 1785 ; and changed its name to the 'Times' on January 1, 1788. 
The reason given for this was the many mistakes that ' ' arose from so many 
'Registers,' with different prefixes being published." The prospectus an- 
nouncing this, states "that the printer of the ' Universal Register' has added 
to its original name that of the ' Times,' which, being a monosyllable, bids 
defiance to the corruptions and mutilators of the language. " And continues, 
"the 'Times,' what a monstrous name! Granted: for the 'Times is a 
many-headed monster, that speaks with an hundred tongues, and displays a 
thousand characters ; and, in the course of its transactions in life, assumes 
innumerable shapes and humours ! " The ' Times' has now the most complete 
and elaborate printing machinery in the world. Mr. John Walter, the 
father of the present chief proprietor of the ' Times,' expended the sum of 
.£60,000 before he introduced steam machinery to his aid in printing the 
paper— it being the first printed in England by steam-power (Nov. 29, 1814). 
Rev. R. J. King, B.A., author of the "Cathedrals of England, is an 
Exeter man. Mr. Newton, a popular preacher in London, at Bayswater, a 
Fellow of Exeter, was expelled from the "Plymouth Brethren" for heresy, 
in 1847. He holds very peculiar views upon the Apocalypse. Leaving 
Exeter College, the visitor crosses the road and enters . 

Jesus College, the sixteenth foundation in Oxford of a collegiate 
nature. It originated with Hugh Price, LL.D., Treasurer of St. Davids, m 
the reign of Queen Elizabeth. Queen Elizabeth, on the petition of Price, 
founded the College on June 27, 1571, for a Principal eight Fellows and 
eight Scholars. This number was increased by benefactions to nineteen 
Fellows and eighteen Scholars, The Fellowships are now reduced to 
thirteen-one half of which are for natives of Wales. The 'Scholarships are 
raised to twenty-two, each o f the value of £80 per annum. The Exhibitioners 

The Oxon Militia engaged in coast-guard duty (for smugglers, &c), Littlehampton, Sussex, 1809 



170 JESUS COLLEGE— HUGH PRICE. 

are nearly thirty in number. The value of each is J40 per annum. The 
first Principal was David Lewes, elected in 1571. The present Principal is 
the Rev Charles Williams, D.D., elected in 1857 Twenty-three Principals 
have been elected since the College was founded. The Society has the 
patronage of twenty livings. The number of members on the books of the 
foundation is about 200. The visitor is the Earl of Pembroke. Hugh Price 
was born at Brecknock, South Wales. He graduated at Oxford, but at what 
College is unknown. It is stated that his uncle was a canon at Osney Abbey, 
and that Price received his early education under him. Jesus College was 
founded especially for Welshmen, in pursuance of which Price petitioned 
Elizabeth that " she would be pleased to found a College in Oxford on which 
he might bestow his estate for the maintenance of certain scholars of Wales, 
to be trained up in good letters." Price conveyed estates of the value of 
i>160 per annum for the purpose, which sum was allowed to accumulate to 
£700 before the foundation was commenced . Elizabeth gave no aid but a 
donation of timber from Shotover and Stowe. The progress of the building 
was delayed, and at the commencement of the seventeenth century there 
was only a Principal, two or three Fellows, and a few Commoners. But 
several benefactors came to its aid, and before the century closed the founda- 
tion was placed upon a firm basis. Hugh Price died at Brecknock in 1574, 
three years after the foundation of the College. In reference to the founder, 
we find the following epigram in " Comical Dialogues in Welsh, Scotch, and 
Irish Brogue ; or, a Morning Discourse of a Bottomless Tub, introducing the 
historical fable of < The Oak,' " published in 1723 :— 

"HugoPreesh Who love a peesch 

Built this Collesh Of toasted cheesh, 

For Jesus Creesh, • And here it ish." 

And the Welsh geesh j 

The Welsh patronymic of Price was Ap Rice. Dr. Griffith Lloyd, second 
Principal ; Sir Eubule Thel wall, knight ; SirLeoline Jenkins ; Rev. Edmund 
Meyrick, Vicar of Eynsham, &c., have been great benefactors to the founda- 
tion. Sir Leoline Jenkins was almost a second founder. He was a native 
of Glamorganshire, and was the twelfth Principal of the College in 1661. He 
was knighted by Charles II., and resigned his headship in 1673. He died 
Sept. 1, 1685, aged 82, at Hammersmith, but was buried at Oxford, in the 
College Chapel. Sir Eubule Thelwall was the seventh Principal. He pro- 
cured a new charter for the foundation in 1622. Nearly all the Principals 
have been Welshmen. Dr. Hoare was Principal from 1768 to 1802. He met 
his death from a curious accident. He had a favourite cat, who was allowed 
to live in the doctor's study. Hoare was very deaf, and whilst seating him- 
self in his chair in the study one day, he inadvertently placed the leg of the 
chair on the cat's leg, not noticing it, or hearing the peculiar sound emitted 
from the tortured animal. The cat in its agony seized the doctor's leg, and 
scratched it violently, which the doctor felt, and speedily moved. The 
wound did not heal, and the doctor, after lingering some days, died. This 
event produced an epigram from an undergraduate (Oxford undergraduates 
are always ready with then* pens), viz. : — 

" ™ P r -Dr. Hoare ! he is no more, I The head of a house died the death of a mouse 

Bid the harp-strings of Cambria mourn ; | And Tom must be hanged in return." 

The present front of Jesus College was built in 1856, from the designs of 

Messrs. Buckler, of Oxford. It had been previously rebuilt a second time in 

1756. There are two Quadrangles, the first, 90ft. by 70ft., with the Hall 

facing the entrance, the Chapel on the right hand, and the Library on the 

Three Privates (Curtis, Greenwood, & Bellas), Oxon Militia, sentenced to receive 2,000 lashes, 1309. 



THE "RED-BOOK" <fr PUNC H-BOWL AT JESUS. 171 

left:— The second Quadrangle, 100ft. by 90ft., was finished in 1676. The 
clock, with dial plates, facing both Quadrangles, was the gift of Dr. Foulkes. 

The Hall is spacious and lofty. The screen is elaborately carved. The 
ceiling, at one period purlined with oak, is of stucco. Portraits of several 
benefactors and others deserve notice. Sir Thomas Lawrence's celebrated 
portrait of Nash, the celebrated architect, is a fine likeness. 

The Chapel was consecrated May 28, 1621, enlarged in 1836, and restored 
in 1864. The altar-piece, 10ft. by 7ft., represents " St. Michael overcoming 
the Devil," a copy of the original in the Capuchin Convent of the Conception 
at Rome, by Guido. It was presented by Viscount Bulkeley, a nobleman 
of the College, in 1773. The illuminated east window, by Hedgeland, was 
placed in the Chapel in 1856. A fine sculptured reredos is also worthy of 
inspection. So are the tombs of Sir Eubule Thelwall, Sir Leoline Jenkins, 
Bishop Lloyd, Dr. Hoare, &c, &c. 

The Library (the second) was erected in 1677 at the expense of Sir 
Leoline Jenkins. The first Library was built at the cost of Sir Eubule 
Thelwall in 1626. This Library was taken down in 1639. The troubles of 
the civil war prevented another building being erected until Sir Leoline 
Jenkins commenced the second Library. There are many valuable books 
and manuscripts in the Library, including — 



Lltpr Coch, or Red Book, written about 
the end of the fourteenth century, containing 
several ancient histories, romances, poems, 
&c, in the Welsh language. 

The Statutes op the Society, beautifully 
written on vellum, in the Italian style, with 



the-head of each statute in German text. The 
initial letters are most curiously illuminated. 
They were written by the Rev. Mr. Parry, of 
Shipston-on-Stour, a Fellow. 

The Manuscripts of Lord Herbert of Cher- 
bury. 



The Bursary contains a beautiful silver-gilt Bowl, holding ten gallons, 
weighing 278 oz. 17 dwts. ; height, 1ft. ; girth 5ft. 2in. It was presented 
in 1632 by Sir Watkin Williams Wynn, and bears the following inscription : — 
"Oxon, Coll. Jesu. D.D. Watkin Williams Wynn de Wynnstay in Com. 
Denbigh, LL.D., olim hujus Collegii socio Commensalis, 1732." One of 
Queen Elizabeth's huge stirrups, a curious metal watch, presented by 
Charles I. , and a portrait of Queen Elizabeth are also in this apartment. 

Eminent Men. — Above twenty bishops have been educated at this College- 
Sir Thomas Herbert, whose volume of "Travels in Africa and Asia," pub- 
lished in 1634, are so interesting. He accompanied Charles I. on the 
scaffold, and issued in 1678 an account of Charles's last two years of life, 
entitled " Threnodia Carolina." Dr. Bandinel, Public Orator, and first 
Bampton Lecturer in 1780. Rev. Rice Rees, author of an "Essay on the 
Welsh Saints." Dr. P. Maurice, Vicar of Yarnton, and author of several 
pamphlets on Ritualism. James Howell, Clerk of the Council, 1640. 
Imprisoned ten years in the Fleet Prison, London, by the rebels. From 
the Fleet he issued his "Epistolse Hoelianse ; or, Family Letters," a volume 
of great interest. John Davies, Welsh lexicographer and antiquary. Rees 
Prichard, a popular Welsh poet. Edward Lloyd, antiquary, botanist, and 
keeper of the Ashmolean Museum. Archbishop Usher, not educated on the 
foundation, but admitted on the books as "Jacobus Armachanus." He 
probably occupied one of the Halls formerly on the spot of Jesus College, 
possibly Lawrence Hall. And many others. Leaving Turl Street, so called 
from " Turl," a small postern or gate in the city walls, which once crossed 
the top of this thoroughfare, the visitor enters Broad Street, and observes, 
on the opposite side, . . 

Trinity College, the fourteenth foundation in order of priority. 



The Oxon Militia do garrison-duty at the Tower of London for twelvemonths, 1809-10. 



172 TRINITY COLLEGE— SIR THOMAS POPE. 

It was originally founded and endowed by Edward III., Richard II., and 
the Priors of Durham, and under the patronage of the latter body, being, 
according to Wood, " a nursery for the monks of Durham ;" hence it was 
known as " Durham College," being dedicated to God and our Lady, and 
St. Cuthbert." In 1286 Mabella Waffre, Abbess of Godstow Nunnery, made 
a conveyance of land to the College. The order of Durham monks (Benedic- 
tines) thus settled in Oxford became so celebrated, that a superior of the 
Order was stationed at this foundation — Bishop Aungervyle or Angervyle, 
or Richard de Bury (author of a work much esteemed in the fourteenth 
century, entitled " Philobiblos"). His fame on the continent was great, 
and materials for the large collection of books he left to Durham College 
accumulated from this fact ; and thus he is said to have founded the first 
public Library in the University. At the Reformation this noble collection 
was destroyed, and ruthlessly scattered throughout the kingdom. Richard 
de Bury's successor, Bishop Hatfield, had a room erected to contain the 
books left by that noted man, and, in addition, left 4,000 marks in the hands 
of trustees for the perpetual use of the College. Richard II. gave four 
advowsons to the College, and Edward III. was also most liberal towards it. 
Sir Thomas Pope purchased the site and buildings in 1554 of Dr. George 
Owen and William Martyn, gent., to whom a grant of them had been made 
from the Crown a short time previous. Pope founded the present College 
by licence and charters obtained from Philip and Mary, and respectively 
dated March 8 and 28, 1555. It was dedicated to the " Holy and Undivided 
Trinity," for a President, twelve Fellows, and eight Scholars (afterwards 
increased to twelve), and thus commenced a new era in academical history. 
The scholarships are now quite open, and their value about £80 per annum. 
The visitor of the College is the Bishop of Winchester. The first President 
was Thomas Sylthurst, elected in 1556. The present President is the Rev. 
Samuel Wayte, B.D., elected in 1866. Eighteen Presidents have been elected 
since the foundation of Trinity. The Society has the patronage of ten livings, 
and the morning preachership of St. Nicholas, Abingdon. One living 
(Garsington, Oxon) is annexed to the Presidentship. At this village the 
founder (Sir Thomas Pope) erected a quadrangular edifice, now demolished, 
to which the scholars of Trinity were to repair in time of pestilence. The 
number of members on the College books is about 336. Sir Thomas Pope, 
knight, was born at Deddington, Oxon, in 1508. His parents were of the 
middle class. He received his early education at Banbury School, and 
afterwards at Eton. He entered at Gray's Inn, and became an eminent 
lawyer. He was Clerk of the Briefs of the Star Chamber when twenty-five, 
and Clerk of the Crown in Chancery. Henry VIII. was much attached to 
Sir Thomas, and constituted him Treasurer of the Court of Augmentation, 
established by Act of Parliament in 1536. He was appointed Warden of the 
Mint, Treasurer of the Jewels in the Tower of London, &c. During the 
reign of Edward VI. he lived in retirement, and had the Princess Elizabeth 
confided to his care. On the accession of Queen Mary to the throne he again 
came into public life, and was made Cofferer to the Royal Household. He 
died on January 29, 1559, at Clerkenwell, from a pestilential fever. His 
body was first deposited in St. Stephen's Church, Walbrook, but afterwards 
removed to the Chapel of Trinity College, with those of his second wife and 
daughter, and there interred. Sir Thomas possessed above thirty manors, 
besides considerable estates and advowsons, situated in the counties of 
Bedford, Gloucester, Hereford, Kent, Oxford, and Warwick. Warton, 

Staff of Oxon Militia (thirty-six) engaged in quelling the Otmoor Riots, 1830. 



REMINISCENCES OF PRESIDENT BA THURST. 173 

in his life of Sir Thomas, remarks—" If it be his crime to have accumulated 
riches, let it be remembered that he consecrated a part of those riches not 
amid the terrors of a death-bed, nor in the dreams of old age, but in the 
prime of life and the vigour of understanding, to the public service of his 
country ; that he gave them to future generations for the perpetual support 
of literature and religion." It may be interesting to introduce here, before 
the precincts of the College are entered, an incident in the life of a descendant 
of Sir Thomas Pope. When James I. was making a royal tour in Kent in 
1618, he visited Sir Thomas Watson, at Halstead House, on June 25th. 
Sir Thomas's only daughter (Elizabeth) had married Sir William Pope, a 
grandson of Sir Thomas, founder of Trinity College, and Sir William's eldest 
daughter Anne (then an infant) presented the following verses to the King. 
They are chiefly remarkable for their witty play upon the family name : — 



' See this little mistress here 
Did never sit in Peter's chaire, 
Or a triple crown did weare, 
And yet she is a Pope ! 

' No benefice she ever sold, 
Nor did dispense with sins for gold 
She hardly is a sev'nnight old, 
And yet she is a Pope ! 



No King her feet did ever kisse, 

Or had from her worse look than this : 

Nor did she ever hope 

To saint one with a rope, 

And yet she is a Pope— 
A female Pope you'll say— a second Joan ; 
No sure— she is Pope Innocent, or none." 



These lines were written by Bishop Corbet, at that time a young student at 
Christ Church. James was highly pleased ^with the verses, and complimented 
the writer. Poetic license must be allowed, however, respecting the age of 
the child, who had been born twelve months at the period of the King's 
visit to Halstead, for she was christened at Wroxton, on Jan, 5, 1617. 
She died, it appears, in July 1629. Trinity College is approached from 
Broad Street, through elegant wrought-iron gates, taking the visitor, by a 
gravelled pathway up to the entrance, leading into the first Quadrangle. 
Over the exterior of the gateway are the arms of the founder and the College. 
The arms of the Earl of Guildford can be seen above the interior side. 
He contributed largely to the improvement of this entrance. The front of 
the College consists of the Chapel and gateway. The elegant square tower 
over the~gateway is of the Ionic order, embellished with balustrades and 
pilasters. The top is ornamented with emblematical figures of stone, repre- 
senting Astronomy and Geometry, Divinity and Physic. The Chapel and 
gateway, with many other valuable improvements, was added by the muni- 
ficence of Dr. Bathurst, who was President from 1664 to 1704. He was a 
most eccentric man in many of his actions, and yet beloved for his cheerful, 
engaging, and unaffected wit. He had great fondness for young company, 
and always sought out rising talent. Dr. Radcliffe, the eminent physician, 
when a young student at Lincoln College, was an especial favourite with Dr. 
Bathurst, merely for the wittiness of his remarks ; and John Phillips, author of 
the poem of the " Splendid Shilling," was often honoured by the company of 
Dr. Bathurst, for the smartness of the ridicule displayed by Phillips was 
exactly suited to the doctor's taste. He delighted to surprise the students 
of his College, when walking in the lime walk at unseasonable hours, on which 
occasions he generally carried a whip in his hand, an instrument of acade- 
mical torture long since discarded. Dr. Bathurst had great regard for Trinity 
College, and was pleased with the decline of its powerful rival, Balliol College, 
which suffered greatly in the civil war. One afternoon he was discovered m 
his garden, then running contiguous to the east of Balliol College, throwing 
stones at the windows with much satisfaction, as if happy to contribute his 

Oxon Militia suspended for twenty-one years (compulsory enrolment), 1831-52. 



174 TRINITY COLLEGE CHAPEL & TOMBS. 

share in completing the appearance of the ruin. Still, despite these ideas, 
the doctor was not only a benefactor to a great extent to his own foundation, 
but also to St. Mary's Church, and many other academical edifices. The 
occasion of his death was singular. He became blind ; and whilst enjoying 
a walk in his garden, he stumbled, and broke his thigh. He would not allow 
the limb to be set for some time, declaring that there was no marrow in the 
bones of an old man. At last he consented, but it was too late to preserve 
his life. He died June 14, 1704, in his eighty-fourth year, and was buried in 
the College Chapel. 

The First Quadrangle contains the remains of the ancient buildings of 
Durham College, and the Chapel, Hall, Library, President's Lodgings, Com- 
mon Room, &c. It displays great irregularity in style, possessing but few 
architectural attractions, excepting the front. It was enlarged and improved 
in 1618-20. 

The Second Quadrangle consists of three sides, looking out upon the 
College gardens. The design was furnished by Sir Christopher Wren. The 
north wing was finished in 1667 ; the west front in 1682 ; the south side in 
1728. The original design of Sir Christopher was not fully carried out. An 
engraving of it appeared in the ' Oxford Almanack' for 1732. 

The Chapel possesses a peculiar excellence in beauty of proportion, and 
its exquisite carving. The first stone was laid by the "Rev. Dr. Bathurst, in 
1691, and the building was completed in 1694. It is of the Grecian style of 
architecture. The carving, by the screen and altar, is in Grinlin Gibbons' 
best style, and cut in cedar and lime. The Altar-piece, a beautiful specimen 
of needle-work, was executed by Miss Althea Fanshawe, of Shiplake Hill, 
near Henley-on-Thames. It represents the " Resurrection. " It is worked 
in worsted, with great taste and brilliancy of colouring, from the painting by 
Jervais and Forest, after a design by West, in St. George's Chapel, Windsor. 
The Ceiling was painted by Peter Burchett, a French artist. The subject is 
the " Ascension." On the north side of the altar is the Tomb of the Founder 
— Sir Thomas Pope — and his second and third wives — Dame Margaret and 
Lady Elizabeth Powlet. Effigies of Sir Thomas and his third wife, in ala- 
baster, surmount the tomb. Sir Thomas is in full armour. A griffin reposes 
at his feet, and a helmet at his head, with his crest. Lady Elizabeth Powlet 
survived her husband, and was buried with great pomp, in November 1593, 
ihe body having lain in state in St. Mary's Church, the whole of the previous 
day, attracting large crowds. Amongst the altar-plate is an ancient Chalice, 
of silver-gilt, weighing 20oz., originally belonging to St. Alban's Abbey. 
This, and a gold paten corresponding with the Chance, are the only pieces of 
the plate bestowed by the founder— the other being given to Charles I. to 
melt into coin, during the siege of Oxford. The Society still possesses 
the letter acknowledging the gift, as well as a loan of money. Several of the 
Presidents and Fellows are interred in the Chapel. Josiah How, a Bursar 
of the College, was the first person interred in the Ante-Chapel. How was. 
Bursar when the Parliamentary visitors demanded the surrender of all the 
College documents in 1647. They were refused ; and How, having secured 
them, took them into the country with him until the Restoration. The 
Chapel was designed by Sir Christopher Wren ; but it has been attributed to 
Dean Aldrich, of Christ Church. There is an original plan of the Chapel in 
the Library of All Souls' College, showing but a slight deviation from the 
present edifice. 

The Hall, built on the site of the old refectory, in ] 618-20. The present 

Oxon Militia reorganised (voluntary enlistment), at Woodstock (431 men), October, IS52. 



THE FIRST COLLEGE LIBRARY. 175 



ceiling, wainscot, and marble chimney piece, were added in 1772, and several 
other improvements have taken place at various periods. Several fine por- 
traits adorn the walls, including one of the founder, by Francis Potter an 
ingenious mechanic and mathematician, a member of the College about 1637- 
Thomas Warton, poet laureate, and author of the " History of English 
Poetry," &c. A half-length statue of the founder is over the entrance-door 

The Library is the most ancient part of the College, being the original 
building that contained the bequest of Richard de Bury, although many 
necessary alterations have been made. The bookcases we're erected at the 
commencement of the seventeenth century, at the cost of Edward Hyndmer. 
Bichard Hands, Rector of Hartfield, Sussex, left £20 per annum for ever 
for the use of the Library. The building contains an extensive collection of 
topographical works ; a curious manuscript of Euclid, supposed to be 600 
years old, in an excellent state of preservation, translated from Arabic into 
Latin, by Adelardis Bathionensis, many other rare and valuable works, and 
a portrait of Queen Mary, on wood. The remains of painted glass in the 
•windows are worthy of inspection — including figures of the Four Evangelists, 
Edward III. and Queen Philippa, St. Cuthbert, St. Thomas a Becket, &c. 
St. Thomas is represented with a fragment of the dagger of Fitz-Urse in his 
forehead. Adjoining the Common Room, the visitor will observe an elegant 
gable- window, of an early date, filled with rich painted glass, bearing this 
inscription in the upper compartments : 3 Will'mus Ebchester, huius custos 
Collegii. Dominus Vobiscum" (" William Ebchester, President of the Col- 
lege. The Lord be with you"). Ebchester was a President of Durham 
College, in 1446. He was afterwards elected Prior of Durham. He died in 
1456. On a square tablet of freestone, in the outer wall of the Bursary is 
another ancient inscription: "Jesus, have mercy on Edmund Hutchins, 
A.D. 1558." Hutchins was a nephew of the founder, and the inscription, in 
ancient characters, was probably cut by his own hand. From the second 
Quadrangle, or New Buildings, the visitor enters 

The Gardens, containing about four acres of ground, tastefully laid out. 
On the south-side is a remarkable avenue known as 

The Yew-Tree Walk, formed of twenty-four trees on each side, whose 
boughs are most fantastically woven in the interior into a beautiful twisted 
roof. Spenser, in his "Faerie Queene" (bk. i. c. i. st. 9), speaks of "the 
eugh, obedient to the bender's will." In Trinity Yew- Tree Walk the 
bender's will has been fully exemplified. Dr. Newton, of Hertford College, 
had a student leave his foundation for Trinity College, "because they had a 
fine garden there, which he hoped would be of advantage to his health. " Dr. 
Newton made the following reflections upon this event, in his peculiar treatise 
on " University Education," published in 1727 — "I do acknowledge it is a 
very fine garden. I question whether there are finer evergreens in any 
garden in Europe, than in that of Trinity College : but I would have him 
consider, that the proper use of that fine garden is not to create in philo- 
sophers an appetite to elegance, but to set forth to young men the advantage 
of education — for those fine yews could not have been so beautifully formed, 
if they had not been 'obedient to the bender's will,' and suffered rith 
patience the amputation of every luxuriant and superflous branch, in con- 
fidence that all this art and care, and seeming severity of the pruner, would 
contribute to the improvement and reputation of the plants. " There is an 
entrance to the gardens from Park Street, nearly opposite Wadham College. 
The Oxfordshire Horticultural Society received its prefix of " Royal" during 

Oxon Militia increased to full strength (773 men), at Oxford, September, 1853. 



176 WALTER SAVAGE LANDOR "RUSTICATED." 

an exhibition held in these gardens, in June, 1847. H.R.H. Prince Albert 
conferred it, whilst on a visit to the city, during the meeting of the British 
Association. 

The Bursary contains a curious old picture of Lady Elizabeth Powlet 
(third wife of the founder), supposed to have been painted about 1570, by 
Sir Antonio Moore. Also three valuable portraits of Sir Thomas Pope, 
founder, and Presidents Kettel and Bathurst. Two other ancient portraits 
of the founder can be seen in the President's lodgings. They are copies 
from Hans Holbein. Two large original pictures of Bishop Adams (of 
Limerick) and Bishop Wright (Lichtield and Coventry), and a head of 
Thomas Allen, Fellow, a famous mathematician and antiquary, are also there. 

Eminent Men. — Rev. Robinson Duckworth, M.A., Tutor to H.R.H. 
Prince Leopold. Rev. Thomas Legh Claughton, M. A., Latin Yerse, 1828 ; 
English Yerse, 1829 ; Latin Essay, 1832 ; Professor of Poetry, 1852-7 ; 
Honorary Canon of Worcester. Rev. William Stubbs, M.A., Regius Pro- 
fessor of Modern History, 1867 ; Librarian to the Archbishop of Canterbury, 
and keeper of the MSS. at Lambeth. Rev. Isaac Williams, B.D., author of 
" Our Lord's Nativity,'' a devotional Commentary on the Gospel Narratives. 
Williams's work has received the best of praise, and his mind has been 
described as being "literally saturated with the Patristic tone" — "one con- 
tinuous breathing of a devout soul in love and gratitude to God." Walter 
Savage Landor, who came to Trinity from Rugby School. He was born in 
1775, at Warwick. He quitted the University without a degree. He was of 
the most violent temper — impetuous and daring — which he himself describes 
as being " the worst beyond comparison that man was curst with." He had 
to be removed from Rugby for " a fierce defiance of all authority, and a 
refusal to ask forgiveness. " He was ' ' rusticated" from the University for 
firing off a gun across the quadrangle of his College, when mingling with 
some boon companions. He raised a body of troops, at his own expense, in 
1808, in aid of the Spanish patriots, and was created a colonel in the Spanish 
army. His classical knowledge was very profound. He married in 1811. 
" Imaginary Conversations" are supposed to be the most lasting of his literary 
efforts — original in their form as in matter. His latest work was " The Last 
Eruit of an Old Tree," published in 1853. Landor was compelled to reside 
abroad permanently, in consequence of being convicted of aspersing the 
character of a lady at Bath, in a manner which made reflecting persons 
grieve for so sad an end to so high a reputation. John Bamptou, founder 
of the "Bampton Lectures," was educated at Trinity, and also Henry 
Birkhead, founder of the Professorship of Poetry. Dr. Arthur Yeldarde, 
second President, employed by the founder to compile the statutes of the 
College. He also corrected the University statutes in the reign of Elizabeth. 
Dr. Robert Wright, first Warden of Wadham College. Robert Skinner, 
eighth Bishop of Oxford, who ordained several bishops privately during the 
Protectorate. Dr. Ralph Kettel, third President, who built Kettel Hall. 
Dr.Seth Ward, seventh President. Dr. Ralph Bathurst, ninth President, 
during whose presidency eight bishops of this foundation were living. Dr. 
James Ingram, fifteenth President, author of the " Memorials of Oxford," — 
" My little work," as he was wont to call it. Dr. Arthur Charlett, thirty- 
sixth Master of University College, 1692-1722. Dr. Charlett had close upon 
two thousand correspondents, and it is stated that the postage of the letters 
he received amounted to nearly as much as the profits of his Mastership. 
Being too good-natured, he died insolvent, for until June, 1707, he had no 

Oxon Militia volunteer for garrison duty at Corfu dnring the Crimean War. 



BALLIOL COLLEGE— JOHN DE BALLIOL, 177 



more than ,£80 yearly to support the dignity of his office. At his death 
which took place Nov. 19, 1722, he was about £300 in debt : three years 
longer, and he would have been free. Eawlinson's MSS. in the Bodleian 
Library have an account of Dr. Charlett of a very interesting character. 
Andrew Coltee Ducarel and his brother James (natives of Paris) were 
admitted gentlemen-commoners of Trinity in 1731-3 ; Merrick, the translator 
of the Psalms into verse ; Ludlow, the republican ; George Calvert, first 
Lord Baltimore ; Dr. James Ogle, Aldrichian Professor of Medicine ; Lord 
North, Prime Minister ; Lord Chatham ; Sir James Harrington, author of 
" Oceana;" Daniel "Whitby, the commentator ; Sir Edward Bysche 
heraldist ; Gellibrand, the mathematician ; Sir John Denham, Crashawe* 
Lodge, Settle, Glanville, Manning, Bowles, Warton, and Headley, poets ; 
Sir Eoundell Palmer, Deputy Steward of the University (migrated to Mag- 
dalen in 1834, gained the Newdigate Prize Poem whilst, at Trinity in 1832— 
subject, " Staffa") ; James Dallaway, author of " Essays on Architecture," 
and many others were also Trinity men. 

The Christmas Masque was at one period observed at Trinity College 
with great ceremony. The leading personage in the pageant was styled 
"Emperor." This ceremony is more fully described in the notice of a simi- 
lar custom at St. John's College, to which the visitor is referred. [Facing the 
Colleges of Ballicl and Trinity the visitor "Will observe 

T. Shrimpton and Son's Book and Stationary Warehouse, where every class 
of book descriptive of Oxford, suitable to interest the stranger, can be pur- 
chased. Photographic views of Oxford and its vicinity, portraits of Oxford 
Dons, arms of the Colleges and boats, guide books and maps, &c, in almost 
endless variety are kept in stock by Messrs. Shrimpton. Catalogues can be 
obtained on application.] Adjoining Trinity College stands 

If^f* Balliol College, the second foundation in the University in 
numerical order. It was instituted by John Balliol, of Barnard Castle, 
Durham, and Devorgilla, his wife, between 1263-8, the precise year not being 
satisfactorily traced. John Balliol and his wife were the parents of John de 
Balliol, King of Scotland. His reign was short and comfortless, for he was 
raised to the throne in 1292 by Edward I. and deposed in 1296. The Masters 
have borne three different titles. The first two were named Procurators, viz., 
Hugo de Hertipoll and William de Merryll. The date of their appointment 
is uncertain, but both held office between 1263-82, during which period the 
students were lodged in small tenements. The next Masters bore the title 
of Principals or Wardens, holding office from 1282-1343. These were eight in 
number, the first being Walter de Foderingey (1282-96) ; the last, John de 
Pocklyngton (1332-43). The title of Master took effect in 1343: Hugh de 
Corbry gge being the first (1343-9). Jottn Wicliff, the translator of the Bible, 
was the fifth Master : holding office four years only (1361-5). The forty-seventh 
Master was the Eev. Dr. Scott, elected in 1854, who relinquished the 
appointment in September, 1870, though not of necessity. He is the joint 
author, with Dean Liddell, of Christ Church, of "Liddell and Scott's Greek 
and Hebrew Lexicon." He was appointed Dean of Eochester in 1870. The 
Eev. Benjamin Jowett, M.A., Eegius Professor of Greek, was elected to the 
Mastership of Balliol on September 7, 1870. The rev. gentleman, during 
his early career at the University, gained the Hertford Latin Scholarship 
(1837) and the Latin Essay (Chancellor's Prize) in 1841— subject^ "De 
Etruscorum cultu, legibus, et moribus, eorumque apud Eomanos vestigiis." 
He was placed "First Class" in classics in Michaelmas term, 1839, in 

Barton Holiday, dramatic writer, born in All Saints' Parish, Oxford, 1593. N 



178 PROFESSOR JO WETT, THE NE W MASTER. 

company with Sir Stafford H. Northcote, of the same Society, &c. The 
learned Master by his contribution to "Essays and Reviews" ("On the 
Interpretation of Scripture") gained world-wide notoriety which seriously 
militated against his interests when the augmentation of his trifling salary, 
as Regius Professor of Greek, was voted on in Convocation. Professor 
Jowett's friends rallied round him in large numbers, but the opposite 
party, who thought the teaching of the popular Professor dangerous in its 
tone, were in the ascendant, and the proposal was non-placeted. From 
that period the popularity of Professor Jowett increased in the University, 
and his election to the important post of Master of Balliol has been generally 
regarded with satisfaction, especially amongst the junior members of the 
University, with whom he has always been a great favourite. According to 
" Crockford's Clerical Directory," Professor Jowett has wrote on "St. 
Paul's Epistles to the Thessalonians, Galatians, and Romans," and " Critical 
Notes and Dissertations," 1853, second edition in 1859. He was a member 
of the Commission appointed to arrange the examinations for the admission 
to the East Indian Civil Service, 1854, and an Examiner in the Classical School 
at Oxford in 1849, 1850, and 1853. Professor Jowett is a strong Liberal, and 
has taken an important part in all University reforms , In addition to his 
labours as a theologian, he has proved himself zealous and hardworking, and is 
probably the most popular and successful tutor in the University. The new 
Master has ever been distinguished for his intimate knowledge of Platonism, 
and was engaged for some years on a new translation of Plato's works, 
published in four thick octavo volumes . The work is thoroughly complete, 
and each dialogue prefixed by au introduction of considerable length. The 
work was issued at the latter end of 1870, and many eminent scholars 
acknowledged its critical acumen and value to the student. Fifty-eight 
Masters have held office since the foundation, including two Procurators and 
eight Wardens. Nearly four hundred names are entered on the College books, 
including commoners. The Society holds the right of presentation to twenty 
livings, of which two are in London and five in Colchester. Those in London 
are St. Lawrence, Jewry, and St. Mary Magdalen, Milk Street, These are 
alternate presentations with the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's. Those in 
Colchester are All Saints', St. Botolph's, St. Leonard's, St. Nicholas', and Holy 
Trinity. That of St. Mary's, Bedford, is alternate with the Bishop of Lincoln. 
John Balliol joined the standard of Henry III. against Simon de Montfort 
and the rebel barons just before he entertained the idea of founding the Society 
bearing his name. He died almost suddenly six years after (1269), without 
properly maturing his plans ; but he charged his wife, the Lady Devorgilla, on 
his death-bed, to see them fulfilled. He died at Newby Abbey, near Dumfries, 
Scotland, and was buried there. De-yiorgilla had his heart embalmed, according 
to the custom of the time, placed in an ivory casket bound with silver, ana 
interred near the high altar of the Abbey. Devorgilla then proceeded to carry 
out the injunctions of her husband, and hired old Balliol Hall, situate in 
Horsemonger Street (now called Broad Street), as a place of residence for the 
students. The statutes of the foundation date from 1282, the tenth year of the 
reign of Edward I. They are still in possession of the College. In 1284 
Devorgilla purchased Mary Hall of John de Ewe, an opulent citizen of Oxford, 
to which she added a refectory, kitchen, &c, suitable for College buildings. 
These she settled on the scholars of the College for ever, to the " honour of the 
Holy Trinity, the Virgin Mary, St. Catherine, and the whole Court of Heaven." 
This charter was confirmed by Oliver Sutton (Bishop of Lincoln) and Sir John 

Lieut. -Col. Thos. Velley, Oxon Militia, killed through horses of Bath Coach taking fright, 1S06. 



NEW FRONT OF BALLIOL COLLEGE. 179 



de Balliol (afterwards King of Scotland), son of Devorgilla. The Lady 
Devorgilla died in 1289. In 1303 and 1310 additional plots of' ground were 
purchased from the family of Fetteplace, bounded by the grounds of Durham 
(now Trinity) College. This property consisted of five messuages, afterwards 
made into one quadrangular pile. The statutes granted by Edward I. remained 
in force until 1340, when another code superseded them. In 1364 a new 
system of laws was obtained from Simon Sudbury, Bishop of London, by the 
sanction of Pope Urban V. In 1504 Pope Julius II. authorised Richard Fox 
(Bishop of Winchester) and Roger Leyburn (Bishop of Carlisle) to amend 
the old and frame new statutes for the better government of the College. 
By these the Society is now governed. In 1588, the thirtieth year of the 
reign of Elizabeth, a royal charter was granted to the Society, under the 
title of "The Master and Scholars of Balliol College." There are two 
curious features in the constitution of Balliol— the members elect their own 
Master and appoint their own visitor. The present visitor is the Bishop of 
Lincoln. Balliol College has had many benefactors ; the first mentioned 
being Hugh de Wychenbroke, who conveyed, in 1294, the advowson of St. 
Lawrence, Jewry, London, together with several houses in that parish to the 
College. He reserved to the Vicar of St. Lawrence one hundred shillings 

yearly. This accounts for the emblem of St. Lawrence's martyrdom a 

gridiron — being seen so often in different p^irts of the College .Chapel and 
Library. There are eleven Fellows, fourteen Scholars, and twenty 
Exhibitioners attached to the Society. It has been mentioned that the 
College has preserved the original statutes of the foundation, and such is the 
case ; but Thomas Hearne, the Oxford antiquary, of St. Edmund Hall, 
writing on October 14, 1727, says, " 'Tis pity that the old statutes of Balliol 
College are lost, as I am told they are. The seal was entire some few years 
since, and on it the intire effigies of Devorgilla, the foundress, in the habit 
of a vowess. The effigy of her in the Bodleian Library is very pretty, but 
the face of her was taken by the painter (Mr. Sulman) from Mrs. Jenny 
Riggs, the greatest beauty (more than thirty years ago) in Oxford. " The 
old front of the College, erected during the reign of Henry VI. 1422-61) was 
taken down in 1867, and the present 

New Front built in 1868-9, in the mixed Gothic style, by Mr. W. Brass, 
from designs by A. Waterhouse, Esq., the able architect of London, The cost of 
the erection, about £30,000, was defrayed by Miss Brackenbury, of Brighton, 
daughter of an opulent Lancashire manufacturer. The New Buildings 
include the Master's residence. In addition to the expense of the New 
Front, Miss Brackenbury also gave <£4,000 for the foundation of three 
exhibitions attached to the College, to be held for three years, for the best 
scholar of the year in classics, mathematics, or physical science. She like- 
wise gave .£1,000 towards the completion of the Manchester Grammar 
School. Mr. Thorne, editor of the ' British Almanac' for 1870, says of the 
new buildings — " Sufficiently agreeing with the older buildings of Balliol in 
style, and fairly harmonising with the general character of the Oxford 
Colleges, the architect, Mr. A. Waterhouse, has not allowed himself to be too 
much hampered by precedent, and, consequently, there is a pleasant fresh- 
ness and vigour, as well as propriety, in the structure." Abutting on Broad 
Street, to the left of the New Front, are the modern buildings erected at the 
expense of the Rev. Henry Fisher, a Fellow of the College, who left ^3,000 
for the purpose. On the north side of these buildings is the following 
inscription— " Verbum non amplius Fisher." The same inscription is on 

Her. C. Atterbury, Curate of St. Mary Magdalen, thrown from Birmingham coach and killed, 1823 



180 CHAPEL, LIBRARY, AND HALL OF BALLIOL. 



Mr. Fishers gravestone in Bero Regis, Dorsetshire, of which parish he was 
Vicar. Facing Magdalen Church is another range of building, known as the 
"Bristol Building," erected about 1769. In 1825 twelve commodious sets of 
rooms were added, at the expense of the Master and Fellows, from a design 
by Bassevi. In 1826 Fisher's Building was cased with Bath stone, so as to 
correspond with other parts of the College. A sketch of the proposed 
rebuilding of the whole College appeared in the ' Oxford Almanack' for 
1742, but this was never carried into effect. Previously to 1772 a terraced 
walk, shaded with lofty elms (similar to that of St. John's College), extended 
along the south front towards Broad Street, from the eastern angle of the 
building, in an oblique line to the Master's lodging. This was abolished in 
1772, being surrendered to the City Commissioners under the Paving Act, for 
the enlargement of Broad Street. 

The Chapel was entirely rebuilt in 1856-7, from a design by Mr. 
Butterfield, at an expense of .£8,000. The style is foreign Gothic, with 
variegated masonry. A portion of the windows are filled with geometrical 
tracery, the design of which is very peculiar — not at all harmonising with 
the tracery of a similar nature so much in use in the reign of Henry III., 
and the other windows are filled with the illuminated glass taken from the 
windows of the second Chapel (built in 1521-9). The window by Abraham 
van Ligne in the Ante-Chapel was also taken from the previous edifice. It 
was painted about 1637, and represents the "Passion, Resurrection, and 
Aseension of Christ." The brass lectern was presented by Dr. Edward 
Wilson during the reign of Charles II. The screen is heavy in appearance, 
and is partly iron and partly stone. The Chapel has no chancel-arch, but 
merely a kind of broken arch of stained wood. The summit of the northern 
end has a small belfry turret, not very graceful in design . There are a few 
interesting tablets in the edifice. Dr. Henry Savage, the thirty-sixth Master 
of the College, author of "Balliofergus,"a history of the foundation, is buried 
before the altar-pace. Three Chapels have been built since the College was 
founded. Adjoining is 

The Library, built at two different periods ; the western half at the 
expense of Dr. Thomas Chase, Master from 1412-23 ; the eastern half about 
1480, by the benefaction of Robert Abdy (Master from 1477-94), aided by 
Dr. Grey, Bishop of Ely and Treasurer of England. It was entirely refitted by 
Mr. Wyatt in 1792. The original Library stood on the spot now occupied 
by the Common Room. The windows of the present edifice were, when 
first placed, rich in the figures of saints, armorial inscriptions, &c ., a great 
portion of which were destroyed by the misdirected zeal of the Puritans 
The small portion preserved has since been replaced. The Library is rich in 
beautifully illuminated manuscripts, curious tracts bound in volumes, a 
large collection of rare and early printed English Bibles, &c. A treasure 
that ought to have been obtained for this Library was disposed of at the late 
Marquis of Hastings' Library sale in December, 1868. This was a manuscript 
copy of the four Evangelists, written by John Wicliff, fourth Master of 
Balliol. It was formerly in the Library of the Earl of Oxford. The first bid 
for this treasure was £10, but it finally realised £215. Bought for the British 
Museum. 

The First Hall (still to be inspected) dates from about 1387, the tenth 
year of the reign of Richard II., who granted a patent for the enlargement of 
the College. Wood places the erection of the Hall to the time of Henry VI 
(1422-61), but the architecture is so essentially different from that of the 



First Flying Coach from Oxford to London, Monday, April 26, 1669 



BISHOP TEMPLE OF EXETER, 181 



reign of Henry, that architects differ from him. The present Hall is essen- 
tially modern in architecture and fittings. Several portraits of eminent 
men in connection with the foundation adorn the walls. From 

The Fellows' Gardens, beautifully laid out, an excellent view of the 
Chapel and Library may be obtained. 

The Old City Wall was formerly in front of Balliol College, just beyond 
where the present houses stand on the south side of Broad Street, at one 
time named Horsemonger Street, from a market for horses held on the spot. 
The privileges of the fair and profits were granted by Henry I. (1100-35) to 
St. Frideswide's Priory. Broad Street has also been called Canditch 
(candida fossa), from the clear stream of water which ran in the moat without 
the city walls. An unknown part of the city wall was discovered in 
August, 1870, whilst the foundations for the new Free Methodist Chapel, 
New Inn Hall Street, were being dug. It was one of the best preserved 
portions, and included a bastion, down the centre of which was a well, 
having a capital spring of water at the bottom. The well was lined with wood. 

Eminent Men of Balliol College. — Bishop Frederick Temple, of Exeter. 
Bishop Temple is the son of an officer who served his country in the serried 
ranks of war. The Bishop was born November 30, 1821, thus being but 
forty-eight years of age when he was promoted to the See of Exeter. He 
was educated at Tiverton Grammar School, and entered Balliol College 
about 1838. He took his M.A. degree in 1842, and soon after was elected 
Fellow and Mathematical Tutor of the College . He was ordained in 1846, 
and accepted the appointment of Principal of Kneller Hall Training College, 
near Twickenham, in 1848.1 This post he resigned, after seven years' holding, 
in 1855. From that period to 1858 he held an Inspectorship of Schools, and 
succeeded Dr. Goulburn as Head Master of Rugby School in the latter year. 
He was also appointed a Chaplain to the Queen about the same time. In 
1860 the celebrated volume called "Essays and Reviews" appeared. This 
work contained seven essays aiming at the fundamental doctrines of 
Christianity on a latitudinarian principle, Dr. Temple writing the first. Two 
sections of the Established Church looked upon that work with totally 
different feelings : the one regarding it in a bitter spirit as being hostile to 
the progress of the Church ; the other viewing it as a satisfactory sign of the 
times . From the first party bitter persecution followed ; by the other he 
^was fortified. Bishop Temple is an able man, full of energy and genius, 
a rare scholar, a smart controversalist, and exceedingly liberal in his views 
on scripture. To promote the progress of eduction perhaps he has done 
more than any man living. He preached his farewell sermon at Rugby on 
Sunday, December 12, 1869. The occasion was marked by the crowd of old 
Rugbeians that assembled to honour their beloved master. It will be long 
remembered. The Chapel was unable to hold all. Three sons of Dr. Arnold 
were present. It was Communion Sunday, and one old Rugbeian avowed 
that he had never seen the Chapel so full before. He had not been 
present for a quarter of a century, and remembered that in his time generally 
the sixth form, with few exceptions, and a small sprinkling of the others 
stayed— not more than forty or fifty at the most. To his astonishment 230 
boys remained, and it was touching to see how all of them tried to get to the 
end of the rails at which the doctor was officiating— almost seemingly hanging 
on his words and his presence. Dr. Temple, before commencing the^seryice, 
standing on the raised altar-step, upon Dr. Arnold's grave, said— I his is 
the last time I shall receive the Holy Communion with you as Head Master 

Students not allowed to travel by Bartlett's Flying Coach to London, July, 1670. 



182 MANNING ON THE POPE'S INFALLIBILITY. 

of this School. I beg of you all to remember me in your prayers to-day.' 
The sermon was, as usual, at the afternoon service, following the hymn for 
the last Sunday before the holidays. The hymn ends — 

" Let Thy Father-hand be shielding I May their seed-time fast be yielding 

All who here shall meet no more, j Year by year a richer store." 

The Right Rev. Henry E. Manning, known as the late Dean of Chichester, 
but now Archdeacon of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Westminster. 
He was a member of Balliol in 1830, and joined the Roman Catholic Church 
in 1851. Archdeacon Manning is one of the firmest supporters of the 
famous Popish dogma of "Infallibility," declared an article of the Romish 
faith at the (Ecumenical Council of 1870. The Archbishop was present at 
the Council, and the following remarks were spoken by him, after his return 
from Rome, when opening the Holloway Roman Catholic Church on 
August 17, 1870. After referring to many passages in the life of Christ, 
recorded in the New Testament, which explained to some extent the 
authority which Christ gave to His disciples to teach all nations, the Arch- 
bishop dwelt particularly on the expression that God would remain with His 
Church to the consummation of the world. All members of the Roman 
Catholic Church consequently were bound to believe, and did believe, that 
their Church was infallible as regarded religious teaching and doctrine. The 
Church body had for ages been looked upon and believed to be infallible . 
Was it not reasonable and right that the head of the Church as well as the 
body of the Church should be also believed to be infallible ? The body and 
head were part and parcel of the same system — the one could not exist 
without the other — what was an attribute of one was also an attribute of the 
other. They could not exist separately. An infallible body and a fallible 
head could not co-exist. The Vicar of the Son of God was the representative- 
on earth of the uncreated truth. His chief office was to teach the Church. 
How was it possible that a man, being the Vicar on earth of the Son of God, 
the representative of the uncreated truth, and the witness of the Incarnate 
God in this world — how was it possible for anything to come from the lips 
of such a person that was not truth ? Catholics were conscious of a union 
with God, realised by means of the sacrifice of the altar. That union was 
to be found in the head as well as the body of the Church. God was with 
them, and would remain with them, as He had promised, to the consumma- 
tion of the world. The Lord God promised that He would not leave the 
members of His Church orphans— disconsolate, desolate, and alone. He 
had well kept His word, for His Church was the centre of truth, and the 
disciples of Jesus could always say, " We are not alone because our Heavenly 
Father is with us." Besides He was always to be found in their churches 
and on their altars in a supernatural manner, which only the heart in unison 
with faith could believe. God was incomprehensible to the majority of 
mankind until He came on earth. When He became man, God brought 
Himself within the reach of our intelligence, and to a knowledge of God 
was sure to follow a love of God. As the Church was infallible, as it was 
the depository of all sacred truth, so also must be the head of the Church. 
Other eminent men of Balliol have been the Rev. Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, 
Dean of Westminster ( gained Newdigate Prize with poem of the "Gipsies," 
in 1837) ; the Right Rev. Archbishop of Canterbury (Archibald Campbell 
Tait, formerly Bishop of London) ; the Right Rev. George Moberly, Bishop 
of Salisbury ; Rev. Benjamin Jowett, M.A., late Regius Professor of Greek, 
and now Master ; Robert Sout hey, D.C.L., Poet-Laureate ; Lord Radstock, 

Stage Coaches (Hughes's) ceased running between Oxford and London, 1S60. 



KYRLE, THE "MAN OF ROSS." 183 



M. A ., the eminent evangelical preacher, and the Eight Hon. Edward Cardwell 
D.C.L., M.P. for the City of Oxford, and Secretary of State for War under 
the Premiership of the Right Hon. William Ewart Gladstone. The Right 
Hon. Gentleman recited one of the Congratulatory Odes on the Installation 
of the Duke of Wellington as Chancellor in June, 1834. The concluding 
lines were : — 



1 Blend we the olive with the bay, and bind 
The wreaths of Peace upon our soldier's brow. 
To thee, tried friend of noble Loyalty 
(The parent ?he of Liberty high-souled, 
Of generous Virtue, Peace, and Public Love), 
Doth loyal Science at thy feet lay down 



Her choicest offering.— Pleased with her faint 
notes 

To swell, as best she may, the world's ap- 
plause, 

And deck her Hero-Palriot Statesman's 
name." 



Dr. Adam Smith, author of " An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the 
Wealth of Nations," was a member of Balliol. Dr. Charles Davenant, son 
of Sir William, the " sweet Swan of Isis." He was an early writer on 
finance, by his essay on " Ways and Means." William Sandys Wright Vaux, 
M.A., Keeper of the Coins in the British Museum. William Spottiswoode, 
M.A. (Eyre and Spottiswoode), Her Majesty's Printer. Isambard Brunei, 
M.A., son of the originator of the Thames Tunnel. Rev. Henry Nutcombe 
Oxenham, M.A , author of the " Doctrine of the Atonement." John 
Hardwicke, D.C.L., the eminent London police magistrate. Humphrey, 
Duke of Gloucester, one of the earliest benefactors to the University (Bod- 
leian) Library. Parsons, the Jesuit. Thirty Bishops, seven Archbishops, 
two Cardinals, a Bishop of Smyrna, and a Patriarch of Alexandria. Kyrle, 
the "Man of Ross," in Herefordshire, was a member of Balliol. Hearne 
says — "Kyrle was never married. He was a very humble, good-natured 
man. He was a man of little or no literature. He always studied to do 
what good charitable offices he could, and was always pleased when an object 
offered. His estate was £500 per annum, and no more, with which he did 
wonders . He built and endowed an hospital, and built the spire of Ross. 
When litigious suits fell out, he would always stop them, and prevent people 
going to law. They would, when differences happened, say, ' Go to the 
great man of Ross,' or, which they did the more often, ' Go to the Man of 
Ross, and he will decide the matter.' He smoked tobacco, and would 
generally smoke two pipes if in company either at home or elsewhere." 
Dr. Theophilus Leigh was the forty-third Master of the foundation, [a post 
which he held for fifty-nine years (1726-85). Dr. Leigh has been mentioned 
by some authorities as being a centenarian : such, however, is not correct, 
although he lived to be over ninety. He was a man more famous for his 
sayings than his doings, overflowing with puns, witticisms, and sharp retorts, 
but his most serious joke was his practical one of living much longer than 
had been expected or intended. He was a Fellow of Corpus Christi College, 
and the tale is, that the Balliol men, unable to agree in electing one of their 
own number to the Mastership, chose him, partly under the idea that he was 
in weak health, and likely soon to cause another vacancy. It was afterwards 
said that his long incumbency was a judgment on the Society for having 
elected an " Out-College Man." His fame for witty and agreeable conver- 
sation extended beyond the bounds of the University. Mrs. Thrale, ma 
letter to Dr. Johnson, writes thus— " Are you acquainted with Dr. Leigh, 
Master of Balliol College 1 And are you not delighted with his gaiety ot 
manners and youthful vivacity, now that he is eighty-six years of age i 1 
never heard a more perfect or excellent pun than his, when some one told 
him how, in a late dispute among the Privy Councillors, the Lord Chancellor 
struck the table with such violence that he split it. 'No, no, no, replied 
Great Western Railway opened from London to Oxford, June, 1344. North-Western, May, 1851. 



184 DR. LEIGH, THE NONOGENARIAN. 

Leigh ; ' I can hardly persuade myself that he split the table, though I 
believe he divided the Board /' " He once visited a gentleman who made it 
a rule never to open a book. He was taken by this gentleman into a room, 
of his residence overlooking the Bath Road, which was then a great thorough- 
fare for travellers of all classes, saying rather pompously, '' This, doctor, I 
call my study." The doctor glanced around the room, and seeing no books, 
replied, " And very well named too, sir, for you know Pope tells us, ' The 
proper study of mankind is man.' " This ruling passion of wit was strong 
in death. Three days before he expired he was told that a friend had been 
lately married ; that he had recovered from a long illness by eating eggs, 
and that the wits said he had been egged on to matrimony. He at once 
trumped the joke, saying, "Then may the yoke sit easy on him." Miss 
Austen, author of "Sense and Sensibility," " Mansfield Park," " Pride and 
Prejudice, &c, was a grand-niece of Dr. Leigh. Dr. Parsons was the forty- 
fourth Master of Balliol, from 1798-1819. In 1804 he was Vice-Chancellor, 
and during his tenure of office the celebrated Theodore Hook matriculated 
at St. Mary Hall, under the care of his brother (the future Dean). Theodore 
was presented to Dr. Parsons, and the doctor asked him if he " was prepared 
to subscribe to the Thirty -Nine Articles?" "Oh, certainly, sir," replied 
Theodore "Forty, if you please!" The doctor was horrified, and the wit 
was desired io withdraw. It required all the influence of his brother after 
this to get a permit for Theodore's matriculation. But he did ; and Hook 
revelled in a few of his practical jokes in the University before he left it. 
He afterwards became the editor of the ' John Bull' newspaper (first pub- 
lished in 1820) and the writer of many dramatic pieces and novels. Leaving 
Balliol College, the visitor will proceed up Broad Street, at the top of which, 
in the centre of the road is a Iron Cross, marking the spot where 

"The jSobie Three," Cranmer, Ridley, and Latimer were Burnt 
in 1555-6. Ridley and Latimer were martyred on October 16, 1555, and 
Cranmer on March 21, 1556. The actual spot was supposed until late years 
to have been in the city ditch, under the northern wall, running down the 
side of Broad Street. This ditch was close beneath the old tower known as 
the "Martyrs' Tower" (now used as a stable in the Ship Inn Yard). It 
formed part of the Bocardo Prison. Whilst a drain was being constructed, 
close by the spot where the iron cross is now placed to mark the locality of 
the martyrdom, the excavators came upon a stake, about 6ft. below the 
surface, surrounded by a large quantity of blackened and charred wood, 
which distinctly showed that there the " Noble Three" were subjected to the 
"baptism of fire." The stake is now possessed by the Rev. J. C. Clutterbuck, 
of Long Wittenham. The waist-shackle of Cranmer was purchased a few 
years since in a blacksmith's shop, the owner of which had irrefutable proof 
that the relic was substantially the one which encircled the waist of Cranmer 
when he perished at the stake in March, 1556. Strype says that Cranmer 
saw the martyrdom of Latimer and Ridley from St. Michael's Church Tower, 
and " looking after them, and devoutly falling upon his knees, he prayed 
God to strengthen their faith and patience in that their last but painful 
passage." The Rev. John Keble thus fervently poetises their martyrdom : — 

Therefore their God was with thera, and the 



" These are they 
Who armed themselves with prayer, and boldly 

tried 
Wisdom's untrodden steeps, and won their way. 
God's Word their lamp, His spirit was their 

guide. 
These would not spare their lives for fear or 
ruth: 



glare 
Of their death-fires still lights the land to 

truth, 
To shew what might is in a martyr's prayer. 
Read and rejoice ; yet humbly— for our strife 
Is perilous like theirs ; for death or life." 



A number of French prisoners of war on parole at Oxford, December, 1702. 



CRANMER, RIDLEY, AND LATIMER. 185 



The account for the burning is a curiosity, and has been preserved in 
"Strype's Memorials." It is as follows : — 

& s. d. 

For three load of wood fagots, to ") n - „ n 

burn Ridley and Latimer j u 1Z ° 

Item, one load of furze fagots |. . . 3 4 

For the carriage of these four loads . . 2 

Item, a post 14 

Item, two chains . . . f . . 3 4 

Item, two staples 6 

Item, four labourers 2 8 



£15 2 

The amount for burning Cranmer, according to the same authority, was 

£. s. d. 

100 wood fagots 6 8 

150 furze fagots 3 4 

Carriage of them 8 

-, Two labourers 14 



£0 12 
The same stake, chains, and staple served for both purposes. The expenses 
of the bailiffs of the city, including the above sums, amounted to £63 10s . 2d. , 
which they had great difficulty in getting from Government, for "the 
authorities in those days were more zealousr to send these three good men to 
Oxon, and there to serve their ends upon them, and afterwards to burn 
them, than they were careful to pay the charges thereof." It is strange to 
note how the prophetic words of Joan Boucher, the Kentish martyr, burnt 
in 1550, were fully borne out five years later, when Ridley was led to the 
same doom. Burnet, in his " Collectanea," p. 208, says — "Bishop Ridley 
visited Joan the day before her martyrdom, and reasoned with her as to her 
erroneous opinions on the nature of the incarnation (her chief crime). She 
replied, ' It was not long ago since you burnt Anne Askew for a piece of 
bread, yet came yourselves to believe the doctrine for which you burnt her ; 
and now you will burn me for a piece of flesh, and in the end you will 
believe this also.'" The martyrs were confined in the Bocardo Prison, a 
short distance to the south of the spot the visitor is now interested in. The 
account of the martyrdom of Ridley and Latimer is given in the quaint 
language of John Foxe :— "Then they brought a lighted fagot, and laid the 
same down at Ridley's feet ; upon which Latimer said, ' Be of good comfort, 
Master Ridley, and play the man. We shall this day light such a candle by 
God's grace in England as I trust shall never be put out .'...When Dr. Ridley 
saw the fire flaming towards him, he cried with a loud voice, ' In manus 
tuas, Domine, commendo spiritum meum : Domine, recipe spiritum meum.' 
And after repeated this latter part often in English, 'Lord, Lord, receive my 
spirit.' Master Latimer cried as vehemently on the other side,_ ' O, Father 
of heaven, receive my soul !' and received the flame as it were embracing it. ... 
He soon died, as it appeareth, with very little pain, or none. And thus 
much concerning the end of this old and blessed servant of God, Master 
Latimer, for whose laborious travails, fruitful life, and constant death the 
whole realm hath cause to give great thanks to Almighty God. But Dr. 
Ridley.. .the fire burned first beneath, being kept down by the wood ; which 
when he felt, he desired them, for Christ's sake, to let the fire come unto 
him. Which when his brother-in-law heard... intending to rid him out of 
his pain... as one in sorrow not well advised what he did, heaped fagots upon 
him, so that he clean covered him, which made the fire more vehement 
beneath, that it burned all his nether parts be fore it once touched the 

Chinese Embassy (five in number and interpreters) visited Oxford, June 7, 1867. 



186 ST. MARY MAGDALEN CHURCH. 

upper.. ..Yet in all this torment he forgot not to call upon God, still having 
in his mouth, 'Lord, have mercy upon me .'...In which pangs he laboured 
till one of the standers-by pulled the fagots off above ; and where he saw 
the fire flame up, he wrested himself unto that side. And when the flame 
touched the gunpowder he was seen to stir do more, but burned on the other 
side, falling at Mr. Latimer's feet. In beholding of which horrible sight 
hundreds were moved to tears, and signs of sorrow there were on every 
side." Latimer's sermon on the Virgin . Mary gave great offence, and the 
following articles were drawn up against him : — u That he should preach 
against Our Lady ; for that he reproved, in a sermon, the superstitious 
rudeness of certain blind priests who taught that she never had any sin, and 
that she was not saved by Christ 5 that he should say that saints were not 
to be worshipped; that Ave Maria was a salutation only, and no prayer; 
that there was no material fire in hell ; and that there was no purgatory, 
trifling with the subject, and saying tnat'he had rather be in purgatory than 
in the Lollards' Tower." Hone, in his "Every-day Book," relates that 
"Honest old Latimer, instead of presenting Henry YIIL with a purse of 
gold, as was customary, for a New Year's gift, put into the King's hand a 
New Testament, with a leaf conspicuously doubled down at Hebrews xiii., 4. 
Henry, turning to the passage, read, to his chagrin, ' Marriage is honourable 
in all, and the bed undefiled ; but whoremongers and adulterers God will 
judge.' " Nearly opposite the visitor will observe 

St. Mary Magdalen Church. The original Church was said to have 
been built before the Conquest, the only portion of which now remaining is 
a semicircular arch, dividing the nave from the chancel, St. Mary Magdalen 
Church originally formed part of Sir Robert D'Oily's grant from William the 
Conqueror. He presented it to his College of St. George, then newly founded 
in the precincts of Oxford Castle. It was transferred in 1129, with St. George's 
College, to the Abbey of Osney, by the son of Robert D'Oily, The 
Canons of St. Frideswide disputed the donation, but it was confirmed by a 
Papal bull. Henry YIIL transferred it at the dissolution of Osney Abbey 
in 1546 to Christ Church, which Society still retains the patronage. The 
living is a vicarage of the annual value of £145. The population of the 
parish is about 2,700. Service in the Church on Sundays at 11a.m. and 
3 p.m. The Church now consists of a nave, chancel, three aisles, and a 
tower. The original north and south aisles were built at the expense of 
Bishop Hugh, of Lincoln (St. Hugo of Burgundy), about 1194. He was a 
native of Grenoble, and was brought to England by Henry II., because of 
his sanctity and superior learning. His memory was much respected in the 
city, the bells of the Church being always rung on St. Hugh's Day. The 
last item in the Church accounts for this practice occurs in 1562. The 
nave was also rebuilt in the time of Bishop Hugh, and again in the reign of 
Henry VIII. The tower was rebuilt in the same reign with some of the old 
materials brought from Osney Abbey. The south aisle was rebuilt in the 
reign of Edward II., and a portion of it, called " Our Lady's Chapel," 
dedicated in honour of " Our Lady of Mount Carmel." There was a distinct 
entrance to this Chapel from the churchyard by steps, the floor being raised 
on account of the crypt beneath . A part of the north aisle was fitted up by 
the Lady Devorgilla, wife of the founder of Balliol College, about 1280. It 
was used as an oratory for the students of Balliol, and called ' ' St. Catherine's 
Chapel." In 1293 a Chapel was built on their own College. The interme- 
diate aisle, known as " St. Thomas's Chapel," had a separate altar. The 

Rye mown in Oxford, December 13, 1681. Remarkable mild weather. 



HENRY VIII. AND ARCHBISHOP CRANMER. 187 

Church was refitted in 1826, when the galleries were erected. The 
great bell dates from 1562, and the four smaller bells 1626, 1681, and 1710. 
On the north wall, near the door, is a brass, bearing the inscription — " Pray 
for the soul of Philippa Caxston, widow, which died 20th of September, a.d. 
1514. On her soul God take merci." In the pavement at the end of the 
north aisle is a brass, 8ft. in length, in memory of Baker Morrell, solicitor, 
died April 8, 1854, aged 74. It represents him in his robes, under an 
elaborate canopy, enamelled in scarlet and purple, flanked by pinnacled 
buttresses. Near the east end of the south aisle is a marble slab in memory 
of Dr. Holmes, Dean of Winchester, died 1805. He was the editor of the 
Septuagint. His widow died in 1846, aged 103. In 1552, the fifth year of 
Edward VI. , eight tabernacles, which stood over the altars, were sold out of 
the Church, with the altars also. Wood says that the altars were set up 
again in Queen Mary's reign. The Jewel Chest of curiously carved oak, in 
which were placed the plate and other ornaments used in the Roman Catholic 
services, is still preserved in the vestry. In 1541 the first organ was removed. 
The present organ, built by Davis, was purchased by subscription in 1830. 
It has sixteen stops and one octave of pedals. The ancient font is remarkably 
elegant. The illuminated windows were painted by Wailes, of Newcastle, in 
1834. The eastern window in the south, wall represents "Simeon taking 
our Saviour in his arms." The eastern Window has three subjects — " The 
Entombment of Christ," "Mary Magdalen Anointing our Lord's Feet," 
" Christ Appearing to Mary Magdalen after His Resurrection." The subject 
of.the south-east window :— " Our Lord between the Virgin Mary and 
Mary Magdalen." In the middle window of the south aisle are seven 
medallions of Dutch glass. 

The Martyrs' Memorial Aisle, or North Aisle, was entirely rebuilt in 
1840, by public subscription, as an expressive memorial of the martyred 
prelates, Cranmer, Ridley, and Latimer, who were burnt, as previously 
narrated, within two hundred yards of the spot. The cost of the aisle and 
the Martyrs' Memorial adjoining was about £8,000. The aisle is divided 
into two parts, one for divine service, the other for historical commemoration. 
In the latter portion is placed 

The Door of the Cell of the Bocardo Prison in which the martyrs 
were confined previous to the Romish " Auto-de-Fe. " This was the gift of Mr . 
Alderman Fletcher. The Martjrs' Memorial Aisle was designed by Messrs. 
Scott and Moffat, and the erection was undertaken by Mr. Kirk, of Sleaford, 
Lincolnshire. The acts and sufferings of the "noble three" are commemo- 
rated on the exterior of the aisle by heraldic and other devices. The three 
pelicans, Cranmer's arms, are portrayed on the sunk panels of the second 
storeys of the buttresses. The three pelicans were substituted for the three 
cranes in 1543 by Henry VIII. They are emblems of Cranmer's devotion 
to his children— Henry telling him that «< these birds should signify to him 
that he ought to be ready, as the pelican was, to shed his blood for his 
young ones, brought up in the faith of Christ ;" the King adding, m his 
coarse manner, " For you are like to be tasted, if you stand to your tackling at 
length." The cornice has a boss of foliage, bearing the initials, T. C. On one 
side is the right hand, which the Archbishop thrust into the flame, exclaiming, 
"This hand hath offended." On the other side is an open Bible, bishop 
Ridley's initials, N. R., are at the east end of the cornice, with a firebrand and 
crozier on one side, and a chalice on the other, with ears of wheat and the iruit 
of the vine, expressive »f his farewell address to the pa rish of Heme, Kent, when 

Fifth Dragoon Guards quartered at Oxford, during the continuance of the Otmoor Riots, 1830. 



188 THE UNIVERSITY GALLERIES. 

he said, " I must acknowledge me to be thy debtor for. the doctrine of the Lord's 
Supper." The initials of Bishop Latimer, H.L., are at the west-end of the 
cornice, with a crown of thorns and a crown of glory, interlaced, on one side, and 
and a palm of victory laid crosswise over a firebrand on the other. The aisle 
was opened for divine service, May 19, 1842, a sermon being preached by the 
late Bishop of Chichester (Dr. Gilbert, B.N.C.). In 1823, on the third Sunday 
in August, the Rev. C. Atterbury, senior student of Ch. Ch., preached a sermon 
from the text, " Set thy house in order, for thou shalt die, and not live." During 
i;he ensuing week he was thrown from the box of a Birmingham coach, which he 
was driving, and killed on the spot. Prophetic sermon ! Opposite St. Mary 
Magdalen Church stands the 

Victoria Theatre, a small compact building, the only one of the kind in 
the city. Open during the vacations for dramatic performances. A few paces 
further on, at the corner of Beaumont Street, the visitor will observe the 

Randolph Hotel, a noble pile of building, in the Gothic style of architec- 
ture, erected in 1864, at the cost of £18,000. First-class accommodation may 
be obtained there. At the opposite corner of Beaumont Street stand the 

^§T University Galleries and Sir R. Taylor's Institute, commenced 
in 1841, completed in 1844, from designs by C. R. Cockerell, Esq, D.C.L. The 
buildings were erected by Messrs Baker and Son, of Lambeth, London, at the 
cost of £49,373. The style of architecture adopted is that of the Grecian Ionic, 
taken from the Temple of Apollo Epicurus, at Bassae, near Phigalea. The 
temple was situated at the south-western angle of the province of Arcadia, 
Greece. It was built (according to Pausanias) by Phygalus, about 430 years 
before the era of Christianity. Ictimus, the architect of the temple, died 429 
years before Christ ; and the building emanating fronj his fertile brain may be 
•classed among the most important of the architectural remains in Greece. Mr. 
Cockerell visited the locality in 1812, accompanied by Mr. Haller. The remains 
of the building were excavated, its richness being unknown to the modern 
world until the visit of these gentlemen. The dimensions were found to be 
125ft. by 57ft. The roof was of marble beautifully polished. The exterior was 
of the Doric order, and in the interior were a series of columns of the style 
adopted by Mr. Cockerell in the University Galleries. The Galleries consist of 
a centre and two wings, 240ft. by 102ft., faced with Whitby stone, with a spacious 
forecourt raised upon a terrace, to give elevation to the building, An elegant 
portico forms the centre, the figure of Apollo surmounting the pediment. Four 
attached Grecian-Ionic columns, having blocks of entablature and vases, shown 
in profile, stand on the side of each wing. The entrance to the Taylor Institute 
— east wing — is adorned with four detached Ionic columns, with blocks of enta- 
blature over each, bearing elegantly sculptured figures, personifying the European 
languages — German, French, Italian, and Spanish. The bosses are engraved with 
the names of the most eminent literary characters of those countries. 

The Taylor Buildings were erected in accordance with the desire of Sir 
Robert Taylor, knight, an architect of no mean fame in the last century. 
He died in 1788, leaving a considerable sum of money to "the Chancellor and 
Scholars of the University of Oxford, and their successors, for the purpose of 
applying the interest and produce thereof in the purchase of freehold land within 
the jurisdiction of the said University, for the erecting a proper edifice therein, 
and for establishing a foundation, for the teaching and improving the European 
languages in such manner as should from time to time be approved by the said 
Chancellor and Scholars in Convocation assembled." His bequest did not take 
effect until 1835, owing to certain contingencies. The building contains six 

Great Storm in Oxford, severe destruction of property, October, 1775. 



SIR. R. TAYLORS INSTITUTE. 189 



Lecture Rooms, a spacious Library, 40ft. square, and Superintendent's residence 
A Professorship of Modem European languages has been attached to the foun- 
dation, in order that the stipulations of Sir R. Taylor might be fully carried out. 
Teacherships and Scholarships have also been established. Nine Curators have 
the direction of the institution. The valuable Finch Collection, so rich in Greek 
and Latin Classics, and Italian literature, has a separate room. The Library is 
open between the hours of eleven and five o'clock during the 'year, with the 
exception of five weeks, viz., from August 16 to Sept. 14, and from Christmas 
Eve to January 2, All Members of the University have free admission to the 
building, and resident Members are allowed to take books out from the Library,, 
subject to the rules. The leading periodicals ©f France, Germany, Italy, and 
Spain lie upon the tables. The Librarian's salary is £150 a-year. 

The University Galleries contains a splendid series of art-treasures. They 
owe their erection to a legacy of £1,000 bequeathed in 1796, by Dr. Francis 
Randolph, President of St. Alban Hall, " for erecting a building for the reception 
of the Pomfret Statutes, belonging to the University of Oxford, and for paintings, 
engravings, and other curiosities which may occasionally be left to that learned 
body." The University gave a large sum to this bequest, thus adding to the munifi- 
cence of Sir R. Taylor and Dr. Randolph. Three Curators manage the Galleries, 
and they are in charge of a resident keeper, who has a salary of £100 per annum. 
They are open without fee throughout the ye^ar, except a few weeks in the Long 
Vacation, when they are closed for cleaning. The hours are between eleven and 
four o'clock to Members of the University and friends introduced by them. On 
Thursdays no introduction is required. The original drawings of Raffael and 
Michael Angelo are preserved in a fireproof gallery, and there are also many 
rare and beautiful specimens of paintings by eminent masters, including a 
collection of drawings, by Turner, presented by J. Ruskin, Esq., Slade Professor 
of Art, and the successful competitor for the Newdigate Prize Poem in 1839, 
" Salsette and Elephanta." The Chantrey and Westmacott models, and Pomfret 
Collection are in the Galleries. Emerson, in his " English Traits," says, " My 
friend, Dr. J., gave me the following anecdote : — In Sir Thomas Lawrence's 
Collection, at London, were the Cartoons of Raffael and Michael Angelo. This 
inestimable prize was offered to Oxford University for £7,000. The offer was 
accepted ; and the Committee charged with the affair had collected £3,000, when,' 
among other friends, they called upon Lord Eldon. Instead of £100, he sur- 
prised them by putting his name down for .£3,000. They told him they couldl 
now very easily raise the remainder. ' No,' he said, ' your men have probably- 
already contributed all they can spare ; I can as well give the rest.' He with- 
drew his cheque for £3,000, and wrote £4,000. I saw the whole collection in. 
1848." The characteristics of Angelo and Raffael are thus described :— 
" Angelo is like a hurricane from heaven Or one is like the music-march of life, 

That tears up oaks like withies, and scatters 
forth 

Its living thunderbolts ; while Raffael 

Is like a zephyr stealing o'er the face 

Of heated nature in the dusky even ; 

It soothes you into calm to look at him : 

Among the many art-treasures in the building a few are selected : 



Grand in its fulness and stateliness, 

Or roll of battle to the wavering troops ; 

The other like a lady's serenade, 

Where sweetest music wooes the listening 

air, 
And dies in softest cadence far away." 



Sculpture Gallery. 
Admiral Lord Nelson. 
Dean Cyril Jackson, Ch. Ch. 
Right Hon. George Canning. 
John Hunter, Comparative Anatomist. 
Right Hon. Henry Grattan. 
General Washington. 
James Watt, Engineer. 



Sir Walter Scott. 

His Majesty, George III— Chantrey's first 

public monument— 1820. 
Her Majesty Queen Victoria. 
Reginald Heber, Bishop of Calcutta. 
Basso-Relievo of Queen Adelaide. 
Colossal Bust of Wellington. 
&c. &c. 



Second Dragoon Guards quartered at Oxford to quell riots, 1637. 



190 



WORKS OF ART IN THE GALLERIES. 



Vestibule. 

Casts of the Nine Muses, from the originals 
in the Saloon of the Muses, Rome. Presented 
by Phillip B. Duncan, Esq., in 1847. 

The Casts commence on the left-hand :— 

1. Calliope. Presided over Eloquence and 
Heroic Poetry. 

2. Terpsichore. Presided over Dancing, of 
which she was reckoned the inventress. 

3. Erato. Presided over Lyric, Tender, and 
Amorous Poetry. 

4. Melpomene. Presided over Tragedy. 

5. Urania. Presided over Astronomy. 

6. Thalia. Presided over Festivals and Pas- 
toral and Comic Poetry. 

7. Polyphymnia. Presided over Singing and 
Rhetoric. She was also deemed the inventress 
of Harmony. 

8. Euterpe. Presided over Music ; and was 
looked upon as the inventress of the flute, and 
all wind instruments. 

9. Clio. Presided over History. 

Here commence the Collection of Marbles 
presented by the Countess of Pomfret. Also 
other objects. On the first landing of the 
great staircase is 

A Slab of Marble from Nineveh. Presented 
by A. H. Layard, Esq., D.C.L., in 1852. 

And, in recesses on the Staircase, Casts of 

1. Venus Celeste. 

2. Venus de Medici. 

Eresco Painting from Pompeii. 

Model, by Westmacott, "The Dream of 
Horace." 
The Frieze, introduced above in this Stair- 
case, are Casts of the celebrated Phygalian Mar- 
bles now in the British Museum: bas-reliefs, 
representing the battles of the Centaurs and 
Lapithse, and of the Greeks and Amazons. 
The marbles were found in the ruins of the 
Temple of Apollo Epicurus (or the Deliverer), 
built on Mount Cotylion, at. a little distance 
from the ancient city of Phygalia in Arcadia. 

The Picture Galleries. 

• Entering the ante-room, on the walls are 
hung ten important drawings, by J. M. W. 
Turner ; designed for the ' Oxford University 
Almanack,' in the years mentioned : — 
1799. South-west View of Christ Church, from 
the Meadows. 

1801. Oriel College : first Quadrangle. 

1802. Interior of Merton College Chapel. 

1804. Worcester College. 

1805. Brasenose College : first Quadrangle. 

1806. Exeter and Jesus Colleges : Turl Street. 

1807. Interior of the Hall, Christ Church. 

1808. Oxford from the south side of Headington 

Hill. 

1810. Balliol College : first Quadrangle. 

1811. The Cathedral from Corpus Christi Col- 

lege Gardens. 

Almanacks, derived from the Arabic words 
al manah, to count, are of very ancient date, 
and among the earlier and more remarkable 
works of this character were 'John Somer's 
Calendar, 'written in Oxford, A.D. 1380; one in 
Lambeth Palace, written in 1460 ; first printed 
one, published at Buda, 1472; first printed in 
England by Richard Pynson, 1497. ' Poor Ro- 
bin's Almanack' appeared in 1652, ' British Mer- ' 



lin' in 1658, Moore's 1698, 'British Almanack 
and Companion' in 1828. Of Moore's, under 
the management of Henry Andrews, (the able 
computor of the 'Nautical Ephemeris'), atone 
time upwards of 430,000 copies were annually 
sold. Andrews died in 1820. The Stationers' 
Company claimed the exclusive right of pub- 
lishing almanacks, in virtue of letters patent 
from James I. granting the privilege to them 
and the two Universities, but the monopoly 
was broken up by a decision of the Court of 
Common Pleas in 1775. A bill to renew the 
privilege was lost in 1779. The stamp duty, 
which was very heavy (half a crown), was abo- 
lished in 1834, since when almanacks have been 
innumerable. There are several ancient and 
curious almanacks in the Bodleian Library. 
See pp. 97, 98, 99. Ashmolean Museum, p. 108. 
Shrimpton and Son have two complete sets of 
University Almanacks from commencement. 

Mr. Ruskin's Gift. 
Forty Drawings and Sketches, by J. M. W. 
Turner, in two costly Cabinets. Presented 
by John Ruskin, Esq. M. A., 1861 (Slade Pro- 
fessor of Art):— 

1. Mount Lebanon, engraved in Finden's 
Bible. 2. Jericho. 3. Coombe Martin, "South- 
ern Coast." 4. Bocastle. 5. Margate. 6. Ve- 
nice:— The Grand Canal; the Academy; Riva 
Schiavone. 9. Yarmouth. 10. Spina Chapel, 
Pisa, "Byron's Works." 11. School of Homer. 
12. On the Meuse. 12. Bridge of Blois : Fog 
clearing. 14. Amboise. 15. Tankerville. 16. 
Harfleur. 17. Calm on the Loire, near Nantes, 
18. Angers. 19. Coast of Genoa. 20. Nantes, 
vignette to "Rivers of France." 21. Near 
the Coteaux de Meauves. 22. Between Clair- 
mont and Meauves. 23. Coteaux de Meauves. 
24. Tours. 25. Canal of Loire and Cher at 
Tours. 26. Amboise. 27. Amboise : Chateau 
and Bridge. 28. Beaugency. 29. Rietz, near 
Saumur. 30. Blois. 31. Chateau de Blois. 
32. St. Julien's, Tours. 33. Orleans. 34. Cha- 
teau de Nantes. 35. Chateau Hamelin. 36. 
Mont Jean. 37—40. Sketches, in black and 
white chalk, on grey paper. 
There are also in this room- 
Sea Piece, by Turner. Bequeathed by Dr. 

Penrose. 
Whole-length Portrait of Charles, second 
Duke of Grafton. An early picture by Sir 
Joshua Reynolds. 

Passing on, the visitor enters 

The Fireproof Gallery, 
Seventy feet long, by twenty-eight feet wide, 
in which are deposited the 

Original Drawings by Raffael and 

Michael Angelo, 

Purchased by a subscription of £7,000 ; towards 

which the late Earl of Eldon contributed the 

munificent sum of £4,105. 

They embrace one hundred and sixty-two 
drawings by Raffael, and seventy-nine by 
Michael Angelo : a much larger number than 
exists hi any single Gallery in the world. 

At the end of the room : — 

The School of Athens. A copy in oil, from 
the original fresco, by Raffael, in the Vatican 
at Rome. Given by Francis Page, Esq. D.C.L., 
1780. He gave 3,000 guineas for the picture. 



Harold Harefoot cro>med King of England at Oxford, 1036 ; murdered at Oxford, 1039. 



BE A UMONT PALA CE AND HENR Y 1. 



191 



The Picture Gallery, 

Ninety-six feet long by twenty-eight feet 
wide. It contains the 

Copies of RafFael's celebrated Cartoons, or 
Coloured Drawings on Paper. Presented to 
the University, by John, Duke of Marlborough. 
Copied from those at Hampton Court Palace, 
by Henry Cooke, a painter employed by Wil- 
liam III. to repair the original Cartoons. Al- 
though there are but few persons unacquainted 
with these great works, it may not be amiss to 
state that the series were produced by Raffael 
in the years 1513-14, in order that the tapes- 
tries might be worked to decorate the interior 
*>f the Sistine Chapel, where those tapestries 
still exist, in a very faded and dilapidated con- 
dition. The Cartoons at Hampton Court were 
purchased by Charles I., acting under the ad- 
vice of the painter Rubens. 

1. The Intended Sacrifice to Paul and Barnabas 

by the People of Lystra, a City of Lacaonia. 
(Acts xiv.) 

2. The Miraculous Draught of Fishes. (Luke v.) 

3. Christ's Charge to Teter. (John xxi.) 

4. Peter and John Healing the Lame at the 

Beautiful Gate of the Temple. (Acts iii.) 

5. The Death of Ananias. (Acts v.) 

6. Elymas, the Sorcerer, Struck with Blindness. 

(Acts xiii.) 

7. Paul Preaching at Athens. (Acts vii. ) 

Under the Cartoons, on the right hand, are 
■Specimens of the Early Italian School. Pre- 
sented by the Hon. W Fox-Strangeways, 1850. 

There are several other valuable paintings, 
including : — 

A Triptych: Fra Angelico. In the centre, 
"The Virgin and Child, surrounded by 
Angels;" on the folding doors, "St. Peter 
and St. Paul." 

The Crucifixion and Deposition of our Lord: 
Simone Memmi, 1284. 

David Garrick: Battoni, Painted at Pome, 
1746. Right hand leaning on a volume of 
Terence. 



Head of White, the Paviour: Sir J. Reynolds 
A Study from the same model who sat to 
Sir Joshua for his Ugolino. Painted with 
a very bold pencil ; possesses great rich- 
ness and vigour of colour. 
Four by Hogarth— Sketch for the Enraged 
Musician— A Society of Artists, existing 
about 1730— Old Inn Yard ; a Sketch— Ihe 
Rake's Progress. 

Rome— The Piazza del Popolo : Canaletti 

Christ Mocked : Teniers, after Bol. 

A Landscape : Teniers. 

The Village Surgeon : Teniers. A very care- 
ful, silvery specimen. The figure of the sur- 
geon especially characteristic of the harmony 
and breadth of the master. 

A Landscape: Teniers. 

The Extacy of St. Augustine: Vandyke. In 
chiaro'oscuro. 

The Family of Darius before Alexander the 
Great, after the Battle of Issus, B.C. 333 : An- 
tonio Bellucci. The royal captives having mis- 
taken Hephsestion for Alexander, the Queen- 
mother (Sisygambis) implores pardon of the 
conqueror. 

On the Desks are the Original Studies by 
Michael Angelo, seventy-nine in number. No. 
77 appears to have been a Lesson for a Pupil. 
On the reverse is a sonnet by Michael Angelo. 

Returning to the Great Staircase, and de- 
scending the stairs, the visitor is led to 

The Crypt (or Sub-gallery), which contains 
the remaining portion of the Pomfret Marbles, 
and Models by Chantrey and Westmacott. On 
the Stairs are eleven fragments of Ancient 
Greek Sculpture, presented by the Rev J. W. 
Burgon, Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford. 

In the Cells on the right and left-hand sides, 
and between the pillars, are numerous fine 
busts and studies by Chantrey, and a quantity 
of the Pomfret Marbles. On the Floor is a 
Model, by Sir R. Westmacott, for a portion of 
the Pediment of the British Museum; "Man 
Redeemed from a Savage State." 

Full descriptive catalogues may be obtained 
of the Keeper of the Galleries. 



At the bottom of Beaumont-street, on the right hand side, stood 
Beaumont Palace, built by Henry I., in order that he might reside in the 
University and watch over its interests. The last trace of the Palace was re- 
moved in 1829. It was without the city, which the King entered by going round 
the walls, that he might avoid the " curse of St. Frideswide." Henry II. resided at 
Beaumont Palace during the greater portion of his reign, and used to visit Fair 
Bosamond, at Godstowe and Woodstock. Richard Cceur-de-Lion, (the "Lion- 
hearted") and Prince John (proclaimed King of Ireland, at Oxford, in 1177) were 
born at Beaumont Palace ; and it was granted by Edward II. to the Carmelite 
Friars, in fulfilment of a vow made in the panic of the battle of Bannockburn. 
The opening up of Beaumont Street, and the front of Worcester College, was 
effected by its being the price asked by the authorities of Worcester from the 
foundation of St. John's, when the latter College wished to return Sir J. Nichols 
to Parliament. Nearly opposite Beaumont Street the visitor will observe the 

iggT Martyrs' Memorial, erected in 1841, from the designs of Messrs. 
Scott and Moffatt. The cost was about .£5,000. The height is 73ft. It resem- 
bles the Eleanor Cross at Waltham. It is in remembrance of Cranmer, Ridley, 
and Latimer, martyred near this spot, on Oct. 16, 1555, and March 21, 1556. 

Richard Cromwell proclaimed Protector of England at Oxford, September 6, 1658. 



192 ST JOHN'S COLLEGE— SIR THOMAS WHITE. 

The inscription on the north side of the Memorial is as follows : — 

" To the Glory of God, and in grateful commemoration of his servants, Thomas Cranmer, 
Nicholas Ridley, Hugh Latimer, Prelates of the Church of England, vrho, near this 
spot, yielded their bodies to he burned, bearing witness to the sacred truths which 
they had affirmed and maintained against the errors of the Church of Rome, and 
rejoicing that to them it was given not only to believe in Christ, but also to suffer for 
His sake, this monument was erected by public subscription, in the year of our Lord 
God, 1841." 

The statues in the second storey are of Caen stone, obtained from Normandy. 
Henry Weekes, Esq., was the sculptor, on the recommendation of Sir F, Chantrey. 
Cranmer faces the north side, and bears on his left forearm the edition of the 
Holy Bible, dated May, 1541. This was the year that witnessed the peremptory 
circulation of the Bible in every parish in England. Ridley faces the east side, 
having his hands firmly clasped together, representing the strength of his faith 
and the firmness 'of the confession he made a few hours before his martyrdom: 
" I believe in the Holy Catholic, or Universal Church, which is the Communion 
of Saints, the House of God, the City of God, the Spouse of Christ, the pillar and 
stay of the Truth. I believe in the rule of this Church, which is the Word of 
God." Latimer faces the west. His arms are crossed over his breast, and he 
appears stooping under the burden of fourscore years. His face is self-possessed ? 
firm, and submissive. And he was so ; for he remarked to his judge, u I 
pray you to be good to an old man. Disputation requireth a good memory, and 
mine is marvellously weakened, and never the better, I wis, for the prison. The 
Popish doctrine hath erred, and doth err. There is no mention of any eating 
but spiritually. The Romish Church begot the error of transubstantiation." 
The stone of the Memorial is crystalized magnesian limestone. It came from 
Mansfield Woodhouse Quarry, opened expressly for the purpose. Dr. Plumptre. 
the late Master of University College (died Nov. 21, 1870), laid the foundation of 
the Memorial on May 19, 1841. Leaving the Martyrs' Memorial, and proceeding 
a short distance along the western side of St. Giles, the visitor arrives at 

St. John's College, the fifteenth in order of foundation in the University. 
Sir Thomas White was the founder of the present College, which stands on the 
site of St. Bernard's College, founded by Archbishop Chichele, for monks of the 
Cistercian order, in 1437. The Cistercians were governed by a Provisiore, or 
Prior, subject to the Chancellor of the University. The first President of the 
College as now instituted, was the Rev. Alexander Belsire, B.D., appointed in 
1555. The present President is the Rev. Philip Wynter, D.D., elected in 182S, 
Twenty-four Presidents have held position since the foundation of the College. 
in 1555. Archbishops Laud and Juxon were the ninth and tenth Presidents of 
the Society : Laud for ten years (1611-21), and Juxon for eleven years (1621-32. 
The College enjoys the right of presentation to thirty-three livings, situated in 
seventeen counties. St. Sepulchre's, London, is amongst these, so are also the 
vicarage of St. Giles, Oxford ; the curacy of SS. Philip and James, Oxford ; and 
the curacy of St. John the Evangelist, Summertown, about a mile from the 
College. The rectory of Creek, or Crick, Northamptonshire, must be presented 
to a Merchant Taylor's Fellow. The number of members on the College books is 
about 400. The original foundation was for a President, fifty Fellows and 
Scholars, one Chaplain, an Organist, six Singing-men, eight Choristers, and two 
Sextons. There are now between thirty and forty Fellows on the College-books. 
The number in,due course will be only eighteen (open, and tenable for life). The 
number was reduced under an Ordinance of the University Commissioners, 
amended by a Committee of the Privy Council. There are also four Fellowships 
established under the will of Dudley Fereday, Esq., of Ettingshall Park, Stafford- 
Prince John proclaimed King of Ireland at Oxford, 1177. 



THE BANK FRAUD ON THE 'TIMES' PAPER. 193 



shire. The holding is for the space of fourteen years— firstly, to founder's kin ; 
secondly, to natives of the county of Staffordshire ; thirdly, to any member of 
Church of England, should the others fail. In addition, five Open Scholar- 
ships and twenty-eight Appropriated Scholarships, tenable for five or seven years, 
are given to persons elected from Merchant Taylors' School, London. The' 
* Times' Scholarship^, we believe, in connection with this foundation. This is 
one of two Scholarships established from the proceeds of the subscription raised 
by the merchants of London, &c, to reimburse the proprietary of the 'Times' 
(the well-known daily newspaper) for the expense incurred in the exposure of a 
remarkable fraud in the mercantile world. This occurred in 1841, when a vast 
system of forgery by means of false letters of credit, purporting to be issued by 
the eminent banking firm of Glyn and Company, London, was essayed to be car- 
ried out upon the continent. The limit of the spoil was fixed at one million 
sterling. The company cf forgers, many of them of high standing, agreed, when 
their scheme was fully developed, and the proceeds secured, to assume various 
disguises, and wend their way to safety, if possible. O'Reilly, the Paris corre- 
spondent of the ' Times,' got an insight into this noted scheme, and sent full 
particulars to the paper he represented, and they were published, in extenso, but 
not before nearly £10,000 had been secured by the forgers. A certain Mr. 
Bogle, an Fnglishmau, engaged in banking transactions in Florence, and to a 
great extent implicated in the forgery, brought an action against the 'Times' 
for libel. He was outwitted, although desiring the trial should be quickly pro- 
ceeded with, losing the verdict, for the solicitor to the 'Times' had secured the 
most conclusive evidence personally from several continental cities. The action 
was " Bogle (the banker) v. Lawson" (the publisher of the : Times'). Public 
meetings were held to expresss sympathy with the ' Times ' proprietary ; and when 
the verdict was recorded, £2,700 were raised by the merchants to cover the 
expenses of the trial. The proprietors of the ' Times ' declined to receive it ; 
suggesting, however, that it should be devoted to the public good. Two Scholar- 
ships were therefore purchased, to be called the " ' Times' Scholarships," one at 
Christ's Hospital School, London, afterwards proceeding to Oxford, the other at 
the City cf London School, afterwards proceeding to Cambridge. Tablets com- 
memorating the trial, the result, and the Scholarships were affixed in the Schools, 
at the Royal Exchange, and at the exterior of the ' Times ' office, in Printing 
House Square, London. 

St. Bernard's College, the previous foundation on the site of St. John's 
College, was instituted, in accordance with the petition of several Scholars of the 
Cistercian order, by Archbishop Chichele, in 1437. This was in the same year 
that Chichele purchased the site for the erection of his other Oxford foundation 
— All Souls' College. The ground for the latter College was bought on Decem- 
ber 14, 1437, and the foundation stone laid on February 10, 1438. The royal 
license for St. Bernard's College is dated March 20, 1437, in the reign of Henry 
YI. This College was instituted in honour of the " Most Glorious Virgin Mary 
and St. Bernard." The Cistercians had no endowments, being supported by the 
abbeys of the order. Dr. R, Hoveden, the sixteenth Warden of All Souls', in a 
manuscript life of Archbishop Chichele', states the founder intended St. Bernard's 
to be a seminary for academical scholars ; but, disliking the situation, he left it 
to the Cistercians, and built All Souls.' Considering that All Souls' Collegers 
commenced in the following year, his determination was quickly taken. Poly- 
dore Virgil describes St. Bernard's and All Souls' as being the " two altars of all 
virtues." St. Bernard's, being a monastic foundation, was dissolved by Henry 
VIII., and the buildings, together with a site called the Grove, formerly be- 

Edmund II. (" Ironside") murdered by Duke Edric at Oxford, 1016. O 



194 SIR THOMAS WHITE'S DREAM. 

longing to the monks of Durham, presented hy the King to his new foundation of 
Christ Church, in 1546, just over a century after ChicheM had established his 
College. Sir Thomas White purchased St. Bernard's from Christ Church on 
May 25, 1555, paying an annual quit rent of twenty shillings. 

St. John's College was founded four days after (May 29, 1555), by Sir 
Thomas, in virtue of a royal license, previously obtained by letters patent, under 
the style and title of " St. John Baptiste College, in the University of Oxford." 
The letters patent are dated May 1, 1555, and on June 18, the first President, 
the Rev. Alexander Belsire, B.D., and three scholars, took possession. On March 
5, 1557, a new charter was procured, Sir Thomas hating made considerable 
additions to his benefaction. The latter date is therefore sometimes given as 
being the foundation of the College. Sir Thomas White was born at Rickmans- 
worth, Herts, in 1492, at a farmhouse belonging to his father, who was an exten- 
sive clothier in that town. Shortly after the birth of Thomas, he left Rickmans- 
worth, and settled in Reading, hence the statement made in many records, that 
Sir Thomas was born at Reading. The mother of Sir Thomas was Mary Keble- 
white, daughter of Sir John Keblewhite, of South Fawley, Berkshire. At the 
age of twelve Thomas <was sent to London, and apprenticed to a tailor, whom he 
faithfully served for ten years. His master at his death bequeathed to Thomas 
the sum of one hundred pounds, and this, with a small paternal bequest, enabled 
him to commence business in 1523. This business was so successfully managed 
that it speedily brought independence, and enabled him to dispense those chari- 
ties that have made his name famous. He was twice married ; firstly, to Agnes, 
at Luton, Bedfordshire in 1530; secondly, to Jane, widow of Sir Ralph Warren, 
in 1559. His first wife died in February, 1558, and his second in 1573, having 
survived Sir Thomas seven years. Sir Thomas was Sheriff of London in 1546, 
and Mayor of London in 1553 and 1557. The honour of knighthood was con- 
ferred on him by Queen Mary, in 1553, for his services during the insurrection 
of Sir Thomas Wyatt, in that year. Sir Thomas had desired to found a College 
at Reading, but relinquished that idea, it is traditionally said, in consequence of 
a dream. This is related in Dr. Plott's " History of Oxfordshire." He was 
" warned in a dream that he should build a College near a place where there 
was a triple elm growing from one root ;" and that, after a short search, " he 
met with something near Gloucester Hall, that seemed to answer his dream ; 
where he accordingly erected a great deal of building : but, afterwards fiuding 
another elm, near St. Bernard's College, more exactly to answer his dream, he 
left off at Gloucester Hall, and built St. John Baptist's College." There is pro- 
bably an error in this description relating to the buildings at Gloucester Hall 
(now Worcester College), for Sir Thomas did not purchase that property until 
March 20, 1560, from William Dodington, to whom they had been granted by 
Queen Elizabeth, in the second year of her reign. St. John's College took pos- 
session on March 26, and Gloucester Hall, after being extensively repaired at the 
expense of Sir Thomas, was made into an academical Hall under the title of 
" The Principal and Scholars of St. John Baptise Hall." One of the Fellows 
of St. John's College was elected Principal of the Hall, and on St. John Baptist's 
day, 1560, the New Principal and scholars, to the number of one hundred or 
more, took their first commons in the refectory. The decline in Gloucester Hall 
took place after the Restoration. St. John's College used to grant leases of the 
Hall for twenty years. It was purchased of St. John's College, in 1714. Sir 
Thomas White was a member of the ancient guild of Merchant Taylors. The 
school in connection with that body was founded in Suffolk Lane, Thames Street, 
London, in 1561 ; and it is supposed that one of the principal motives of Sir 

The University exempted from tribute to the Pope, 1031. 



BENEFACTORS TO ST JOHN'S COLLEGE. 195 



Thomas in founding and endowing St. John's College, was to provide for the 
advancement of the youth educated in that school, which is therefore visited 
and the Upper Form examined, by the President and Fellows of St. John's 
College, previously to the election of Scholars for that foundation, no fewer than 
thirty-three being chosen from the school. Sir Thomas White, in addition to 
founding the College, left a legacy of £3,000, with which the manor of Walton 
was purchased. He also gave large sums of money to the Corporations of Bristol 
Coventry, Leicester, Oxford, and other places, to the number of twenty-four, for 
the relief of aged tradesmen, and the encouragement of young tradesmen, op- 
pressed for want of capital. He died on February 11, 1566, at Oxford, 'aged 
seventy-four, and was buried in the Chapel of the College, a funeral oration being 
delivered by Dr. Edward Campion, the Jesuit. St. John's College has also 
very many munificent benefactors in addition to Sir Thomas White, including 
Archbishop Laud, who gave several large sums towards the Library, and left 
.£500 by will. Archbishop Juxon left ,£7,000. Dr. William Holmes, the 
eighteenth President, left .£13,000, his wife adding another £2,000. Dr. Raw- 
linson, who died in 1755 left estates in Warwickshire and Essex, several houses 
in London, and a quantity of books, coins, and other antiquities. Sir William 
Paddy, President of the Royal College of Physicians, left £2,800, in 1634, for 
eight singing men and four choristers, for the repair of the organ, books for the 
Library, &c. He also bequeathed his copyhold estate, near Woodstock, for the 
librarian's salary. The College has two quadrangles. The principal front is 
towards St. Giles's Street. It has a terraced walk in front, finely shaded by 
majestic elms. This was enclosed by the dwarf wall in 1586. This enclosure is 
208ft. in length, by 44ft. breadth. Dr. Ingram says, if this wall was removed 
altogether, " the front would not lose in grandeur of effect, and the elm avenue 
would be less interrupted." A similar walk once existed in front of Balliol 
College, but this was cleared away in 1772. The visitor enters the College 
through 

St. Bernard's Gateway, a relic of the foundation of Chichele'. It is a 
square embattled tower, with a bay window, flanked by canopied niches. In the 
upper division is a statue of St. Bernard. Over this entrance are the arms of 
the founder. This gateway leads into 

The First Quadrangle, containing the Chapel, Hall, Common Room, Pre- 
sident's Lodgings, &c. The east side was built in 1597, and the whole Quad- 
rangle embattled in 1G17. 

The Second Quadrangle to the east of the first, is principally occupied by 
the Library, which is in two divisions. The design was furnished by Inigo 
Jones, and the expense was chiefly born by Archbishop Laud ; Charles I. giving 
two hundred tons of timber from the forests of Shotover and Stowe. .The first 
stone was laid on July 26, 1631, and it was finished in 1635. The east' aad west 
sides have beautiful Doric colonades of sixteen pillars, each an entire solid block 
of Bletchingdon marble. The centre of each has a handsome portico of the same 
order, surmounted by Ionic pillars, having embellishments in profusion. Above 
are niches with bronze statues of Charles I. and Queen Henrietta, cast by Francis 
Fanelli, a Florentine. These were given by Archbishop Laud, and cost £400. 
They were taken from their pedestals at the time of the Rebellion, and ordered 
to be sold, but were refused, because they were not solid. The pediments of 
these statues are of the Corinthian order, so that in this Quadrangle the Doric, 
Ionic, and Corinthian orders of architecture are represented. Returning into the 
first Quadrangle, the visitor enters 

The Chapel, on the north side, originally belonging to St. Bernard's. It was 

Splendid displays of the Northern Lights at Oxford, October 24 and 25, 1870. 



196 THE TRAITORS' HEADS ON TEMPLE BAR. 

not consecrated until 1530. In 1678 a tasteless innovation spoilt much of it* 
previous grand effect. The costly illuminated east window, placed in the reign 
of James I., at a cost of £1,500, was taken down at the same time, and the other 
windows deprived of their rich traceries. It was, however, rebuilt in an ela- 
borate manner, by Mr. Blore, in 1843, when the open roof of carved oak was 
substituted for a plastered ceiling. On the altar of the old Chapel was a piece 
of tapestry, on which was a representation of Titian's picture of li Our Saviour 
and the Disciples at Emmaus." The countenances of the personages were the 
Pope, the Kings of France and Spain, and the artist. This is now preserved in 
the Library. "The organ was built in 1679, by the younger Byfield, and is very 
powerful. 

Choral Service is performed daily in the Chapel, at five o'clock, except on 
Sunday, when the time is a quarter-to-seven in the morning. In the north-east 
corner of the edifice is a small Ante-Chapel, containing 

The Monuments erected to many benefactors and Presidents, who are in- 
terred beneath. These include Sir Thomas White, the founder ; Archbishops 
Laud and Juxon ; Dr. Richard Baylie, President from 1632-48, and who had the 
Ante-Chapel built. In 1648, during the puritanic era, he had the office of 
President taken from him to make room for one Francis Cheynell, succeeded by 
Thankful or Gracious Owen. He was, however, replaced at the Restoration in 
1660 and was President for seven years after. He became Dean of Salisbury, 
and died there on July 27, 1667- In the north wall is a black marble urn, in 
which is deposited the heart of Dr. Richard Rawlinson, a distinguished and 
eccentric antiquary, who died April 6 1755. This was placed there by the 
request of Dr. Rawlinson. The inscription is prefaced by a scriptural motto — 
" Ubi thesaurus, ibi cor" (" Where the treasure is, there is the heart." Re- 
duced from (i Where the treasure is there will your heart be also"). Dr. Rawlin- 
son's body was interred in St. Giles's Church. It has been stated that one of 
the heads of the two traitors, executed in 1746, on Kennington Common, is buried 
in his coffin. These two traitors were Fletcher and Townley, whose heads were 
afterwards exposed on Temple Bar. During a violent storm in April, 1772, one 
of the blackened heads was blown off the spikes, picked up by a non-juring 
attorney, and buried under the floor of a public house ; yet afterwards taken up 
and sold to Dr. Rawlinson. If Dr. Rawlinson died in 1755, how came he to 
purchase the traitor's head in 1772 ? This tradition, like many others, must be 
cast on one side. Dr. Rawlinson was one of the greatest book-collectors of his 
time (see an account of his collection in the Bodleian Library, p. 99). The sale 
of his library, prints, &c, occupied sixty-eight days. His brother Thomas 
(familiarly called " Tom Folio ") was an equally great collector of literary curi- 
osities. His chambers, at Gray's Inn, were so completely filled with books, that 
his b,ed was obliged to be removed into the passage. His library was dispersed 
in 1734, and Dr. Richard purchased a quantity of his brother's books.* The 
father of the Rawlinsons was Lord Mayor of London in 1706. Dr. Rawlinson 
founded the Anglo-Saxon Professorship in the University, stipulating that St. 
John's College should have the first and every fifth appointment. Dean Holmes 
and his lady, Sir William Paddy, &c, are also interred in the Ante-Chapel. 

The Hall next claims the attention. This likewise is a portion of the old 
foundation of St, Bernard. It is a handsome well-proportioned room, tastefully 
fitted up. The marble-arched roof is particularly fine ; and the screen of Port- 
land stone, together with the variegated marble chimney piece, also attract 
attention, There are numerous portraits in the Hall, amongst which may be 
enumerated a curious scagliola picture of St. John the Baptist, by Lambert 

Unknown part of old City Walla with bastion discovered in Xew-Inn-Hall Street, Aug., 1870. 



BOOK OF PSALMS IN PORTRAIT OF CHARLES I 197 



Oorius, presented to the College in 1759, by Dr. Duncan. This is a species of 
plaster-work, made of pure gypsum, mixed with a weak solution of glue, varie- 
gated with colours, and polished in imitation of marble. There are also portraits 
of George III. in his coronation robes, painted by Ramsay, bequeathed to the 
Society in 1779, by the Countess Dowager of Lichfield ; Hudson, who gave his 
name to the Hudson Bay territories in British America ; Archbishops Juxon and 
Laud ; Sir W. Paddy, President of the Royal College of Physicians and Phy- 
sician to James I. ; Dr. Rawlinson, antiquary, and benefactor both to the College 
and Bodleian Library ; Bishop Buckeridge ; Sir John Michell ; Edward Wayte, 
Archdeacon of Taunton, &c, &c. The Hall has been the scene of many festi- 
vities. On June 12, 1 834, the Society entertained the Duke of Wellington, when 
installed as Chancellor of the University. The Duke of Cumberland, the Earl 
of Eldon, and a bevy of noble guests were present, including the two members 
for the University. There were four tables filled with the titled of the land, and 
a gallery over the entrance was filled with ladies. 

The Common Room is handsomely wainscotted, and has an excellent ceiling 
of stucco-work, by Roberts executed in 1676. The adjoining room contains an 
an excellent portrait of Dr. Michael Marlow, the twenty-third President of the 
foundation, educated at Merchant Taylors' School. Presidents Buckeridge, 
Derham, Delaune, Dennis, Holmes, Hutchenson, Juxon, Levinz,Meaux (or Mews), 
and Wynter (the present President), were also educated at that school. 

The Kitchen was partly erected at the expense of Thomas Clark, senior cook, 
in 1613, and the remainder by the College, in 1638. Clark enjoyed the rent of 
some chambers as a reimbursement for his outlay, for twenty years. Passing 
into the second Quadrangle by a passage, the ceiling of which is a splendid stone 
specimen of fan-tracery, the visitor reaches 

The Library, consists of two handsome rooms. Over the entrance to the 
first room is a bust of Charles I. The eastern division of the Library was con- 
structed at the expense of Archbishop Laud, who also contributed munificently 
towards the other rx>rtion. At the upper end is a portrait of Laud, by Vandyck, 
the arms of the founder, of the Merchant Taylors' Company, arms of several 
benefactors to the Library fund, and a portrait of the founder. In a window on 
the right-hand are the arms of the Archbishop of Canterbury, beautifully 
executed. A portion of the material of which the Library was built came from 
the remains of the Monastery of the Whitefriars, or Carmelites. There are 
many rare volumes and curiosities in the Library, amongst which are : — 



Laud's Crozier, or Pastoral Staff, 6ft. linch 
In height. It is made of hard shining dark 
■wood, headed and infoliated with silver. The 
workmanship is elegant, after the arabesque 
Btyle. The Crozier was accidentally discovered 
some few years ago, in a garret of the Presi- 
dent's lodgings. This is the third Pastoral 
Staff known in the University— the others being 
at Corpus Christi College (Bishop Fox's), and 
New College (William of Wykeham's). 

Laud's Walking Stick, which supported 
his steps to the scaffold, when he was executed. 
After his execution the Puritans made a dog- 
grel rhyme, which became very popular with 
them, viz. — 

*' All praise and glory to the Lord, 
And ' Laud unto the devil.' " 

Laud's Episcopal Mitrk and Cap, that he 
wore when beheaded. There was a legend in 
the College at one time that Laud used to 
nightly perambulate the Library carrying his 
head in his hand. 



Bronze Bust of Archbishop Laud, finely 
executed. 

The Old Altar-Piece op Tapestry, used in 
the second Chapel of the College, taken down 
in 1843. It represents " Christ and the Disci- 
ples at Emmaus." By a freak of fancy, the 
artist portrayed in the faces of the figures 
portraits of the Pope, the Kings of France and 
Spain, and himself. 

Caxton's Chaucer, the only perfect one in 

Ancient Missals, beautifully illuminated. 

Portrait op Charles I., having the whole 
Book of Psalms written in the lines of the face, 
and on the hairs of the head. Many of the 
words may be read by the aid of a strong mag- 
nifying-glass, but the damp, which accidentally 
spoilt some portion of the picture, has ob- 
literated many of the phrases of David s muse. 
When Charles II. was at Oxford, he begged this 
relic of the College, and offered to give them 
anything they might ask in return. Theyre- 



RestoratioD and enlargement of Christ Church Cathedral commenced, July, 1870. 



198 



THE FIRST OXFORD GUIDE. 



luctantly yielded, not wishing to be adverse to 
the royal desire. " And now what will you 
have?' asked the King. " The portrait back 
again, if it please your majesty," was the re- 
joinder. Charles laughingly gratified their 
desire, having offered anything in return. 

Curious Paintings cn Copper, supposed to 
be by Carlo Dolci, of Christ, the Virgin Mary, 
and Twelve Apostles. 

Miniature Portraits of Charles I. and 
Queen, beautifully painted. 

Carved Eagle, in the style practised in the 
reign of Louis XIV. Carved by Snetzler, and 



presented by Thomas Estcourt, Esq., of Est- 
court, in 1770. 

Earl op Essex's (Walter D'Evereux) Fune- 
ral Sermon, preached in "Wales, and printed 
in Old English type. There is a large family 
genealogy of the family before it. The Sermon 
consists of three or four sheets, and bears the 
autograph of Robert, Earl of Essex. Hearne, 
the antiquary, regarded this as a wonderful 
curiosity, stating that, in 1768, Mr. Murray, of 
London, gave £10 for a copy of it, thinking, even 
then, that he had secured a prize. 



The " Oxoniensis Academia," of 1749, notes several curiosities not in existence 
at the present time, and even if they were, would not be exactly interesting in a 
Library. For instance, there was a " flea, one inch long, fettered by a silver 
chain of thirty links ;" some "Virginian spiders, with bodies as large as nutmegs ;" 
" unicorn's horn, very curiously turbinated ;" an " annular tooth of a rabbit " 
&c. On August 30, 1636, Archbishop Laud, at that period Chancellor of the 
University, entertained Charles I., Henrietta his Queen, and Prince Rupert to 
dinner in the Library. They were accompanied by " the whole court, and all 
the gallantry and beauty of the kingdom." Besides the tables for the royal 
party there were thirteen additional tables laid in other rooms (the Hall, &c). 
After dinner was cleared, the royal party witnessed a play in the Hall, entitled 
" The Hospital of Lovers," written by Mr. Wild, a Fellow of the College ; and 
at eight o'clock they proceeded to the Hall of Christ Church to see another play, 
entitled " The Royal Slave." Wood says, at this time that " the College was so 
well furnisht, as that they did not want any one actor from any College in the 
University." Leaving the Library and re-entering the Quadrangle, the visitor 
will be conducted by another elegant passage way, with a fan-tracery ceiling, 
into 

The Gardens, some of the most tastefully- arranged in the University, and 
have stood unrivalled for a long period. They occupy an area of about five acres, 
and are celebrated for their fine horse-chesnut trees and variegated flower-beds, 
Fine views of St. John's Library, Wadham College, and other University build- 
ings are obtained from them. They were once divided into two gardens, sepa- 
rated by a wall. The larger part (about four acres) was purchased by Sir Thomas 
White, and they were enclosed at the expense of Edward Sprot, a Fellow, in 
1612-13. In the "Foreigners' Companion," by Salmon, published in 174S, the 
gardens are described as " large and well laid-out ;" and it continues, " In the 
first the walks are planted with Dutch elms (stunted pollards), and the walls 
covered with evergreens. The inward garden has everything almost that can 
render such a place agreeable : as a terrace, a mount, a wilderness, and well- 
contrived arbours ; but, notwithstanding this, is much more admired by- 
strangers than the other. The outer garden is become the general rendezvous 
of gentlemen and ladies every Sunday evening in summer. Here we have an 
opportunity of seeing the whole University together almost, as well as the 
better sort of townsmen and ladies who seldom fail at making their appear- 
ance here at the same time, unless the weather prevents them." From this 
eulogistic description, we might infer that the Gardens were on these evenings 
Lilliputian Show Sundays. Trinity College Gardens were similarly de- 
scribed in the same work. Salmon published in 1743, a work entitled ''The 
Present State of the University of Oxford ." Dr. Ingram observes that Salmon 
"had the credit of producing the first Pocket Companion or Guide." In 
this he accused the editor of the 'London Magazine,' and others, of plagiar- 

Ribbaud, a priest, torn to pieces by horses at Oxford, for the attempt to kill Henry III., 1233. 



ARCHBISHOP JUXON* S REAL BIRTHPLACE. 199 



ism, and yet he copied the principal part of " The Present State," &c, from 
Dr. Ayhffe's History : Dr. Ayliffe was expelled the University because his 
volumes were deemed so untrustworthy. There was a 

Curious Custom once in use in St. John's College, known as 



The Christmas Masque and Yule 
Log Celebration. — Probably the last exhi- 
bition of this kind took place in 1607, for there 
is no after-mention. The masque then was en- 
titled the " Christmas Prince," and was carried 
out on a very grand scale with much rejoicing. 
The presiding genius was called "Lord." At 
Trinity College, where a similar observance 
was carried out, he was named "Emperor." 
The titles of one of the St. John's functionaries 
have been preserved. They were as follow :— 
" The most magnificent and renowned Tho- 
mas, by the favour of fortune, Prince of Alba 
Fortunata, Lord of St. John's, High Regent of 
the Hall, Duke of St. Giles, Marquis of Mag- 
dalen, Landgrave of the Grove, Count Palatine 



of the Cloisters, Chief Baylive of Beaumont, 
High Ruler of ' Rome' (from apiece of ground 
so called), Master of the Manor of Walton, 
Governor of Gloucester Green, Sole Commander 
of all Tilts, Tournaments, and Triumphs, Su- 
perintendent in all solemnities whatsoever." 
As an accompaniment to the Yule Log, the 
huge Yule Candle shed its light on the festive 
board on Christmas Eve. St. John's buttery 
has an ancient candle socket of stone, orna- 
mented with a figure of the Holy Lamb. This 
was formerly used for holding the Yule Candle 
during the twelve nights of the Christmas Fes- 
tival, and it was burned on the high table at 
supper. 



Eminent Men.— Four Archbishops have been educated at this College, 
including Juxon and Laud, and about twelve Bishops. Archbishop Juxon 
or Juxton, was born at Chichester, Sussex, in 1582. Doubts have been cast 
as to the place of his birth— some writers stating that he was born at 
Albourne, in the same county. He certainly resided at a mansion called 
"Albourne Place," near Hurstpierpoint, Sussex; and from this fact the 
error probably arose. To set all doubt at rest, it is only necessary to refer 
to the books of St. John's College, in which Juxon registered himself as 
"William Juxon, President, born at Chichester." Juxon was a devoted 
adherent to Charles 1., and attended that monarch during his last moments 
on the scaffold. He preached a funeral sermon from Lamentations, iv. 20 : — • 
"The breath of our nostrils, the anointed of the Lord, was taken in their 
pits." He lamented Charles as " England's Josiah." Dr. Juxon was edu- 
cated at Merchant Taylors' School, entered St. John's College, and was 
elected a Fellow in 1598, at the age of eighteen. In 1609 he was Vicar of 
St. Giles ; President of St. John's, 1621 ; Vice-chancellor of the University, 
162G ; Dean of Worcester, 1632 ; Clerk of His Majesty's Closet, 1632 ; Bishop 
of London, 1633 ; Lord High Treasurer, 1636 ; and afterwards Archbishop 
of Canterbury. He died in 1662, aged eighty ; his body was embalmed, con- 
veyed to Oxford, and laid in state in the Divinity School. He was afterwards 
buried in St. John's College Chapel. Should the visitor desire to know more 
concerning this prelate of the English Church, he is referred to the " Memoirs 
of Archbishop Juxon and his Times," by the Rev. W. H. Marah, Vicar of 
Little Compton, Oxon*. of which place Juxon also held the living. Arch- 
bishop Laud was executed, as a sacrifice to party violences, January 10, 1645, 
aged seventy-one. It was alleged that he was unfriendly to the progress of 
the Church of England, being more inclined to the heretic Church of Rome. 
One of the principal articles of his impeachment was, that he was the insti- 
gation of the erection of St. Mary the Virgin's porch, constructed at the 
expense of Dr. Morgan Owen (see St. Mary's Church, page 86). Other 
eminent men of St. John's College have been— Dr. Edward Bernard, mathe- 
matician ; Chief Justice Sir James Eyre ; Lord Chancellor Northington ; 
Wheatly, author of "A Rational Illustration of the Book of Common 
Prayer ;" Gregory Martin, principal translator of the Rhemish Testament ; 
Peter Whalley, the commentator on Shakspeare and Ben Jonson ; Shirley, 
the dramatic poet ; Gay ton, the humorous poet ; Dr. John Perin, Regiiis 

King Memphric, founder of Oxford, killed by wolves, at Woolvercote, Oxon., circa 2960 A.M. 



200 ORIGIN OF THE SHELBURNE EARLDOM. 

Professor of Greek, and Dr. Ralph Ravens, two of the translators of the 
Holy Bible ; Dr. Bliss, the antiquary, editor of Hearne's " Collectanea ;" 
Sir Bulstrode Whitelocke, author of " Memorials of English Affairs ;" Dr. G. 
Hickes (afterwards of Lincoln College), the learned Nonconformist ; Edmund 
Campion, the noted Jesuit ; Samuel Bishop, poet, Master of Merchant Taylors' 
School ; Dr. Richard Rawlins on, the antiquary ; Blagrove and Biggs, eminent 
mathematicians ; Dr.Vocesimus Knox, who was so greviously assaulted by some 
officers of the Surrey Militia (stationed at Brighton Camp in 1793) in the 
Brighton Theatre, for preaching a sermon in the parish Church of St. Nicholas, 
from the text, " Glory to God in the highest, on earth peace." It was stated 
that Dr. Knox spoke against the evils of war, and counselled peace, therefore 
the officers considered their prof ession made light of. Dr. Knox was desired 
to leave the Theatre at once, and if not complying he would be forced out. 
After appealing to the audience from the stage, the doctor and his family left 
the house. Dr. Knox proved conclusively that the officers were wroog. Dr. 
John Byrom, a poet of some pretensions, and of great Jacobite reputation. 
He it was who penned the following ambiguous stanza, in 1746 : — 

" God bles3 the King ! I mean our faith's defender. 
God bless (no harm in blessing) the Pretender ! 
But who Pretender is, or who is King. 
God bless us all, that's quite another thing ! " 

Dr. Coniers, who restored the servant of Miss Clive to life after her first 
execution, and Dr. W. Petty, Deputy Professor of Anatomy, who brought 
Anne Green to life after her body had been hanging for half-an-hour, and 
stamped upon by her friends to make sure that life was extinct, before the 
knife of the dissector touched the body (see p. 33). In addition to his know- 
ledge of Anatomy, Dr. Petty was deemed very clever in music. A sketch of 
his career, and the strange origin of the peerage bestowed on the family, will 
be interesting. William Petty was born at Romsey in Hampshire, the 
eldest son of Anthony Petty, a poor dyer there. He went to sea as a common 
sailor-boy. He seems to have made about sixty pounds, principally by traffic 
in his seafaring expeditions, by the time he was two-and-twenty. On this 
money he determined to go abroad into the Netherlands to study, and he 
kept himself upon it for three years. He seems to have had plenty of trouble, 
however : lived for a week on threepenny worth of walnuts, and was thrown 
into prison for debt. After this period he commenced the study of medicine 
and anatomy with great application. He took his degree of M.D. with much 
credit, and was admitted a member of the Royal College of Physicians. He 
visited Ireland, and remained there for a considerable time, accumulating a 
large fortune. Petty employed the pen largely, writing treatises on almost 
every point of medical science. Music, political economy, &c, were likewise 
touched upon by this man of varied talent. His general appearance was 
most prepossessing ; his manner, thoroughly courteous ; his conversational 
powers, brilliant. Charles II. was exceedingly fond of Petty, and often chose 
his company in preference to that of the wits and roue's of the Court. Pro- 
fessor Petty was distantly allied to the Lansdowne family. His death, in ' ful- 
ness of time,' was deeply regretted, and it was felt that sufficient honour had 
not been accorded to him during his lifetime, therefore his son was raised to 
the peerage, by the title of Earl of Shelburne. The descendants still inherit 
the title : a noble memento of the Romsey lad who ran away to sea, and 
thriftily accumulated a sum of money to qualify himself to take a high rank 
in the medical profession of his day. Departing from St. John's College 
and its many interesting associations, the visitor proceeds up the right-hand 

Thirty Cathari (Baptists) condemned to death by starvation without the City- Walls, 1160. 



ST GILES'S CHURCH— THE OLD UNIVERSITY. 201 



side of St. Giles's Street for about two hundred yards, and will then reach the 
locality of the intended 

New Direct Thoroughfare to the University Museum, Parks, the " Lamb and 
Flag" Inn and other buildings being removed for the purpose. This improve- 
ment will bring the principal part of the Museum front into view from the 
main thoroughfare. Close by this point the high road divides itself into two 
sections— that on the right-hand leading to Banbury, the left-hand to Wood- 
stock. In the centre stands 

St. Giles's Church, a very ancient edifice. Antiquaries contradict each 
other respecting the date of its first erection. Ross (of Warwick) states that 
was built about the time of the Conquest ; and another authority gives the 
date about 1120 : the probable founder Alwin. It was dedicated in the 
latter year to St. Giles. In 1138 the advowson was bestowed for ever on 
Godstow Nunnery, dedicated at this period ; the grant being confirmed by the 
Empress Matilda and her son, Henry II. At the dissolution of religious 
houses in 1546, this Church, being part of the Godstow possessions, was 
seized by the Crown, and granted to John D'Oyley and John Scudamore. 
It afterwards passed to Dr. George Owen, of Godstow, the King's physician. 
Becoming the property of his son, the building, together with the manor of 
Walton, were purchased by the authorities of St. John's College, from the spe- 
cial fund left by Sir Thomas White. It is worth notice, that generally Churches 
dedicated to St. Giles, stand at the extremity of towns possessing such 
edifices. For instance — such is the case at Northampton, Norwich, Oxford, 
and two Churches in London— St. Giles- in-the-Fields at the north-west, 
formerly a suburb, and St. Giles, Cripplegate, at the extremity of the parish. 
This is supposed to favour St. Giles's idea of a retired life from the haunts of 
men and business, in order that more time might be devoted to works of charity 
and piety. Some writers assert that an ancient temple was built on the site of 
the Church in British or Saxon times, and afterwards used as a Convocation 
House, when, as it is affirmed, the University stood more to the north of 
Oxford. The Church consists of a nave, north and south aisles, porch, and 
chancel, the latter dedicated to the Blessed Virgin. The tower forms the 
oldest part of the present edifice, and some points of the later Norman archi- 
tecture can be seen therein, as well as in the north and south walls. On the 
south side, five of the original single-lancet windows still remain. The com- 
munion rails are very elaborate in design, reported to be the work of Inigo 
Jones. The arms of Archbishop Juxon are on the rails : he was Rector of 
St. Giles for five years, 1610-15. The font is elegant, and in design very 
rare, enriched with the "dog's-tooth" pattern of the time of Henry III. 
The porch is of the early pointed style, both doorways being of an elegant 
form and well executed ; but seemingly more injured by violence than time. 
Opposite the porch is a large table-tomb of freestone, to the memory of some 
person unknown. This is supposed to be the tomb behind which a noted 
royalist concealed himself, while the soldiers were pursuing him, in Crom- 
well's time, and eluding them in this manner, he escaped. The Church was 
restored a few years since by Mr. Underwood. The cost was £1,800. The 
population of the parish is 4,000. The value of the living £160. Services are 
held on Sunday morning at 8 and 11, afternoon at 3, and evening at 6.30, 
also frequently during the week. Dr. Philip Bliss, Principal of St. Mary- 
Hall from 1848-57, editor of Wood's " Athense Oxoniensis," and the " Reli- 
quiae Hearnianas," Registrar of the University from 1824-53, lies buried to 
the west of the north door in the churchyard. The parish of St. Giles is 

King Richard I. (" Coeur-de-Lion") born at Beaumont Palace, Oxford, 1157. 



202 ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY AT OXFORD. 

nearly six miles in circumference. Opposite the eastern entrance to St. Giles's 
churchyard the 

New Direct Thoroughfare to Keble College and the Clarendon Laboratory will 
be shortly opened. ' ' Ye antient holsterie, yclept ye ' Pheasant, ' " so well- 
known to travellers in past days, being removed for the purpose of this 
desirable improvement. 

Keble College is fully described on pp. 124-6, and a biographical summary 
of Keble's life on pp. 70-2. Proceeding from this locality, and continuing the 
walk, on the upper, or Banbury road, will conduct the visitor to the large 
and increasing suburb of the city in this direction, should he desire to extend 
his knowledge of the extent of Oxford. Numerous 

Elegant Villas have been erected in this direction within the last few 
years. Their architectural points are varied, not any two being similar, and 
are fine specimens of design and skilful workmanship. Each has a distinctive 
name, such as— Burcot, Ketilby, Laleham, Norham, Wykeham, &c. Pro- 
ceeding still onwards, the visitor will arrive at 

Park Town, laid out in 1853, from designs by S. L. Seckham, Esq., city 
architect. The enclosures and shrubberies were planned by Mr. W. Baxter, 
of the Botanic Gardens. About fifty houses have been erected. Haif- 
a-mile further on lies the suburb of 

Summer town, a village numbering nearly 2,000 inhabitants. There are 
several villa residences about the locality. The 

Church or St. John the Baptist was erected in 1833 from designs by 
Mr. Underwood. The style— Early English. Commodious School-rooms 
are attached. The cost of the whole about £2000. A small Independent 
Chapel in the village is at present supplied by the United Methodist Free 
Church. Services are conducted at both edifices at the usual times on the 
Sabbath. A short distance from this suburb 

The Royal Agricultural Society was held upon the Woodstock Road, 
in close proximity to Summertown, from July 18-22, 1870. A great influx of 
visitors from all parts of the country came into the city during the festive 
period. It was upwards of thirty years since that the Society was founded 
at Oxford, in 1839, and the first Show held of this now powerful organization 
took place in a meadow in the parish of Holywell. It was then known as the 
English Agricultural Society. The citizens of Oxford raised a guarantee 
sum of £4000 to forward the works for the Show of 1870 ; and the Railway 
Companies made a special siding from their lines direct to the Show ground. 
The city, during the Society's sojourn, gave itself up to carnival; amuse- 
ments being provided in abundance. There was a loss on the Exhibition, 
however, but it has been acknowledged that the Oxford Show was the largest 
ever held,from the measurement of the shedding and the area of canvas covering, 
supplied by Mr. John Unite, of Paddington. At Oxford the total length of sheds 
amounted to 26,000 lineal feet, or 2,300 feet more than at Manchester. At Bury 
St. Edmunds, in 1867, the shedding reached to a length of only 12,000 feet. 
The canvas roofs at Oxford measured 12,000 square yards, so that about 25 acres 
were actually under cover, the ground itself being nearly three times this size. 
The total number of admissions was 86,867, and the sum taken at the gates 
£5,385 13s ; to which must be added the sale of season tickets. The total of 
admissions at Manchester was 194,733, the receipts from payment at the gates, 
£15,629. At Leicester the number was 96,781 ; the receipts £6,6SS. At Bury 
St. Edmunds the number of admissions was 61,837; so that Oxford eclipsed 
Bury. Proceeding towards Oxford, the next object attracting attention is 

King John ("Lackland") born at Beaumont Palace, 1166. 



RADCLIFFE INFIRMAR Y AND OBSER VA TOR Y. 203 

SS. Philip and James' Church erected in 1860, from designs by Mr. 
J. E. Street, of London, and built by Castle and Co., of Oxford. Style — 
Early Decorated, with foreign admixture. It consists of a nave with north 
and south aisles, transepts, a central tower, forming the chancel and vestry. 
The interior is beautifully decorated. The seats are free and unappropriated, 
and consist solely of chairs. The spire was added in 1866, forming another 
to the many spires, towers, and turrets by which Oxford is marked. The 
Church is an auxiliary or district edifice for the largely-populated parish of 
St. Giles. Services are held on Sundays at 8, 10.30, and 11.30 a.m., at 3 and 
7 p.m. Contiguous to the Church is the 

Anglican Convent of the Holy Trinity, erected in 1866-8, by Mr. 
Wyatt, through the munificence of a lady. The design of the building was 
furnished by Mr. C. Buckeridge. The style— Early English. The inha- 
bitants are Sisters of Mercy, who employ themselves principally in the 
education of young girls for service, &c. The interior of the building is 
plain, and contains commodious refectories, common rooms for the sisters 
and probationists, &c. The present chapel is but temporary, a more suitable 
one is intended to be erected shortly, so completing the design of the building. 
On the opposite side of the road stands the 

Radcliffe Observatory, erected from funds left by Dr. Radcliffe, who 
founded and endowed the Radcliffe Library, the Radcliffe Infirmary, &c. 
The site and grounds were presented by George, third Duke of Marlborough, 
and comprise an area of ten acres. The cost of the erection was close upon 
^30,000. The first stone was laid in 1772. The architect originally was Mr. 
Henry Keene, but he died before the design could be carried out, and Mr. 
James Wyatt, who succeeded him, materially altered it. In consequence of 
this, it was not completed until 1786. The front of the building extends 
175ft. ; width, 57ft. : the wings, 69ft. by 24ft. ; the height, 110ft. The 
third storey of the building consists of an octagonal tower, designed from the 
Temple of the Winds, at Athens, with sculptures of the eight winds on 
the entablatures. At the summit is a large earth-coloured globe, supported 
by straining figures of Atlas and Hercules. The Institution comprises a 
dwelling house for the Observer, Library, Lecture Room, Observing Boom, 
&c, and it is provided with all the first-class modern astronomical instru- 
ments necessary for its purposes. The first-appointed Observer was Thomas 
Hornsby, D.D., Corpus Christi College (1772)— the present holder is R. Mam, 
Esq. , M. A. Pembroke College, appointed in 1860. The adjoining building is 

Radcliffe Infirmary, opened in 1770, therefore now a century old. The 
foundation-stone was laid in 1759, the erection of the building occupying a 
period of eleven years. The design, simple in extreme, was furnished^ by 
Mr. Leadbeater, of London. It was built and furnished by the trustees 
appointed under Dr. Radcliffe's will. The grounds, extending five acres, 
were given by Thomas Rowney, Esq., M.P. for the city. Bishop Lowtb, ui 
a sermon preached in the University Church of St. Mary, on July 3rd, 1771, 
said, "The noble and respectable trustees of a most successful Professor ot 
the medical art in the beginning of this century, Dr. John Badchfle, very 
judiciously appropriated a part of that great wealth, which arose irom nis 
skill and the gratitude of his patients, to the relief of the sick poor, and to 
the improvement of the art itself, by the donation of a commodious and 
Complete building, amply furnished with all necessaries and conveniences 
for a general Infirmary. It is placed with the utmost propriety (with respect 
to the principal benefactor) i n this seat of learning, the place of his education, 

Great Contested Election for the County, between the Blues and the Yellows, 1754. 



204: RADCLIFFE NEW FEVER WARDS. 

the first scene of the successful exercise of his profession, and the favourite 
object of his munificence." The Infirmary consists of three storeys, 150ft. 
"by 71ft. , and is divided into numerous wards and proper apartments for the 
consulting physicians, surgeons, dispensing of medicine, &c. The Children's 
Ward is deserving of inspection, the well-being of the little inmates, generally 
many in number, being most carefully studied. The current expenses of the 
institution are defrayed by voluntary subscription ; and visitors' contributions 
are sought towards the support of the sick and needy. The services of the 
four physicians, four surgeons, treasurer, and auditors, are gratuitous ; but 
the working expenses of the Infirmary are necessarily heavy, through the 
constant calls upon its space and funds. In 1869, the foundations of the new 
pavilion in the grounds for 

Fever Wards were laid. The Wards are two in number, and are con- 
nected with the main building by a cloister-like corridor on the boundary 
between the Infirmary and Observatory grounds. Mr. C. Buckeridge sup- 
plied the designs, G. GL Scott, R. A. , being consulting architect. The builder 
was Mr. Wyatt, and the workmanship is efficiently executed. The buildings 
are large and lofty, and ia his designs Mr. Buckeridge seems to have at- 
tained perfection as regards ventilation and anti-infectional contrivances. There 
are two main storeys, the lower one being for male patients, and the upper one 
for females. In size and general arrangements they are identical ; so that we 
need describe only one. The Ward is 50ft. in length by 25ft. wide, the height 
being 14ft. 6in. There is room for from eight to ten beds, besides dressers, chest 
of drawers, &c. Eight windows light the ward, the centre of the room being 
occupied by an immense stove, scientifically constructed by Mr. Kennard, and 
similar to those in use at the Herbert Hospital. Over the stove is a large 
gaselier, which is on Benham's system, and not only carries off its own fumes, 
but assists in purifying the air of the Ward. The vital point of ventilation is 
secured by an extensive application of the system invented by Messrs. Sherring- 
ham and Arnott. The hot and cold air valves are the only objects (except the 
windows) which break the surface of the walls. By the use of Parisian cement 
the whole surface of the walls and ceiling is almost as smooth as china, and quite 
as easily washed. When it is considered how readily the infinitessimal and 
mysterious atoms of infection attach themselves, the importance of such a 
polished surface will be understood. The walls are cream-coloured, with panels 
of delicate green, the colour being mixed up with the cement, not applied to it 
afterwards. On each floor are rooms for the nurses, bath-room and lavatory 
completely fitted up, and supplied with hot and cold water (iron cisterns being 
fixed under the roof), together with scullery and necessary offices. The flooring 
is of pitch pine, which is, in smoothness and durability, nearly equal to oak. A 
large paved vestibule on each floor is connected by a wide staircase, constructed 
of Portland stone. The iron balustrade has a handrail of polished oak. The 
walls are of Parian cement, like the rooms. Messrs. Lucy and Co. supplied the 
ironwork. The exterior is of light-coloured bricks, with dressings of Pudlicote 
stone — the roof of slate. This important and valuable addition to the Infirmary 
appears in every respect admirably adapted for the purpose for which it is 
intended, and combines fitness, simplicity, and substantiality of workmanship in 
a degree which must be extremely gratifying to every supporter of this invaluable 
charity. The Wards were opened on Tuesday, Oct. i8, 1870 — the one hundredth 
anniversary of the Infirmary. In the front part of the Infirmary grounds stands 

St. Luke's Chapel, built expressly for the use of the patients, at the sole 
expense of T. Combe, Esq., M.A., of the University Press, in 1864. The 

Ethelred II. (the "Unready") held a Witenagemote (Parliament) at Oxford, 1002. 



REMARKABLE RUSSIAN MONASTERY. 205 

style is similar to SS. Philip and James', from designs by Mr. Blomfield, of 
London. The interior is remarkably chaste. The edifice was consecrated 
by the late Bishop of the Diocese (S. Wilberforce), on Oct. 17, 1865. The 
founder has presented several additions to its ornamentations, amongst the 
most recent of which are the 

Pictures of the Four Evangelists 
on panel, about 4ft. 4in. by 2ft., painted with 
all the delicacy of miniatures, on a golden 
ground, richly chased and adorned with exqui- 
site borders. Colours of deep and rich tints 
are introduced sparingly, with a master's hand, 
that the necessary harmonisation may be pro- 
duced. The pictures came fromTroitska (Holy 
Trinity) Monastery, about forty miles from 
Moscow, Russia, in 1867, when the Monastery 
was visited by the founder of St. Luke's Cha- 
pel. This Troitska Monastery is a most re- 
markable building in the midst of a forest, and 



Churches, Palace, University, Convent, Schools 
of Art and Industry, and all the requisite ac- 
commodation for its many thousand inmates. 
Objects of interest there are in abundance- 
paintings, carvings, frescoes, shrines emblaz- 
oned with gold, silver, colours, &c. All the 
paintings and decorative work for the Greek 
Catholic Church, generally so profuse in orna- 
ment, are executed in the monastery. There 
are three large apartments devoted to this 
work, and one expressly to miniatures. About 
sixty monk3, under the direction of Symeone, 
a chief monk, are engaged in the work of paint- 



is surrounded by massive walls, extending ing. The first apartment is for novices in 

drawing, the second for those of advanced 
grade, who are initiated into the mysteries of 
colour, the third for the elder monks, pro- 
ficients in the art. Possibly it should be in- 
corporated amongst the wonders of the world. 



4,500ft. in length, from 30ft. to 40ft. in height, 
and 20ft. thick, flanked by eight towers, and 
forming a fortress of great strength, triumph- 
antly repelling siege and assault. It is said 
that cholera and fever have never entered the 
place. Within the walls are a Cathedral, ten 

Leaving the Radcliffe Infirmary, and retracing his steps for about one hun- 
dred yards, the visitor will turn down St. John's Road, opposite Holy Trinity 
Convent. This will take him direct int^ the suburb known as " Jericho." 
At the bottom of St. John's Road — the Upper end of Walton Road — he will- 
observe 

St. Sepulchre's Cemetery, for the parishes of St. Giles, St. Martin, St. 
Michael, St. Mary Magdalen, and St. Paul's district of St. Thomas. The; 
grounds are tastefully laid out, and contain several monumental tablets and: 
other erections. The whole is consecrated ground. Quitting the Cemetery, 
and proceeding back towards the city into Cardigan Street, the visitor pro- 
ceeds to 

St. Barnabas' Church, built by the munificence of T. Combe, Esq., M. A., 
of the University Press. The foundation-stone was laid on April 26, 1868, 
the day after that of Keble College. The consecration took place on Oct. 19, 
1869, by the late Bishop of Oxford (S. Wilberforce), a period of only 
eighteen months being occupied in the building. The cost of the building, 
including decorations, was about £5,000. The model was taken from the 
Church of II Torcello, Venice. Mr. Thorne, contributor to the ' Companion 
to the British Almanack,' 1870, in the article on "Architecture and Public 
Improvements," remarks of this building that— " St. Barnabas, Jericho, 
Oxford, deserves note as a departure from the received type, m order to 
meet at a moderate cost, the requirements of a large but poor town congre- 
gation. Instead, therefore, of the usual Gothic form, the architect, Mr. A. 
W Blomfield, has turned to the Roman basilica for his model, with, we are 
told a considerable amount of success. To us the exterior, when not quite 
finished appeared rather peculiar than pleasing. The building is a parallel- 
ogram with an apse at each end-at the east for the altar, at the west for 
the babtistry. The style is quasi- Lombardic, additional effect being obtained 
bv colour. The Church will accommodate a congregation of 1000 persons. 
The cost is said to have been much below that of one of the same capacity 
built in the customary mode and form." The Church being so remarkable 
the description of Mr. Thorn, although concise, does not quite perhaps 



Canute the Great held Witenagemotes at Oxford, 1018 and 1022. 



206 RITUALISTIC CHURCH OF ST. BARBARAS. 



specify so much detail as necessary to the mind of the visitor. The Roman- 
esque or basilica style is undoubtedly the foundation of the modern church 
architecture. There are some few buildings of basilica type on the continent, 
which are fuily noted in Fergusson's " Illustrated Handbook of Architecture." 
Let us instance one or two, stating that the buildings of Torcello (the model 
of St. Barnabas) and Ravenna are valuable connecting links. Ravenna still 
possesses two first-class three-aisled basilicas— (1), the San Apollinare Nuevo, 
originally an Arian Church, built by Theodoric, King of the Goths, in 
493-525 ; (2), the San Apollinare ad Classem, at the Port of Ravenna, 
situated' about three miles from the city, commenced in 528, and dedicated 
in 529. Both these edifices are similar in appearance, and a trace of St. 
Barnabas is evident. The Church of II Torcello in the Venetian Lagune, 
from which the design of St. Barnabas was more immediately taken, was 
built about 3 010. It is a simple basilica, with nine pillars on each side and 
two terminating aspes. The interior of St. Barnabas is rectangular, about 
100ft. long by 60ft. wide, and is lighted by a lofted range of simple round- 
headed clerestory windows, square windows in the aisles, and a large oriel, 
without tracery, at the western end. From the floor to the beginning of the 
roof the height is 26ft. , and the roof itself, constructed of fine open timber- 
work, is effectively decorated in colours, artistically executed. The walls are 
2ft. 8iu. thick, built of stone of the neighbourhood, in blue lias mortar. The 
arches are brick. The exterior of the walls are plastered with rough Portland 
cement. The choir is a raised platform taken out of the nave, and divided 
off by a stone and metal screen, closed by iron gates — in the centre and 
on each side. Within the dome of the eastern apse is the communion 
table over which is a canopy termed a baldachino, decorated in a pleasing 
manner. The apse at the eastern end of the Church is remarkable for the 
brilliance of its decorations. The ceiling of the dome is painted of a blue 
ground, on which is a figure of " Our Lord in Majesty," holding in the left 
hand a globe surmounted by a cross. The figure is surrounded by a rainbow 
and stars. The twelve Apostles are painted below, and there is also a quan- 
tity of floral decorations. In front of the chancel, suspended from the 
ceiling, hangs a large metal cross, 7ft. in length, set with five brilliants, one 
at each end. It is covered with gilding, and has a most peculiar appearance. 
The pulpit is circular and moveable, standing without the choir. The bap- 
tistry is raised one step, and holds a fine massive font, supported by a central 
figure of red stone, and having at each corner a polished Devonshire marble 
column, with carved capital and base. The seats are free and unappropriated, 
and consist of rushed chairs. The males and females of the congregation are 
separated. The choir-benches and book-boards are constructed of New 
Zealand pinewood. The chancel floor is paved with encaustic tiles. The 
carving of the pillar capitals include portraits of the late Bishop of the diocese 
(S. Wilberforce), the founder (T. Combe, Esq.), the first vicar (Rev. H. M. 
Noel), &c. The external architecture of the Church is of a very plain 
character. At the eastern end are figures of " Christ and the two Thieves" 
crucified. The campanile, or tower, is at present unfinished, but when com- 
pleted will add another tower-landmark to the many already in Oxford. It 
is now used as a vestry. The rectory house is close adjoining. Ser- 
vices are held on the Sabbath at 7, 8, and 11 a.m., at 3 and 6.30 p.m., and on 
every week-day. The services are of the most advanced Ritualistic order. 
Father Rivington, Revs. A. H. Mackonochie (St. Alban's, London), W. J. 
Butler (Wantage), J. Bennett (Frome), &c. , have frequently preached in the 

Great Councils held at Oxford, under Canute the Great's presidency, 1022, 1026. 



UNIVERSITY PRINTING ESTABLISHMENT 207 



edifice. The ground for the Church was given by the Messrs. Ward of 
Oxford, and the edifice was built by the local firm of Castle and Company. 
Leaving St. Barnabas' Church, the visitor will enquire for Clarendon Street 
and on arriving at the top of that thoroughfare, facing will be observed 

St. Paul's Church, erected in 1836, from the designs of H. J. Under- 
wood, Esq. The style is Ionic. It was built by Mr. J. Johnson, of Oxford 
and will seat about 700 persons. The ground for the Chureh was given by 
the Radcliffe trustees, the cost of the building being defrayed by public 
subscription. The delegates of the University Press gave <£500 to the 
building fund and .£1000 towards the endowment. St. Paul's forms the 
District Church for this portion of St. Thomas's Parish. Services are held 
on Sundays at 8 and 11 a.m., at 3 and 6 30 p.m. ; also frequently in the week. 
The value of the living is <£170. The inhabitants of the district are about 1200. 
Nearly opposite the Church stands the extensive and well-managed 

m* University Printing Office, erected from the design of Mr D. 
Robertson, in 1826-30. The builder was Mr. C. Smith, of London. The 
order of the building is Corinthian. The Press is managed by a body of 
University delegates, who are elected especially for the purpose. It is now 
governed by T. Combe, Esq., M.A., Architypographer to the University, and 
the donor of St. Luke's Chapel to the Infirmary and St. Barnabas' Church 
to the citizens. The building is divided into two portions, known as 

The Classical or Learned— the north 
wing, in which classical works, and books in 
foreign languages are put in type ; and 

The Bible— the south wing, from which 
many thousand Bibles are sent forth annually, 
a vast quantity being printed for the British 
and Foreign Bible Society. Not less than 
twenty-six different editions of the Holy Scrip- 
tures are printed at the Press, most of which 
are kept standing in type, or printed from 
sterotype plates. In the Store Room are still 
preserved the matrices of twenty founts of 
Greek, Roman, Coptic, Syriac, and Samaritan 
types, presented by Bishop Fell, in 1666, and 
and thousands of stereotype plates of the many 
works printed within the building. 

The Machine Room i3 supposed to 
be the largest in the kingdom, being 200ft. long, 
and 28ft. wide. Thirty machines are generally 
kept in use, printing the various works issued 
by the house. Above this room are two storeys 
devoted to drying, gathering, and pressing the 
sheets, the composition of type, &c. 

The Boiler House, fitted with a most 
powerful engine, driving the whole of the 



few years since another large composing room 
wasradded through increase of business. 

The Type Foundry is noted for the ex- 
cellency of its workmanship. Very rare sorts 
are cast : Anglo-Saxon combinations, Arabic, 
Chaldee, Coptic, Ethioptic, Greek, German, 
Hebrew, Hindustani, Syriac, &c, &c. There 
is one peculiarity deserving notice— the type is 
a trifle higher than that of any other printing 
establishment. 

Electrotyping, Stereotyping, Ink- 
making, &a, are carried on in the premises. 
The Press has also a 

Large Paper Mill at Woolvercote, a 
village two miles to the north of Oxford, where 
a proportion of the required paper is made. 
It supplies but a small quantity of that neces- 
sary for the establishment. The number of 
men employed varies with the demand, but an 
average may be struck, including boys, at about 
200. Taken altogether, the University Press 
may be stated to be one of the most complete 
in the kingdom. The History of Printing in 
the city, has been mentioned at length pre- 
viously. (See pp. 7, 8, 9, 105, 106.) 
machinery required in so large a building. A 

After leaving the Clarendon Press, the visitor proceeds about 500 yards in 
a direct line, and then reaches 

Worcester College, the nineteenth foundation in numerical order in 
the University, and previously to the addition of Keble College the most 
modern educational institution in the Unversity . The College stands upon the 
site of one of the earliest foundations for the promotion of religious culture 
in Oxford— Gloucester College, founded in 1283. It is stated, in Dugdale s 
"Monasticon," that a house of learning for novices of the Benedictine 
order existed on or near the spot in about 1170, and that there was a con- 
firmation of its charter, by Pope Alexander IIL, in 1175. The principal 
monastery of this Order was at Winchcombe, Gloucestershire. In 1260 it 
was inhabited by Gilbert Clare, Earl of Gloucester, but shortly after came 

William the Conqueror held a Capitulation Conference at Oxford, 1067. 



208 GLOUCESTER COLL.— ST. JOHN BAPTIST HALL. 

into the possession of the Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem. It was 
then purchased of them by John Giffard, Baron Brimpsfield, and yet once 
again allotted to the Benedictine monks, who erected (in 1283) Gloucester 
College. At this time it was chiefly devoted to novices attached to 
St. Peter's Benedictine Priory, Gloucester ; but in 1291 it was thrown open 
to all Benedictine foundations in England. There was a peculiarity about 
their accommodation that deserves notice— a distinctive cell or lodging being 
allotted to the respective houses, and in these the students from that par- 
ticular foundation were placed. Over the doorways of these cells were 
escutcheons and rebuses appropriate to the name of their founder. Over the 
western door of one a rebus of this nature is still to be traced, a W carved on 
stone, with a comb and a tun, surmounted by a mitre, expressive of the 
name of William (or Walter) Compton. Close to this, separated only by a 
niche, is the device of three cups under a crown. A portion of the old 
buildings still remain, particularly the eastern gable with the adjoining 
gateway, leading to the back court and offices of the College. Abbot Whet- 
hamsted, of St. Alban's, was a great benefactor to the old foundation. 
When the monastic establishments were dissolved by Henry YIIL , Gloucester 
College formed one of them, and the premises were granted to several 
individuals ; but when the See of Oxford was founded it is said that the 
premises were converted into the episcopal palace. It is doubtful, however, 
whether Bishop King ever inhabited them, he having another residence 
built in St. Aldate's parish — Bishop King's House (see p. 46). Shortly after- 
wards the ground and premises were given by Elizabeth, in the second year 
of her reign, to William Dodington ; and in 1560 they were purchased by 
Sir Thomas White, founder of St. John's College, and again converted into a 
place of instruction, under the title of St. John Baptist Hall. Considerable 
repairs were made, and the Principal and scholars took possession of the 
foundation on St. John Baptist Day, 1561. It continued in a very flourish- 
ing condition until the Rebellion in 1642, having amongst its members those 
who wore their " doublets of cloth of silver and gold." A succession of 
Principals were continued up to the commencement of the eighteenth cen- 
tury, but the scholars dwindled away until not one remained. In 1678 it 
was only inhabited by the Principal (Byrom Eaton) and a few poor families, 
who were allowed to live in the rooms free. So dilapidated had the Hall 
become, that we read that "the paths were grown over with grass, and the 
way into the Hall and Chapel made up with boards. " The last two Principals 
appointed under the old order were Benjamin Woodroffe (1692) and Richard 
Blechynden (1712y. In 1714 the trustees of Sir Thomas Cookes, Bart, (who 
died in 1702), of Bentley, in the parish of Tardebigg, Worcestershire, pur- 
chased the property. Sir Thomas left £10,000 to the Archbishop of Canterbury 
and others in trust "for the erecting and building of an ornamental pile of 
building in Oxford for a College or Hall, with so many Fellowships and 
scholars' places as they may think fit," &c. The sum accumulated to 
£15,000 before the trustees carried out the purposes of the application by 
purchasing St. John Baptist Hall. The new College was incorporated by 
royal charter on July 14, 1714 (only two days before the death of Queen 
Anne), by the style of "The Provost, Fellows, and Scholars of Worcester 
College, in the City of Oxford." Dr. Clarke, of All Souls' College, and Mrs. 
Sarah Eaton, daughter of Principal Byrom Eaton, increased the endowment. 
The trustees of Sir Thomas Cookes founded the College for a Provost, six 
Fellows, and six Scholars. Through extra endowments it has now a Provost, 

William II. (" Red Rufua") held a Parliament at Oxford, 1088. 



WORCESTER COLLEGE— MAGNIFICENT CHAPEL. 



209 



fifteen Fellows, fifteen Scholars, seven Exhibitioners, and two Bible Clerks 
The Provostship of this foundation is vested in the Chancellor of the Univer- 
sity, thus forming an exception to the usual rule. The first Principal of St 
John Baptist Hall was William Stocke (or Stocker), appointed in 15G0 ; the 
last, who was also first Provost of Worcester College, Kichard Blechynden 
appointed in 1712. The present Provost is Richard Lynch Cotton, D.D.' 
appointed in 1839. The foundation has the patronage of ten livings, situated 
in eight shires. The number of members on the books is between three 
and four hundred. The College is pleasantly situated on a rising ground 
backed by one of the subsidiary streams of the river Thames. The new 
buildings were completed in 1759, and the contrast between the old and new 
divisions is very striking. They consist principally of one quadrangle only, 
having the Chapel, Hall, Library, and entrance gateway on the east (fronting 
the street), the apartments for members on the north and south, and the 
Gardens and Lake on the west. The inner part of the east side has an open 
arcade or piazza. Taken as a whole, the appearance of the College to the 
visitor is rather disappointing, failing in architectural beauty. The clock 
over the entrance was added in 1856. Entering the gateway, passing the 
porter's lodge, and turning to the right, the visitor enters 

The Chapel, one of the most magnificent interiors in the University, 
being only completed in October, 1870. It forms one of the finest examples 
of the Pennaissance in England. The (altar-steps, the vestibule, and 
the floor from the entrance to the reredes is marble, comprising rouge 
royale, Genoese, green, and Welsh. The lectern and gigantic altar candle- 
sticks are of alabaster. The floor of the chancel represents the "Parable of 
the Sower/' In the corners of the remainder of the flooring are figures of 
SS Ambrose, Augustine, Gregory, and Jerome (representing the early 
CLurch) ; SS. Alban and Boniface (martyrs) ; SS. Aldelmus and Wilfred 
(b* shops) ; and Alfred the Great and the Venerable Bede (representing English 
men of learning) ; SS. Albinas and Oswald (religious benefactors) ; and SS. 
Etheldreda and Frideswide (pious ladies). The subject of the ceiling is 
various prophets and kings ; the frieze, or series of panels above the stalls, is 
emblematical of the Te Deum. They are six in number, each containing 
twelve figures. Beginning at the east end, the first represents the " Earth," 
typified by a king, bishop, judge, soldier, &c. Opposite this are the 
" Heavens," typified by eight angels in the centre, two archangels at each end, 
Gabriel and Michael in front, Raphael and Uriel in the rear. No. 3, the 
" Twelve Apostles. " No . 4 (opposite), " Twelve Prophets," including David, 
Enoch, Miriam, Noah, St. Anna, St. John the Baptist, Solomon, &c. No. 5, 
the "Noble Army of Martyrs," beginning with the Innocents, followed 
by John Huss, Bishop Hooper, St. Jerome of Prague, Bishop Latimer, and 
SS. Agnes, Catherine, Cecilia, Perpetua, Polycarp, and Stephen; No. 6 
(opposite), the " Holy Church throughout the World," typified by SS. 
Ambrose, Benedict, Chrysostom, Catherine of Sienna, Elizabeth of Hungary, 
Helena, and Monica ; Charlemagne, Thomas Aquinas, Luther, Pascal, and 
Wicliff. The ground of the various subjects is gold, and the entire series 
are processional, the figures standing two and two, each panel being divided 
into three parts, the centre occupied by eight and the sides by two figures 
erect. The ceiling, the frieze, and the windows were painted by Mr. Henry 
Holiday, under the charge of Mr. Burgess. The subject of the centre altar- 
piece is the " Entombment of our Lord/' after the same pattern as the friezes. 
Immediately on the right is a portrait of Sir Thomas Cookes, the founder, in 

King Stephen convoked Parliaments at Oxford, 1136 and 1139. p 



210 VALUABLE LLLUMINATED BIBLE. 

1714, of Worcester College, presenting, in the orthodox style (speaking artisti- 
cally) a model of the College. Facing him is a Benedictine monk, presenting a 
miniature of Gloucester Hall. The stained-glass windows, also designed by Mr. 
Holiday, represent, on the east, the " Crucifixion ;" north, the " Annunciation/' 
the " Offering of the Wise Men," and the " Teaching in the Temple f south, 
the " Resurrection," the " Woman at the Sepulchre," and the " Ascension." 
The centre subjects on the ceiling are the " Fall of Man," and the " Expulsion 
from Eden." The " Virtues," the four crowned ancestors of our Lord, and sundry 
ornaments, fill up the interstices. The four great arches at the upper angles of 
the Chapel contain gilt statues (by Mr. Michell) of the " Four Evangelists." In the 
panels between the windows, and in other parts of the buildings, are animals, 
fruits, and a variety of graceful arabesque and other traceries, from the pencil 
of Mr. Smallfield. Almost every square ineh is covered with some design, so 
arranged as to contribute to the excellence of the general effect. The visitor 
will not easily forget such an aggregation of delicate outline and brilliant colour; 
in harmony with which are the stalls of walnut wood, inlaid with box, and the 
chequered floor. It would be a pity if the visitor left the Chapel without in- 
specting the two magnificent volumes, the 

Old Testament and the New Testament, with the Apocrypha, which adorn the 
lectern. These were presented by the Rev. C. H. 0. Daniel, Vice- Provost of the 
College, and are worth over £70. The covers are of massive silver, with scripture 
subjects in alto-relievo, and elegant arabesques in panel. The pictures in relief 
were secured by Mr. Daniel in Rome and Belgium. There are two large ones, 
the " Adoration of the Magi," and the " Baptism of our Saviour by St. John-the- 
Baptist in the river Jordan" — the first being gilt, and containing, as may be sup- 
posed, the composition of the tableau being considered, a large number of figures. 
The smaller subjects are ''Eliezar and Rebecca," and "Jacob and Rachel." The 
centre panels excepted, the work, was executed by Mr. Barkenton, of London, 
under the direction of Mr. Burgess, the architect of the Chapel. Amongst the 
embellishments are the arms of the College, coloured, and delicate bits of dama- 
scened work in the protecting knobs — gold hammered into iron. The inscrip- 
tions are " D.D. Henricus Daniel, S.O.C.," and eight texts ; "Via vita Veritas, 4 ' 
'In principio erat," " Verbum caro factum," "Ecce Agnes Dei," "Adhesi tosti- 
monus," " Lucerna pedibus meis," " Audiet sapiens," and " Fulgibunt justi." 
The cost of restoration of the Chapel was £5,000. 

The Hall is on the left hand side. It is a fine handsome room, without 
ornament, except the two Corinthian fluted columns at the end. Length, 
60ft. (the same as the Chapel). There are several paintings in the Hall, in- 
cluding (at the upper end) a "Dutch Fish Market," the fish by Sneyders ; 
over the fireplace, Sir Thomas Cookes, the founder, full length, by Sir 
Godfrey KJneller ; in other parts, Provost Blechyndon, Dr. Landon, Dr. 
Clarke, Dr. Eaton, Mrs. Sarah Eaton, Provost Cotton, &c. 

The Library is built over the arcade or piazza. Its leDgth is 120 feet, 
with a fine gallery attached. Dr. Clarke bequeathed £1,000 to the Library. 
There are many curiosities in the building, including a curious ancient 

" Eemembrances of God's Mercy," 
by Carleton, printed in 1627, consisting of 
Anecdotes relative to Queen Elizabeth. It is 
superbly bound in purple velvet, and covered 
with pearls. 

The "Pallado." Inigo Jones' Bare 
"Work, with his own manuscript notes in 
Italian, several of his famed architectural 
drawings for the intended Palace at Whitehall, 
London, &c. 



French Poem, reciting the achievements 
of Edward the Black Prince (died 1376), written 
by John Chandos, the Prince's herald, fre- 
quently mentioned by Froissart. The English 
names are correctly spelt, the chronology is 
exact, and the peroration (or epitaph), the 
same as ordered by the Prince in his will. 
There are likewise casts of 

Antiquarian Statues presented by Philip 
Pusey, Esq., in 1847, and placed in the Library. 



Henry III. held Parliaments at Oxford, 1227, 1233, and 1247. 



FOOTE AND HIS DICTIONARY. 211 



The Common Room has paintings of the "Assumption of the Virgin 
Mary" (artist unknown) ; a view of the College, by Mr. Hinckes, at one time 
a Gentleman Commoner of the Foundation ; portraits of Sir Thomas Parkes, 
by Clarke, and Antony Cooper (upwards of sixty years a servant of the 
College), &c. In 

The Bursary there are two or three good paintings, including a "Roman 
Fountain," and a " Flemish Interior" (artist unknown). 

The Gardens are very extensive, and may be fairly placed on an equality 
with those of St. John's and New College. They are well kept, and form a 
most agreeable promenade. Towards the north end is 

The Lake, well stored with fish, and surrounded by shady and diversified 
walks. Before leaving the foundation, we will notice a few of the 

Eminent Men that have been educated within the College walls : 
Thomas Coryate, a celebrated and eccentric traveller ; Thomas Walsingham, 
Thomas Winchcombe, and John Whethamsted, Abbots of St. Alban's ; 
Richard Lovelace, of loyal and poetic memory ; Thomas Allum, " the very 
soul and sun of mathematics ;" the learned Sir Kenelm Digby, died 1685 ; 
Dr. John Godolphin, Judge of Admiralty in Cromwell's time ; Rev. John 
Miller, M.A., Bampton Lecturer in 1817; Dr. John Budder, Principal of 
New Inn Hall, 1609, and Principal of Broadgates Hall (now Pembroke 
College), 1618 ; Dr. Harding, Bishop of Bombay ; Dr. Hibbert Binney, 
Bishop of Nova Scotia ; Dr. Carr, Bishop of Chichester and Worcester 
successively ; Rev. Frank Garrett, Head-master of Port Adelaide Grammar 
School ; De Quincey, the " Opium Eater," and author of "Recollections of 
Oxford',' in ' Tait's Magazine,' and the essay entitled "Murder considered 
as one of the Fine! Arts ;" Foote, the wit, who acted Punch in disguise in 
the streets, and amused the crowd by his ridicule of the pomposity of the 
Provost. He resided in the College in 1740. We are told that his dress was 
of the utmost extravagance — frock suit of green, and silver lace, bag wig, 
sword, bouquet, and point ruffles. When summoned before the Provost to 
account for his audacious behaviour, he made his appearance with a dictionary 
under his arm. No sooner had the Provost uttered the first long word, but 
Foote interrupted him, begged his pardon, with the appearance of humility, 
and wanted to know the meaning of the word— opened the dictionary to find 
it, and then asked the Provost to proceed, and so continued whenever a word 
came forth rather out of the common place. On his return from a trip to 
Bath, he came up to College in a coach and six, attended by a couple of foot- 
men, and accompanied by a not very worshipful lady. For this freak he 
quitted the College ; but it is expressly mentioned that his departure was 
voluntary, and "without any public censure." Mr. District Judge Carey, 
Australia, was a Worcester man. His career was curiously eventful. Many an 
old Oxford man still entertains amusing reminiscences of the strange appearance 
and the still more eccentric doings and demeanour of " Old Carey," of Worcester, 
of which College the Sydney district-judge was in his days a scholar. At the 
age of twenty-three, in 1827, he was called to the bar, and chose the Oxford 
Circuit. Some of our readers will be familiar enough with the stories told of the 
protracted nights spent by Mr. Carey and his legal brethren over their claret and 
their whist, within the precincts of the quiet little College at the bottom of 
Worcester-street ; of the manner in which the cupboards of grave dons were laid 
under contribution for the supper table of those young sages in the law at 
abnormal hours, and of the startling rumours of practical jokes of unparalleled 
audacity played upon innocent and unsuspecting victims. Whether it was these 

"Parliamentum Magnum" held at Oxford, under Henry II., 1185. 



212 "OLD CAREY? OF WORCESTER, 

recreations which recommended him to the responsible post or not, it would be 
presumptuous, perhaps, to say but Mr. Carey, while the talk of Oxford was still 
of the freaks of the batch of barristers who frequented Worcester, was appointed 
Proctor in the Vice-Chancellor's Court ; and odd enough are the anecdotes still 
current as to the manner in which he conducted himself in this capacity ; on his 
mode of remonstrating with insolvent undergraduates, and of the method he 
devised for the punishment of the trusting tradesmen. By this time Mr. Carey 
had seen enough of legal life. He determined to take orders, and in a very 
short time was appointed to the incumbency of St. Paul's, situated in that part 
of Oxford commonly spoken of as " Jericho." Even the increasing gravity of 
his newly-elected calling did not prevent Mr. Carey from indulging the various 
idiosyncracies of his humour and whims of taste as before. A sense of fun seems 
to have been the controlling feeling which characterised, in no small degree, the 
discourses of the first incumbent which St. Paul's had. His discourses were 
largely interlarded with personal allusions, apropos of individual members of his 
congregation, which he would attempt to justify by grotesque distortions of the 
language of his text. His addiction to snuff-taking stamps him at once as a 
clergyman of the old school, and there are past members of his flock at St. Paul's 
who will tell you with what infinite gusto he would stop in the middle of his ser- 
mon to recreate his wearied energies with a pinch of snuff. While Mr. Carey 
was an undergraduate of Worcester, he had translated the " Odyssesy" of Homer 
— a translation which, we believe, was subsequently incorporated in the Bohn 
series ; as a barrister he has published manuals and pamphlets innumerable ; 
and now that he had abandoned secular occupations his literary activity did not 
cease, but he devoted himself to the subject of patristic theology. He was 
applied to by Dr. Pusey to write, and actually did write, a translation of 
Cyprian's Letters for the "Library of the Fathers," edited by Dr. Pusey, Dr. 
Keble, and Dr. .Newman. Countless works came from his pen. In several 
pamphlets he advocated a system of national education upon a religious and 
denominational basis. He wrote lexicons for Sophocles and Herodotus, and 
translated the latter author, as well as a volume of Plato for the Bohn series. 
About this time, however, Mr. Carey became the subject of a gossip too pointed 
to be pleasant, and he left England for New South Wales in the autumn of 
1849. A clergyman he landed there, and a clergyman he remained for a year 
or so, till his legal love predominated over his clerical ambition, and he threw 
aside the gown of the preacher for that of the advocate. Mr. Carey was, in 
truth, a born lawyer. His shrewdness, his power of repartee, his love of fun, and 
much else about him all marked him for the law ; and it may well have been 
considered by him matter of regret that he ever left it. As a barrister he made 
great headway in Sydney, and in 1861 accepted the office of District Court 
Judge, His colonial popularity was great, and it was deserved. He died in 
1870, at Sydney. There was an eccentricity about Mr. Carey's death which was 
worthy of his life, Religious party zeal had never been a strong feature in the 
character of the district judge ; but it had been taken for granted that he was 
sound Protestant enough. When his end drew near, he surprised every one by 
by sending for a Roman Catholic priest, and making a confession which — if 
published, would certainly be deemed an extraordinary production — in proper 
Catholic fashion. He was buried in the Roman Catholic Cemetery at Sydney. 
Leaving Worcester College and its associations, just opposite is the 
wide and noble thoroughfare of Beaumont Street. Crossing the road, the 
visitor enters a wide open space, known as ''Gloucester Green," in the 
centre of which stands the 

" Parliamentam Insanum" held at Oxford, under Henry III., 1257. 



CITY GA OL—RE WLE Y ABBE Y 213 

City Gaol, erected in 1789, in a plain substantial manner. It is used by 
the University and City authorities. Two Russian guns, relics of the 
Crimean campaign, are mounted at the portal. The building was greatly 
improved, and additional accommodation added in 1870, at a cost of about 
of £3,000. It was near this spot that the barbarous re-execution of Eliza- 
beth, the servant of Miss Clive, took place at midnight, in 1658 (see p. 33.) 
At the upper part of the Green stands the 

Congregational British Schools, built in 1868, from designs by Mr. 
Codd, architect. They are designed to accommodate about 300 children. 
The lower part of the building consists of class rooms, vestries, &c. , attached 
to the Independent Chapel. Entering George Street, by a narrow outlet, 
known as "Chain Alley," the visitor speedily arrives at 

St. George's Church, a Chapel-of-Ease to the parish Church of St. Mary 
Magdalen. The building was erected in 1849, from designs by Mr. Harrison, 
a a cost of £4,500, of which £1,250 was paid for the site. There are a few 
modern stained-glass windows in the interior. Service on Sundays at 11 a.m. 
and 6.30 p.m. A few paces from this is the 

Independent or Congregational Chapel, built in 1832, from the 
plan, *uid under the directions of Mr. Greenshields. The front is a neat 
specimen of the Early English style. It was improved, externally and inter- 
nally in 1868, from a design by Mr. Codd, architect, of the city. The 
entrances, two in number, being added. The cost, including the addition of 
the Schools before-mentioned, purchase of the ground, &c, was about £2,000. 
There is a spacious Schoolroom under the Chapel, as well as other Schools in 
the rear. It is, probably, the most complete nonconformist edifice in the 
city. Service is held on Sundays at 10.45 a.m. and 6.30 p.m., Proceeding 
down George Street, a tributary of the river Thames is reached, and the 
Canal, the two streams being side by side. On the left bank of the river 
formerly stood, many years since, 

Rewley Abbey, founded in 1279, by Edmund, Earl of Cornwall, in 
pursuance of his father's will (Richard, King of the Romans, second son of 
King John, and brother to Henry III). The Cistercian monks occupied the 
building. They were sixteen in number— an Abbot and fifteen monks. The 
Abbey was endowed with nearly all the founder's lands and tenements m 
North Osney, as this suburb was then called. The monks came from Thame 
Abbey. The Church of Rewley Abbey was dedicated to the Blessed Virgin, 
and was consecrated in 1281. The Countess of Warwick (Ela Longespe), 
founded and endowed a Chapel or Chantrey, in connection with the Abbey. 
There is a small relic of Rewley Abbey still standing, forming the upper 
part of the London and North Western coal wharf. It consists of a gateway 
only, and can be seen from the river-bank. The thoroughfare at this part 
is called Hythe Bridge Street, from an old wharf or landing place for goods on 
the river near this spot. The word < Hythe' is Saxon. A small ornamental 
School Room was built in 1869, and will be noticed by the visitor on 
his way to the Railway Stations. The building is one of six district Schools 
in connection with St. Thomas's Church, and cost £400, generously provided 
by Mr. W. Ward and his sisters, with a few other donors _ The number oi 
Children attending is about 100. Divine service is held in the : room on 
Sunday afternoons at three o'clock. The peculiarly shaped house almost 
contiguous to the School is named ,...'.« 4- Ti^^kifor 

Hythe House, the residence of one of the district Cura tea. ^"£™ 
is now nearlv at the close of his ramble through the City and Umversity_ot 



Richard II. held Parliaments at Oxford, 1382 and 1383 



214 



RESTORATION OF CH. CH. CATHEDRAL. 



Oxford. The property in this locality will be greatly improved in a few years, 
Christ Church having purchased the land. Modern buildings have already- 
been erected on the right-hand side ; and this entrance to the city will 
present an architectural appearance more in harmony with the other inlets to 
the city " wherein so many learned imps doth make abode." The 
The Railway Hotel, was built in 1869. Immediately opposite is 
The London and North- Western Terminus. And adjoining 
The Great Western Railway Station. And now the \isitor departs 
from "Fair Oxford with her crown of towers," her antique stateliness, her 
time-worn edifices, her pleasant gardens and meandering waters, her treasures 
of bibliography, art, and science — taking with him historic associations and 
traits of many eminent men that have passed her curriculum. 

" Pleasant the city stands and fair." 

" Like a rich gem, in circling gold enshrined 
Where Isis' waters wind 
Along the sweetest shore 
That ever felt fair Culture's hands, 

Or Spring's embroidered mantle wore." 



CORRIGENDA. 




" The flighty purpose never is overtook 
Unless the deed go with it— Shakspeare. 



INCE the " Historical Handbook" has been passing through the 
press some alterations have been made in a few buildings noticed 
in the earlier pages. It is thought well to insert these, in order 
that the work may be rendered as complete as possible. The 
alterations in buildings noticed in the latter pages of the work 
have been inserted in their proper position. 

Christ Church Cathedral (see page 54). — The work of restoration 
was commenced on July 2, 1S70. It was found that the massive 
masonry of the building was in good preservation. The most 
striking alteration has been in the chancel. For the eastern window, late 
decorated in style, and not very good of the kind, a handsome circular window, 
12ft. 6in. in diameter, has been substituted. Sections of the old round window 
were plainly to be traced in the eastern wall : and in the course of the alteration 
portions of the ancient mouldings were actually found amongst the rubble in the 
walls. It is almost certain that the east end, with its pair of deeply-recessed 
round-headed windows (blocked up for many years), the arcade above them, and 
the rose window over all. present very nearly the aspect of this part of the 
building when completed by the original builders. Beneath the large window 
are two of plain Norman design, similar to some in the south transept. As 
regards most of the windows it is inferred that they were originally pure Norman, 
that they were altered to perpendicular, and that the elegant traceries were sub- 
sequently removed when stained glass was introduced. Such of the windows as 

The whole retiring Town Councillors (10) returned for the first time without opposition, 1S70. 



COMPLETION OF CLARENDON LABORATORY. 215 

were altered in the last process have been restored. They are dispersed in various 
parts of the Cathedral, in number about a dozen, and include the finely-propor- 
tioned five-light window in the north transept. New mouldings have been 
placed to the tower arches. A cursory examination of the Chancel will convince 
the spectator that this part of the restoration has involved a great deal of labour. 
Another noticeable feature is the removal of the stone screen between the pillars 
on the eastern-side of the north transept, so that now the transept is open 
to the Chapels, known as the Dean's Chapel and the Latin Chapel, with their 
canopied tombs, &c. This is a very marked improvement. Of the old monu- 
ments in the Cathedral sixty-four have been removed and refixed, forty-three of 
these being more conveniently and tastefully located. The organ in the south 
transept has been removed, and has not yet been refixed. There is some talk of 
re-erecting it in a western gallery, but this seems an infraction of one of the now 
generally accepted rule for Church arrangements. In the course of the removal 
of the wainscot, of Jacobean character which lined the walls of the sanctuary, a 
small doorway was discovered in" the south-east angle, communicating with 
a staircase formed in one of the low pyramidal spirelets, so well known as 
characteristic of the Norman period of architecture, and which groups so well 
with the central spire in the views of the Cathedral as seen from Christ Church. 
Meadow. This doorway will be no longer obscured, but the staircase made^ 
available for approaching this portion of the building. The south transept is in, 
course of restoration to its original form. It is contemplated to extend the nave 
Westward to its original dimensions — a work which will involve the destruction 
of some of the Canons' lodgings on the east side of the large quadrangle. Mr.. 
J. R. Symm is the contractor for carrying out the restoration. 

The Clarendon Laboratory, (see pp._ 123-4).— A more extended description of 
this fine building is given now that it is completed. The total cost has been 
£10 282 • defrayed out of a fund handed over to the University by the Clarendon 
trustees (the|Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone, the Duke of Marlborough, the late 
Marquis of Lothian, Lord Carnarvon, and Sir "W. Heathcote). In general style 
the building (Venetian Gothic) harmonises with the Museum. The outer facing 
of the wall is of Bath stone, diversified with light green Hornton and red Mans- 
field stone, the elevations being agreeably diversified by balconies, buttresses,. 
dormer windows, and tasteful carvings, with a pretty conical tower and spire at 
the south-western corner. The roof is slated in patterns. The main portion of 
the Laboratory consists of two storeys ; but over the Lecture Theatre is a third 
storey, with photographic rooms, large water tank, &c. The building is lined 
throughout with brick. To the left, on entering, is the porter's lodge, and then 
the staircase of Portland flags, with stone ballustrades, and supporting columns 
of red Mansfield and Bath stone. The Central Court is paved with red and 
black tiles and two storeys high, being lighted from the roof. At the first storey 
is a broad corridor down, the four sides. Against the walls of the Court will be 
arranged cases for the apparatus not in use. On the ground-floor, reached from 
the Central Court, are eight Laboratories for Professor Clifton, F.R.S., and the 
students under his instruction. These rooms include two for spectrum analysis 
and radiant heat rooms for instruments used in weighing and measuring, for 
statical electricity, and for acoustics, magnetism, electric batteries, store-rooms, 
&c. In the Theatre is a long table for the lecturer, with necessary fittings. In. 
front of this nine rows of seats with desks rise one above the other ; and over all 
at the back is a gallery. The woodwork is of deal, stained and varnished. 
Four sun-lights illumine the Theatre with gas ; and opaque shutters may be 
shifted with a windlass in front of the windows so as to exclude every ray of day- 

The first Roman-Catholic Mayor of Oxford returned since the Reformation, 1870. 



216 CHURCHES, CHAPELS, SYNAGOGUE, &>e. 

light. On the first floor, on the south side, is a large room for the study of 
optics ; also rooms for dynamic electricity, a Lecture Room, 27ft. by 20ft., the 
Professor's private room (with the oriel window), a Students' Common-Room and 
a library. Forty students can work simultaneously in the various laboratories. 
In the roof of the west side is a gallery 70ft. long, for optical experiments, the 
walls of a dead black, with one circular window. Between the southern end of 
this room and the photographic rooms oyer the theatre, the roof is flat and 
covered with lead, intended for experiments which are to be performed in the 
open air. A covered passage on the ground floor connects the Laboratory with 
the Museum, and leads to three workshops and necessary offices." It need scarcely 
be said that in such a building, above all others, the best methods of warmino- 
and ventilating have been adopted. The apparatus required for each branch of 
physics has a separate room allotted to it. The building is arranged to meet all 
requirements — experimental lectures on the principles of physics, mathematical 
discourses upon the principal theories, and the practical study of experimental 
methods. It seems strange that in our University the study of the most precise 
and the most fundamental of the natural sciences should have been so long 
neglected. Now Oxford possesses the complete means of prosecuting this branch 
of education, the importance of which is day by day becoming more fully recog- 
nised. 

Exeter College CJiapel (see page 166). — An additional adornment has been 
placed in this magnificent structure, consisting of rich hangings at the back of 
the double sedilia. The groundwork is a ribbed cloth of olive green, upon which 
are fixed, in the style known as applique, conventionalised floral devices of bril- 
liant colours. Each hanging measures about 7ft. in length by 4ft. in height, 
and has an ornamental bordering. The spaces above, in the points of the arches, 
are filled up with lillies and passion flowers, painted upon a golden ground. The 
effect of the new hangings is exceedingly good, and does credit to the skill of the 
artist, Mr. Edward Tattersall, of Southampton Row, High Holborn, and to the 
taste of the donors, the undergraduates of the College. 

University College (see page 150). — Dr. F . C. Plumtre, Master of the College, 
died Nov. 21, 1870- He was buried in the Ante-Chapel of the College. 

New Church of St. Frideswide, Osney Town (see page 11). — The erection of 
this edifice has been commenced. Situation, in a meadow at the top of West 
Street, between the two back-streams of the Thames. The cost, about £4,000. 
It will be completed in 1872. 

New Church at Neiv Headington. — A small edifice, 50ft. by 20ft. A vestry 
is attached. This was the second Church opened in Oxford (within the par- 
liamentary boundary) by Dr. Mackarness, Bishop of Oxford. 

New Church and School at North Hincksey. — A building serving for the two 
purposes has been opened in this improving locality. It is a plain substantial 
structure. Opened by Bishop Mackarness, in 1870. 

Free Methodists' Chapel (see pages 15-37). — The foundation-stone of this 
edifice was laid by the Mayor of Oxford, in September, 1870. A portion of the 
old city wall was discovered whilst the foundations were being dug. 

Jews' Synagogue. — A room has been opened for this purpose in St. Aldate 
Street, after eighteen years lapse. 

The Remarkable Pargetted Mouse Front, in Queen Street, noticed on page 36, 
has been destroyed, and quite a modern front inserted in its place. 

During the year 1870 the Local Board sanctioned the erection of about 240 
additional residences. The census for 1871 will probably approach 35,000. 



T. Shrimpton & Son, Book and General Printers, 23 and 24, Broad Street, Oxford. 



216 

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Popular 'Qxford ^uide ^dverti^ijhq £heet. 



i&tffci 





Shrimptons' Popular Oxford Guide 

COWLEY COLLEGE, 



LITTLE on one side of the London-road, about two miles south of 
Oxford, there lies a small village which is said to have derived 
its surname from some long bygone ancestor of Sir Roger de 
Coverley, but which is known with greater certainty to take its 
Christian name from the Knights Templars. At Temple 
Cowley this order of knighthood had formerly one of their 
establishments, going by the name of a Preceptory ; and some 
remains of their chapel are still visible, while the bones of the brother- 
hood are not unfrequently turned up on the soil of the field which formed 
its cemetery. 

In later times Cowley was the scene of many a bloody struggle between 
the Cavaliers and Roundheads. There are lanes still going by no other 
name than " Cruel," about which traditions linger of Royalist troopers 
becoming embarrassed in endeavouring to escape from their assailants, 
and being cut off almost to a man, before they could escape from the trap 
into which they had been drawn. In the old churchyard too — a church- 
yard and church which have occupied their present site since Anglo- 
Saxon times — there is a stone with the initials "E. W." which commemo- 
rates the spirit of an old dame who showed her valour by gallantly resisting 
the entrance of a small army into her house, armed only with her hus- 
band's pitchfork. 

The illustration is connected, however, with the great educational 
movement of the day, being a representation of the Cowley College, 
which was founded there some years ago, for the purpose of providing a 
good education at a moderate cost, for those who chose to avail them- 
selves of its advantages. Cowley School is one of the first of those 
many educational institutions which have sprung up within the last thirty 
years in connection with the Church of England, for the benefit of the 



Advertising Sheet. 



middle-classes, and it has been found to answer the purpose for which it 
was designed, to the full satisfaction of all those who have had their sons 
educated there. Originally the Old Manor House (which still forms part 
of the buildings, but is not shown in the engraving) was opened for the 
purpose, and some additions were at once made to its size. It was soon 
found, however, that more extensive premises were required than even the 
additional building afforded. A large and handsome stone-house was 
therefore built, of an appropriate design, and capable of further extension, 
near to the Old Manor House, and only a few yards detached. In this 
New Building the School-rooms are arranged on a novel and, as exp erience 
proves, a very efficient plan. They form four entirely distinct rooms, but 
instead of being separated by stone walls these rooms are divided by 
screens of iron and glass, which allow of every boy being under the eye of 
the Head-Master, and yet afford all the advantages of classification for 
pupils of different ages and attainments. Every room is provided with 
an expensive series of spring-roller Maps, which may be drawn down over 
these glass screens, and all the other apparatus of a school is equally at 
command. Each room is also warmed ) by hot-water, and thoroughly 
ventilated. The School-rooms form the lower storey in the illustration, 
and above are some of the dormitories, others being in the Old Building. 
The Playground occupies ground at the back, supplemented by a large 
Cricket Field of eight acres, at a short distance from the School. 

In 1870 a handsome commodious Chapel was added, designed by Mr. 
Bruton, of Oxford ; and although very simple in plan, and economical in 
cost, possesses considerable architectural character. It occupies the 
space between the Old Manor House and the New School ; and, with a 
tower (to be furnished hereafter) at the east end, and a porch and corri- 
dor at the west end, forms a connecting link between the two buildings. 
The walls are built with brick inside, with local walling-s tones, and Bath- 
stone dressings to the windows, buttresses, &c, on the outside. The 
interior of the roof shows all the timber, which is stained, and the plas- 
tering is between the rafters. The inside is capable of effective decora- 
tion which may be added with advantage. The seats are deal, and var- 
nished. The pulpit has a stone-base and wood-framing set on it. The 



Shrimptons' Popular Oxford Guide 

altar space is laid with encaustic tiles. When the tower is completed it 
will add very much to the appearance of the School-buildings. 

The Bishops of Winchester and Oxford are officially connected with 
the School as Visitors. 

Parents and Guardians who are desirous that youths should be soundly 
trained in a thorough English education should consult the Principal of 
the Cowley College — Oxford Diocesan School. 

Terms and Prospectuses on application. 



Preparing for Publication — Price Two Shillings and Sixpence, 
THE 

NEIGHBOURHOOD OF OXFORD 

HISTORICALLY DELINEATED. 

ILLUSTRATED WITH AUTOTYPE EMBELLISHMENTS. 

THE publishers, in announcing the forthcoming issue of this work, 
feel confident that it will . supply a desideratum long required. It 
will extend a certain radius around Oxford, and the mode of access, by 
Railway, River, or Road, to the historic Towns and Villages, will be given, 
with the fares for conveyance. 

Local traditions will be pleasantly interwoven with descriptive details, 

and thus a work will be produced worth preservation, and not to be thrown 

aside after the localities visited have been left behind. 

The following Towns and Villages will be described : — 



Abingdon 


Dytchley 


Nettlebed 


Banbury 


EynsJiam 


Nwiehani 


Bicester 


Faringdon 


Radley 


Brackley 


Forest Hill 


Stanton Harcourt 


Chalgrove 


Godstow 


Shotover Hill 


Chipping Norton 


Hcadington 


Thame 


Cowley 


Henley -on- Thames 


Wantage 


Cuddesdon 


my 


Wallingford 


Culham 


Ilsley,East&> West 


Wheatley 


Cumnor 


Islip 


Witney 


Deddington 


Littlemore 


Woodstock 


Dorchester 


Minster Lovel 


WytJiam 



OXFORD : THOS. SHRIMPTON & SON. 



Advertising Sheet. 



T 





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It was called into existence in 1837, to meet the urgent demand for 

A. LIBERAL PAPER, 

and the support it received was unexampled in this locality. It has 
never retrograded, but continues increasing in Circulation and 
Advertisements year by year. As the only recognised 

ORGAN OF THE LIBERAL PARTY, 

It is more extensively patronised and read than any other in 



ORDERS RECEIVED AT THE OFFICE, 



No. 1, ST. ALDATE'S STREET, OXFORD. 



Shrimptont' Popular Oxford Guide 



'°9 



I. g OTU&ifi & €o< 
WINE AND SPIRIT 
MERCHANTS, 

42, CORN-MARKET STREET, 



GUINNESS'S STOUT, 

AND 

BASS' AND ALLSOPPS' 

mm anwi f-@i iriaa 
ROMFORD ALES. 






Advertising! Sheet. 



THE 



OXFORD 



It^t* 




Tl 



IS NOW IN CIRCULATION THE 
FOR THE 

Uttifarsiijr, City, uvfo €oixnty. 
Published every FRIDAY EVENING, 

AT THE LOW PRICE OF 

ONE PENNY. 

CHIEF OFFICE : 106*, HIGH STREET, 
OXFORD. 

SINCE 1869 this well-established, fearlessly-independent, and popular 
County Paper has been able to boast of a Larger Circulation in the 
University, the City, and in almost every town, village, and hamlet in the 
County, than all the Oxfordshire Papers combined. 

TOTAL CIRCULATION ABOUT 

10,000 WEEKLY. 

(Best Medium for Advertising. Terms : same as the 
other two County (Papers. 



Sfirlmptons' Popular Oxford Guide 



Wtoti&tK8it£ arm Cits 



ESTABLISHED 1826. 



JOHN NALDER, 

litllf 

TEA,' GROCERY, AND ITALIAN 

WA B E H USE MA N, 
56, £>T. £jlLE£'£ JStREET, ^XfO^D. 



*L&&4^ ^&&4? 4 ^-^^^^ 



1 



{UMUftEfrS -OTffifgl J11XTUR&, 

Especially adapted for the Oxford Hard Water. 

3 OTIS MIXTURE consists of several Descriptions of CHOICE 
« TEA, combined in such proportions as to produce a remark- 
ably Rich, and Pull Flavor ; thus forming an Excellent Tea for 
General Use. It has commanded an Extensive and Increasing Sale 
during the past Ten Years ; and its Uniform Quality and Moderate 
Price continue to recommend it to the notice of the public 
generally. 



&*®W®X®S 



Agent for Gilbeys' Foreign Wines and Spirits. 

Sole Agent for Ind, Coope, S* Co/s (Burton Ales, in 

Casks and (Bottles. 

Dublin XX Stout and Devonshire Cyder in Prime Condition in Bottles. 



Advertising Sheet, 






PUBLISHED WEEKLY 




DURING TERM. 



THE OXFORD 




WITH WHICH ^|)X ^abtHfije IS INCORPORATE!.. 

PRICE SIZPElsTCE. 

This Journal was established in 1865, and is now well known in all 
circles of the University, besides having circulation in the sister Univer- 
sity, the Universities of London, Scotland, and Ireland, the Schools of 
Eton, London, Marlborough, Winchester, &c. 

The Editorial Department is under the superintendence of a member 
of the University. Special features of the Journal : — 

THE OXFORD PULPIT. 

The Sermons preached by the leading divines of the Church of England 
in St. Mary-the- Virgin Church, either expressly reported or supplied by 
the author direct. 

THE UNIVERSITY SCHOOLS. 

The Order of the Examinations, the Lists of successful Men, and all 
the available intelligence is carefully collated. 

THE ATHLETIC SPORTS, BOAT RACES, 

Billiard, Cricket, and Racquet Matches, &c, are supplied by special 
correspondents. 

THE LETTERS TO THE EDITOR 

Form an agreeable page (or more) of intercommunication — grievances, 
and suggestions for their amelioration, being discussed impartially. 

THE REVIEWS 

Of New and Reprinted Works are contributed by a critic of repute, and 
the student may depend on the books recommended. 

Every Event of Interest to the Undergraduate appears in the columns 
of the Journal, and no effort is spared to make it thoroughly acceptable. 

Published by Thos. SHRIMPTON & SON, 

23 & 24, BROAD STREET, OXFORD. 



Shrimp tons 9 Popular Oxford Guide 



BLUCHER INN, 

Facing the main thoroughfare from 
the Railway Stations, 

CASTLE STREET, OXFORD. 

J. R. FLETCHER, 

Late of the Cross Keys Inn, Queen Street, 



ft 



espectfully informs the numerous Visitors to the City, University, 
and many interesting Localities surrounding Oxford, that 



May be obtained at the above Inn at 

MODERATE CHARGES. 



Oxford has been famous for its ale from the days of Edward the Confessor, 
and the celebrity continues to this day.— "Nooks and Corners of English Life," by 
John Timbs, F.S.A. 

PRIME OXFORD ALE 

IN FIRST-CLASS CONDITION. 

" Balm of my cares, sweet solace of my toils, 
Hail, juice benignant! 
My sober evening let the tankard bless 
"With toast embrowned, and fragrant nutmeg fraught. 



Be mine each morn, with eager appetite, 
And hunger undissembled, to repair 
To friendly inn : there, on smoking crust 
And foaming ale, to banquet unrestrained- 
Material breakfast! "—"Panegyric on Oxford Ale," by Warton, 

Poet-Laureate, 1748. 

LONDON STOUT. GOOD BEDS, 



Advertising Sheet. 



The Largest and Best-Selected Stock of 
Sweets, &c, in Oxfordshire. 

SOMETHING NEW EVERT WEEK. 

Every Article made on the (Premises, and its 
(Purity Guaranteed. 




KING, 

-e£x<3o- 

TRY 

KING'S COUGH DROPS, 

A SUBE CUBE FOB COUGHS 8f COLDS. 

mQ)W glasses ®>w kLL §im§ m st@«* 

SPECIAL QUOTATIONS TO LARGE BUYERS. 

LARGE ASSORTMENT OF COSAQUES 6- FANCY BOXES. 

Note the Address— Exactly facing the Post Office. 



Shrimptons 9 Popular Oxford Guide 



THOS. SHRIMPTON & SON, 

(LATE T. AND G. SHRIMPTON) 

UNIVEE8ITY 



BOOKBINDERS, STATIONERS, PUBLISHERS, 
PRINTERS, AND 

RESPECTFULLY beg to thank the Members of the University for the very 
liberal support afforded to the late Firm for the last twenty years, and. 
also to inform them that the Business in future will be carried on by Thos. 
Shrimpton and Sox, who earnestly solicit a continuance of the same. All 
commands entrusted to them will be attended to with the utmost promptitude 
and punctuality. 

BOOKSELLING— A large Stock of NEW & SECOND-HAND BOOKS 
in the Classics, Theology, Law, Modern History, Mathematics, Geography, 
Poetry, Biography, and Fiction. Works not in Stock procured at a day's Notice. 

STATIONERY — A great variety of Letter and Note Papers, Scribbling 
and Sermon Papers, Demy, Post, and Foolscap Papers, Envelopes, Inks, Pens, 
Pencils, Blotting Cases, Note Books, Lecture Cards, <fec, always on hand. 

PHOTOGRAPHY — An experienced Photographer on the Premises. Por- 
traits, Gentlemen's Seats, Rooms, Groups, &c, Photographed and Coloured to 
order on the shortest notice. The New Transparent Photographs. Three 
Series of Oxford Views, upwards of 100 in number. Portraits of University 
Dignitaries, Notabilities, &c. Photographic Albums in great variety. Negatives 
of all Portraits taken on the Premises kept and numbered. 

PRINTING — Pamphlets, Sermons, Essays, Poems, Novels, Athletic Cards, 
Programmes, Testimonials, &c, printed to order, in the best manner, on the 
shortest notice. 

PUBLISHERS OF THE 

"UNDERGRADUATES' JOURNAL," 

COLLEGE RHYMES, PRIZE POEMS, ESSAYS, &c. 

General Catalogue of increased Stock of Books now ready. 



To prevent mistakes, please to notice the Cliristian Name and Address : 

THOS. SHRIMPTON & SON, 
28 & 24, BROAD STREET, OXFORD. 



Advertising Sheet, 




CHEAP 



PICTURE FRAMES,! 

MOULDINGS, 

Iandpiotuees, I 



AT 



48, St. Ebbe Street, 

WW 

WORKSHOPS: i% QUEEN STREET. 



A GREAT VARIETY OF 

&ASSE I|aRTOUTS, §ANCY flRAMES, ^C, 
For Cartes de Visite— Wholesale and Retail. 



Shrimptons' Popular Oxford Guide 



J. W. HUNT, 

(£ate £. fiujrr 8f £on) 
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL 




t 



BURFOKD, OXON. 



STA1LI8HE® ¥©WTY YIE&KS. 



J. "W. H. invites attention to his Stock of Wines, &c., 
especially OLD PORT, which he has selected with the 
greatest care, and at Moderate Prices : — 



No. 1 Sherry . 


18s. 


per Doz. 


No. 2 Sherry .... 


24s. 


3) 


No. 3 Sherry (recommended) . 


30s. 


?J 


No. 4 Sherry (Pale or Brown) 


36s. 


5> 


Bottled Wines (Very superior old) 


42s, to 72s. Doz 


No. 1 Port 


24s. 


per Doz. 


No. 2 Port 


30s. 


5? 


NO. 3 Port (useful Wine) 


36s. 


JJ 


__ - tijt.hI (ItoQlfy recommended, fit for 
WO. <* **OIT immediate use) 


42s. 


:j 


Clarets .... From 


12s. 


)t 


Champagnes 


33s. 


n 



Spirits of the very best quality at most moderate prices. 
&T Single Bottles at Wholesale Prices. 



Advertising Sheet. 



SCOTTISH UNION 

J?IHE AJW ]*W jj^SUF^ANCE f OMPAJW. 

Established 1824, and Incorporated by Royal Charter. 

Head Office— 47, GEORGE STREET, EDINBURGH. 
London— 37, CORNHILL. Dublin— 52, DAME STREET. 

CAPITAL, FIVE MIL LIONS STERLING. 

E D I N B U R GH BOARD. 

(Hjobernor. 
HIS GRACE THE DUKE OF HAMILTON AND BRANDON. 

3B£putp=<3xo6emor. 
THE MOST NOBLE THE MARQUIS OF QUEENSBURY. 
©rtrinarp directors. 



JOHN KENNEDY, ESQ. 
JOHN W. RAMSAY, ESQ. 
WILLIAM ANDERSON, ESQ. 
ROBERT HUTCHISON, ESQ. 
JOHN WRIGHT, ESQ. 



WILLIAM YOUNGER, ESQ. 
PATRICK DALMAHOY, ESQ. 
DANIEL AINSLIE, ESQ. 
HUGH BRUCE, ESQ. 
FINDLAY ANDERSON, ESQ. 



Manager — george ram say. Secretary — james barlas. 

Auditor — Robert spottiswoode, esq., c.a. 
Physician — dr. j. warburton begbie. 
Bankers — the commercial bank, the national bank. 



Invested Funds at 1st August, 1868 £1,045,613 

Annual Revenue, from all sources 225,328 

Amount of Life Insurances in force. . 4,200,000 

PROGRESS OF THE COMPANY: 
During the Quinquennial Period, from 1st August, 1 861, to 1st August, 
1866, the Total Amount of New Life Assurances effected was ,£2,287,532, 

being an average Annual Amount of £457,500 

While the New Life Business done during the Year 

ending 1st August, 1868, amounted to £478,347 

The Annual Revenue of the Company from Fire and Life Premiums 
and Interest was — 

In 1858 £122,000 

In 1863 £180,000 

In 1868 £225,000 

♦ 
AGENT FOR OXFORD:— 
MR. J. H. TURNER, 45, BROAD STREET. 



Shrimp toils 9 Popular Oxford Guide 



JOSEPH HIGGINS, 





Wl M 







WALTON STREET, 




Invites the especial attention of his Eriends and the 
General Public to his 

SPLENDID ALES AND PORTER, 

AT V 'ABI077S PRICES. 



:o:- 



AT 21s. PUB 18 GALLONS. 



-:o:- 



This announcement is important to all Heads of 
Families, and Large Establishments. 



>*•£ 



ORDERS PUNCTUALLY ATTENDED TO. 

PRICE LISTS ON APPLICATION. 



Advertising Sheet. 



ST. GILES'S FIELDS, 



LIME, COALS, &c. 



"&•&< 



,©i 



a: 

< 

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JOHN CALCUTT 



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I 

The Proprietor of the above Works, tenders his sincere thanks to 
his Friends and the Public generally for their support during the 
last ten years, and begs to state that he is able to supply Large 
Quantities of Building Bricks, at the Lowest Market-Price. 



White, (Pressed, Cut, or Moulded (Bricks made to order 
on the shortest notice. 



EASY DELIVERY BY RAIL OR THE OXFORD CANAL. 



Shr impious* 'Popular Oxford Guide 



F. ENEVER & CO., 

PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS, 

LiQUSDATOES, ^€, 9 

4, NEW ROAD, OXFORD. 

Books Balanced, Audited, kept Periodically or 
otherwise. 



0Mlif ©©HPT®*,, 
^jtC0Mtiiant, Haws* vtuif (&nxtxd %gmt, 

45, QUEEN STREET, OXFORD. 

Creditors arranged with. 

Heeds of Composition negociated. 

Rents and Debts Collected. 

ACCOUNTANCY AND AGENCY BUSINESS TRANSACTED WITH 
CARE AND PUNCTUALITY, 

Agent for the 'Reliance Life Office and Hand-in-ILaad 

Fire Office. 



Advertising Sheet. 



¥ 




^ 

^ 



■\ 






£ 







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® 



mmmmm^m 



Shrimptons 9 Popular Oxford Guide 



COCOA FOR CATTLE, 

JUST OVER A FARTHING A FEED. 

In Bags of 7 lbs. and upwards. 




TRADE ^«^ V MARK 



Recommended by all Leading Men. 

APPLY TO 

MR. E N" E V B R, 

4, NSW ROAD, OXFORD. 

JOHN ABRAM MARSH, 
NORTH STAR, 

BROAD STREET, OXFORD. 

TiGITS faM® MARQiSSSj 

TABLES, TRESTLES, AND FORMS, 

OF EVERY DESCRIPTION AND DIMENSION LET ON HIRE. 

ISat!) ana fflfjcltrnfjam Cfjaire to art. 
GOODS CAREFULLY REMOVED. 



Advertising Sheet. 



TILE 

OLDEST-ESTABLISHED 

Drapery, Hosiery, Haberdashery, and 

BOOT & SHOE ESTABLISHMENT 

IN 

QUEEN STREET, 



oxaroaft 



® 



NO CONNECTION WITH ANY OTHER HOUSE. 



T. COLLIER 

Invites attention to his New and Unrivalled Stock of 
Ladies', Gentlemen's, and Children's Boots and Shoes, 
of First-Class Manufacture and at Second-Class Prices. 

THE STRONGEST iAOE BOOTS II OXFORD. 

American Overshoes and Cork Socks of Superior Make. 
BOOTS AND SHOES 1V1ADE TO MEASURE. 



OBSEKYE THE ADDBESS— 

27, QUEEN STREET, 

(corner OF NEW-INN-HALL street) 

OXFOED. 
T. COLLIER, PROPRIETOR. 



Skrimptqw* Popular Oxford Guide 



A. TROTMAN, 

(Late Assistant at Jfr. F. Irwin's), 

WW& Wf ,f P> ,f P *© 1fil> 

~n 



Id* — w ^ «*§>. m 
Qixhxmtx anft ©ntstmrnfotl fair ^mjufatteer, 
49, /ST. ^^ STREET, OXFORD, 

A FEW DOORS FROM QUEEN STREET. 

- 6QQQ - 

^4 Private Room for Ladies' Hair Cutting and Dressing. 
LADIES' OWN HAIR MADE TO ANY DESIGN ON THE SHORTEST 

NOTICE. 
W No Extra Charge for the Rotary Hair Brush, 

95, ST. ALDATE STREET, OXFORD, 

Corner, of Pembroke Street, opposite Ch. Ch. 

The Right Thing in the Right Place at the Right Time. 

CHATLNDY'S CELEBRATED AND EFFECTUAL LOZENGES, 
for Obstinate Coughs, Colds, Hoarseness, Croup, Whooping Cough, Hard Dry 
Cough, Spitting of Blood, Disorders of the Throat and Air Passages, Removal of 
Tough Phlegm, Shortness of Breath, Asthma, Influenza, Difficulty of Breathing, and 
the General Debility resulting from the above-named Diseases, and all other affections 
of the Chest and Lungs. A remedy which for nearly twenty years has been 

n niformly successful. • 

Freedom from Torment— Ease by Day, Rest by Night. 

CHAUNDY'S GOUT AND RHEUMATIC MIXTURE. This 
Mixture was a prescription of a celebrated Physician, and will give immediate 
relief. It is a safe cure for the undermentioned " Ills that flesh is heir to*' — Gout, 
Rheumatic-Gout, Rheumatism, Ticdoloreux, Neuralgia, Sciatica, Lumbago, Pains in 
the Limbs, Head, Face, and Gums ; Toothache, Earache, &c. 

Note— Prepared and Sold only by T. G. Chaundy. 



Advertising Sheet. 



H. HATCH, 
7, 8, & 9, Magdalen Street, 

OXFORD. 




AND 



Ladies' Underclothing Establishment. 

A full supply of the above articles always on hand, ready for use. 



AGENT FOR 
Price from £6 6s., including Table. 

They may be seen at work on the Premises. 

FAMILY 

Mourning Establishment, 

5 7, ST. G I L E S'S. 

This department embraces every article needed for Mourning 
purposes, and is carried on at St. Giles's, for the convenience and comfort 
of purchasers. 

Fffl€E TO«g AWB »EAPm¥ 

OP EVERY DESCRIPTION, 
7, 8, & 9, MAGDALEN STREET, OXFORD. 



Shr impious' Popular Oxford Guide 




23 $ 24, Bit AD STREET, 

Opposite Balliol and Trinity Colleges, Oxford. 
No co7inection with any other Establishment. 



T, SHRIMPTON $ SON, 

PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS 

TO MEMBERS OE THE UNIVERSITY. 



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ESSAYS, NOVELS, POEMS, AND ALL CLASSES 

OF PRINTING, 

In the most Approved Styles, in Modern and 

Id = Style Type. 



a\ 



Every facility for Publishing through first-class London 
Establishments, on Mutual Terms. 



^"^^S^^^^^^^p'- 



Advertising Sheet. 



23 & 24, 

BROAD 

STREET, 

<©*forb. 



Photographic 
Gallery. 

Fine-Art Studio 



University, 

Boat, & 

College Arms. 



Articles 
de Lnxnrieux. 

Bare Editions 

of High-Class 

Works. 



23 & 24, 

BROAD 

STREET, 



T. SHRIMPTON & SON. 

VIEWS OF OXFORD: 

TWO HUNDRED DIFFERENT KINDS. 

OXFORD QUIZZICALITIES : 

A SERIES OF HUMOROUS PHOTOS. 

OXFORD GUIDE-BOOKS : 

FROM FOURPENCE EACH. 

COLLEGE NOTE PAPER. 



No connection with any other 
Establishment whatever. 



COLLEGE ENVELOPES. 
OXFORD LETTER-WEIGHTS: 

WITH ILLUMINATED VIEWS. 

The THAMES & CHERWELL : 

PHOTOGRAPHS AND AUTOTYPES. 

OXFORD SOUVENIRS : 

A THOROUGH FIRST-CLASS SELECTION. 

T. SHRIMPTON & SON. 



Skrimptom' Popular Oxford Guide 



SEEDS. [ DUTCH FLOWER ROOTS. I TREES. 

JOHN JEFFSRIES & SONS, 
Seed Growers, Nurserymen, &c, 
B c\re^||terf OXFORD & CIRENCESTER. 

CATALOGUES GRATIS AND POST FREE. 




SUKGEOJSTDENTIST, 

37, CORN-MARKET STREET, 

(CORNER OF NEW-INN-HALL STREET) 

OXFORD. 
JOSEPH NUNNEY, 

BUILDER, &c, 

BREWER'S STREET, ST. ALDATE, 

AND 

«, CAMBRIDGE TERRACE, CAMBRIDGE STREET. St. EB3E. 

fHj^° Estimates given for General Repairs. 

"COLLEGE RHYMES:' 

"The blossom of the flying Terms. ;; 

Terminal Parts, Is. 6d. Annual Vols., 4s. 6d. 

T. SHRIMPTON & SON, BROAD STREET, OXFORD. 



Advertising Sheet 



UUY AND GAMMON, 

IMPORTERS OF 

WINES, SPIRITS, and LIQUEURS, 

FREWIN COURT, 
CORN MARKET STREET, OXFORD, 

Adjoining the Union Society's (Rooms. 

AGENTS FOR NORWICH UNION LIFE INSURANCE SOCIETY. 

STANDLAKE MILLS, WITNEY. 



WILLIAM HEMMINGS, 



BEGS most respectfully to thank his numerous Friends and Customers 
for their kind support during past seasons, and reminds them that 
he has always a Stock of LAWES' CELEBRATED MANURES on 
hand. 

All Orders entrusted to his care will have his best attention. 
ALL KINDS OF OFFALS, OATS, MAIZE, BEANS, &c, 

ALWAYS IN STOCK. 

Lawes' Superphosphate - - £5 15 per Ton. 

Patent Turnip Manure - 6 15 „ 



Shrimptons' Popular Oxford Guide 

TENNYSON'S POEMS, 

fit Elegant antr "§km gintrmgs. 

ILLUSTRATED BY GUSTAVE DO RE AND OTHER 
EMINENT ARTISTS. 



ELAINE, illustrations by Dore: Proofs £4 10s. (pub. £$ 5s.); 
Photographs, £2 13s. (pub. £3 3s.); Prints, 18s. (pub. 21s.). 
T^NID, illustrations by Dore : Proofs, £4 10s, (pub. £5 5 s.) ; Photo- 
J-' graphs, £2 13s. (pub. £3 3s.); Prints, 18s. (pub. 21s.). 
TI^NOCH ARDEN, 4to illustrated, 15s. (pub. 21s.); morocco or calf- 
*-* extra, not illustrated, ros.; cloth, 5s. 3d. ; Latin translation, 5s. 3d.; 
Enoch Arden, Idylls of the King, In Memoriam, Princess, &c, 
bound in one vol., 12010, 15s. 

GUINEVRE, illustrations by Dore : Proofs, £4 10s. (pub. £5 5s.) ; 
Photographs, £2 13s. (pub. £3 3s.); Prints, 21s. (pub. 25s.). 
OLY GRAIL, 6s.; calf-extra, us. 



H 



IDYLLS OF THE KING, complete in one vol., with thirty-seven 
illustrations by Dore', £3 3s. 6d. (pub. £3 13s. 6d.) ; not illustrated, 
6s. and 10s. ; morocco or calf-extra, 10s. 6d. and 14s.; with other 
Poems, one vol. i2mo, 15s. 

IN MEMORIAM, cloth, 5s. 3d.; morocco or calf-extra, 10s.; Analysis 
of, by Robertson, 2s. In one vol., with other Poems, 121110, 15s. 
AUD, i2mo cloth, 4s. 6d. ; morocco or calf-extra, 9s. 



M 
M 



AY QUEEN, illuminated by Hartley, 18s.; illustrated, 4s. 6d. 



IWTlLLER'S DAUGHTER, and other Poems, illustrated, i2mo cloth, 

*■*■*' 6s.; morocco or calf-extra, 10s. 6d. 

T30EMS, 4to illustrated, morocco elegant, £1 16s.; calf-extra, £1 10s.; 

-*■ cloth, 1 8s. ; post 8vo cloth, 8s.; morocco or calf-extra, 12s 6d. ; 
Complete Works, uniformly bound, in box, £1 18s. ; Concordance 
to, 6s. ; Selections from, cloth, 4s. 6d. ; morocco, 9s. 

PRINCESS, The, illustrated by Mrs. Lees, folio, 15s.; illustrated i2mo, 
9s. ; not illustrated, cloth, 4s. 6d. ; calf-extra or morocco, 9s. 
VIVIEN, illustrations by Dore: Proofs, £4 10s. (pub. ^5 5s.); 
Photographs, £2 13s (pub. £3 3s.); Prints, 21s. (pub. 25s.). 

T. Shrimpton & Son, Broad Street, Oxford. 

No connection with a?iy other Establishment. 



Advertising Sheet. 



W. H. CARTER, 
GAS AND WATER-FITTER, 

Tin, Iron,& Zinc Plate Worker, Plumber,&c. 
HIGH STREET, ST. CLEMENT, OXFORD. 

ORDERS PUNCTUALLY ATTENDED TO. 



W. E. C. fAYI E, 

(FORMERLY WITH MESSRS. SLATTER AND ROSE). 

BTMTOfWEY Am WAmY -G0<*&8« 

DYE SINKING. 

BOOKBINDIJSQ NEATLY EXECUTED. 
MAGAZINES & PERIODICALS SUPPLIED. 

1, TTJRL STREET, OXFORD. 

T. SHRIMPTON & SON'S 
PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDIO, 

S3 & i& e IR©&© STRUT* ®&f ©RB, 



Shrimptons' Popular Oxford Guide 



ARCHER & CO., 

Carries to all parts ai % fttnxto %\m$om 



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IB* XfjnmptOtt & SOU have always in stock a large selec- 
tion of this Work, termed " The Poetical Missal of the Church," of which 
considerably over one hundred editions have appeared since its first issue. 
A list of the editions in stock is respectfully submitted, any one of which 
will form an agreeable souvenir of Oxford. Dr. Pusey said, when speak- 
ing of John Keble's lyrical outpourings, in the Sheldonian Theatre, after 

the foundation-stone of Keble College was laid, on April 25, 1868 : 

" The ' Christian Year'' in true love — sweet, soft, gentle, but distinct 
— won those to the truth wliom learning, argument, or scriptural 
proof would not have eo?ivinced. It reached the understanding 
through the heart. It not only kiught truth, but it taught it in 
tenderness, devotion, and love. B was the first great 7cave of 
sound of that solemn harmony of truth which has since reverber- 
ated around our English-speaking world, which has broken into a 
thousand echoes, each teaching truth to wandering man. " 

Jptjjje (Sfljrisfett ^4Wh nmo morocco antique, tooled edges, 
illustrated with photographs, rubricated borders, £2 2s. Superb edition. 

Wt\\t G^IjratiiW ~Wm, cheap edition, cloth, is. 6<±, and 2s. 

Jpty* (STIjratimt ~Y~m f illustrated with prints, morocco-antique 
tooled edges, foolscap 8vo, 30s. ; morocco plain, gilt edges, not illustrated, 
us.; 8vo cloth, 6s. 6d ; calf-antique, us. 6d.; morocco antique, 15s.; 
vellum elegant, 21s. 

Jplj* <STIjristi<W W~m, i6mo ivory, gilt edges, illustrated with 
photographs, £1 15s.; morocco antique, gilt edges, 21s. 

W\t (Ml}XMmXt ~Wmx f 321110 cloth, 3 s. ; calfiantique, 7 s.; 
morocco, 10s. 6d.— 8vo vellum elegant, 25s.; morocco plain, 25s.— i 2 mo 
calf-antique, 10s.; morocco, 12s. ; photographs, rubricated borders, 28s. 



©♦ Sfjrtmptou & Son, mm% Street* ©xtota, 



Shrimptons' Popular Oxford Qnide 









Elaborate and Expensive Workmanship, 

AS WELL AS IN 

Cheap, Plain, and Substantial Styles, 

WITH PROMPTITUDE. 

ESTIMATES AND EVERY INFORMATION ON APPLICATION TO 

YTOS. SHRMIPTflfl & 8<MI S 
College Bookbinders, Booksellers, & Printers, 

Exactly opposite Balliol and Trinity Colleges, 

23 & 24, BROAD STREET, OXEOKD. 

|§^P NO CONNECTION WITH THE ESTABLISHMENT IN TURL STREET. 

Gentlemen's Libraries (Repaired or (Purchased. 

OXFORD PHOTOGRAPHS 

OF THE 

COLLEGES (Exteriors and Interiors), 
HALLS, CHURCHES, MUSEUMS, MEMORIALS, 

GARDENS, CATHEDRAL, 

BODLEIAN (Library, Picture- Gallery, & Museum), 

HEADS OF COLLEGES, 

NOTED MEMBERS OF THE UNIVERSITY. 

Four Hundred distinct subjects. 

FROM SIXPENCE EACH. 

Shrimpton & Son, Broad Street. 

ONLY ONE ESTABLISHMENT. 



Shrimptons ) Popular Oxford Guide 



ARMS & CRESTS 



in great oarietrj. 



Established 

in this City, 

1832. 



A LARGE STOCK 

OF THE 

NEWEST 

VOCAL 

AND 

Instrumental 

MUSIC, 

FROM ALL 

THE FIRST-CLASS 
PUBLISHERS 

AT 

Half-Price 

THE 

PROFESSION 

AND 

SCHOOLS 

iSuppIieb. 



si 



©ngrabing $c 
TCitbograpbp. 



?m 



OXFORD DEPOT OF THE BIBLE SOCIETY. 
H. ALDEN, 

§00kseller, Stationer, 

AND MTJSICSELLER, 

35 WEN-MARKET STREET. 



PRINTER & PUBLISHER 

OF 

gJttat's Jlltistfiiqd ^Immunit 

AND 

OXFORD HANDBOOK, 

ISSUED ANNUALLY, PRICE ONE PENNY. 

ALSO OF 

%Um'% Jlhtsfpi^l Joupal, 

A Magazine of Local Information and 

General Literature : 

Issued monthly, 24 pp. 4to, on toned paper, 

PRICE ONE PENNY. 

The attention of Authors, Publishers, and the 
Public generally, is respectfully called to the facili- 
ties afforded by this establishment for the execution 
of Book-work of the best description, as well as 
Commercial Work of every kind and quality, at 
reasonable charges. 

The large and varied selection of Types, plain 
and ornamental, affords an ample choice of material 
and style : while accuracy and punctuality in the 
execution of orders are secured by constant and 
direct personal superintendence. 

goons, ^lamprjlcis, &c, hutlj atenracg & taste. 
Cheap Machine Work expeditiously executed. 



ARMS & CRESTS 


Hj 


nm 



of the CPolIcges. 



Atom's ^printing ©ffites, 

35 CORN-MARKET STREET, 

WORKS: 20 NEW-INN-HALL STREET, 

OXFORD. 

^|T Orders by Post receive prompt attention. 



Oxford Bibles 

PRAYER BOOKS, 
&c, &c. 



EDUCATIONAL 

BOOKS 

AXD 

STATIONERY 

OF ALL KINDS. 

Commercial 
Stationery. 

OXFORD 

GUI DES 

AND 

VIEWS 

IN 

EVERY VARIETY. 
Boohs Bound 

IN ANY STYLE. 



©tc Sinking 
Sr Stamping. 



Shrimptons* Popular Oxford Guide 



BOOT AND SHOE 

"WAHEHOUSK, 
28 QUEEN STREET, OXFORD, 




Heturns thanks 
for the favours 
he has received, 
and be^s to in- 
form the Public 
and his Friends 
that he contin- 
ues tosellGoods 
of the best qua- 
lity at the low- 
est remunerat- 
ing prices. 




ONE TRIAL IS SOLICITED. 



AMERICAN OVERSHOES 



oo:r,:b: socibis 



OF THE VERT EEST MATERIALS. 



NOTE THE ADDRESS! 

28 QUEEN STREET. 



Shrimptons' Popular Oxford Guide 

S. W.y AYLDR, Practical Tailor, 

ROBE MAKER, HATTER, & SHIRT MAKER, 

e <te *7 SHIP STREBT, OXFORD. 

Scotch Tweed Suits from 50 Chipping-Norton Tweed Trousers from 1G G 

Black Superfine Dres^ Suits . . „ 84 Fancy Mixtures in Trousering ,, 14 
Black or Blue Melton Frock Coats „ 42 White Flannel Trousers „ 1 2 G 

A large Assortment ofM.A.,B.A., §• Commoner s Gowns, New Sf Seco)id-hancL 
gifle Wini'oxms, gosling anb Cnckthvg Outfits nabjj for nu. 

.AJUiXj F^^TTESPLTSrS &z PAECELS CABRIAGE TPJ±.TTD. 



I 

1 BRIDGE STREET, ST. EBBE'S, OXFORD. 

The Cheapest Mouse in Oxford for all kinds of Repairs, Whitewashing, 
Colouring, Tainting, House Decorating, 8fc. 

ESTIMATES Q- I "V !KI 2ST_ 
A CABD.] J 

MH X J, ROLlPH, 
Joust antr Estate %Qttd f %ttauxdivd, fa. $ 

PLANTATION ROAD, ST. GILES', OXFORD. 
Rents Collected. Prompt and Liberal Settlements. 



To Tlioee ZRecrmirizig TeetlxII! 
MR. ESKELL 

HAS much pleasure in informing those requiring TEETH, that he can re-pl^e them wjthojit PAIN. 
EXTRACTION. SPRINGS, or WIRES, on his PAINLE- SMBTHOD-proved for many 
years to be PERFECTLY SUCCESSFUL and SATISFACTORY that the VERIEhT /^ALID. 
or the most NERVOUS INDIVIDUAL, can now boldly avail themselves of the greatest buww 
that has ever been invented for SUFFERING HUMANITY. ...„, an . nura . 

They are equal to Nature in Appearance and Use, and, from their exceeding ^S^e^ndD ura 
bility, are worn with the Greatest Ease, Freedom, and Comfort; Defy Detection, -^f^ible, and 
Never Change Colour-Soft and Pliant to the Gums, Support Loose Teeth, and R est °™ *« F ^!f '^ 
their Natural Appearance, without considering the Greatest of all Benefits-the Restoration of Nature. 

ONLY ONE VISIT NECESSARY FOR COUNTRY PATIENTS 
DENTISTRY IN ALL ITS BRANCHES I-TERMS STRICTLY MODERATE!? 
KT CONSULTATIONS FREE ! ! ! 

ARTIFICIAL TEETH, EQUAL T^Jgf'offis!'™ 1 " "'"' E1<TRA0T,0 " , 

BY MR. ESKELL, DENTIST, 
39 BEAUMONT ST. (nearly opposite the Bandolpa Hotel) OS*OKiJ. 



Shrimptons' Popular Oxford Guide 



T. LX^E, 

§411IAiI lllill 

80 ST. AXDATE'S STREET, 
OXFORD. 



Patent Axles carefully Cleaned, Washer ed and Oiled. 

Estimates given tor{ Bspafying and #amtmg (f5ar$ian?,$. 

Carriages of all kinds on the most improved principles. 

AXL WOKK WARRANTED. 

J. HORNE, 
BUILDER, &c., 

3 BLENHEIM PLAGE, ST. GILES' ROAD, "W., OXFORD. 
Estimates Given on Application. 

All kinds of Building Materials for Sale on the Premises. 



dMBI&OT IBAH.IL MLAHOTAOTTOIlIEn 

25 aUEEN STREET, OXFORD, 

EOR Nine Years Agent for Messrs. Sutton & Co.'s Parcel Delivery Company, and now 
Agent for Crouch's Universal Parcel Express to and' from 

LONDON AND OXFORD, 

at greatly Reduced Rates, viz. : — 

lib. 2 1b. 6 1b. 14 1b. 18 1b. 28 1b. 361b. 

3d. | 4d. | 6d. | 8d. | 9d. | lOd. | Is. 
ALL GOOD S DISPATCHED DAILY. ESTABLISHED 1813 

THE IIVC ^ JR. -\T E L OE SCIENCE. 

Health and Manhood Restored (Without Medicine). 

Cure Yourself by the Electric and Magnetic Self- Adjusting Curative. 

SUFFERERS from Nervous Debility, Painful Dreams, Mental and Physical Depression, Palpitation 

of the Heart, Noises in the Head and Ears, Indecision, Impaired Sight and Memory, Indigestion, 

Prostration, Lassitude, Depression of Spirits, Loss of Energy and Appetite, Pains in the Back and 

Limbs, Timidity, Self-Distrust, Dizziness, Love of Solitude, Groundless Fears, &c, &c. 

CAN NOW CURE THEMSELVES 
By the only ' ' Guaranteed Remedy " in Europe, protected and sanctioned by the Faculty. Details 
free for One Stamp, by WALTER JENNER, Esq., Medical Electrician, Member College, &c, 
PERCY HOUSE, BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON. 

N.B. — Medicine and Fees superseded. 
In proof of the Wonderful Cukes effected. Invalids can have the "Electkic Magnetic Cura- 
tive " on Trial, vith reference to the leading Physicians of the day. 

Established 1840 as Medical Electrician, <§-c. A TEST GRATIS. Send for Details. 

CAUTION. 
N.B. — This is the only acknowledged Curative Appliance as in use in the various Hospitals and 
recognised by the Medical Faculty of Great Britain, and none arc genuine unless had direct from MB. 
WALTEB JENNEB; who cautions the %ublys against a person using his -name, and imitating his dis- 
coveries, Vide Prize Medal and Hospital Reports, 



Advertising Sheet. 



"Well worthy the great success which has attended them." 

OGCEO * 

HERALDIC SHEETS 

Beautifully executed in Colours, ONE SHILLING- 

Emblazoned in Gold and Silver, TWO SHILLINGS each 

Post Free for One Extra Stamp. 

PRESS NOTICES. 

Flags of the University Bouts.—" We have seldom seen anything better exe- 
cuted. . . we cordially commend them to the notice of Oxford men."— Oxford 
Undergraduates' Journal. 

" Cannot fail to form a conspicuous ornament in the more refined collections 
of trophies m the rooms or clubs of the 'heroes of the oar.'"— Oxf. Univ. Herald. 

" A perfect bijou, reflecting great credit."— Oxford Chronicle. 

" Most correctly and tastefully executed .... they deserve all the admiration 
that can be bestowed upon them."— Cambridge Chronicle. 

Heraldic Sheets.—' 1 The best specimens of chromo-lithography which the art 
has yet produced." — Standard. 

" Burke or Debrett should have such illustrations."— Herald. 

" Clearly and beautifully printed."— City Frcss. 

" The devices are well and clearly drawn, and the workmanship is of a most 
artistic kind."— Lloyd's Paper. 

"All extremely well and correctly executed beautifully emblazoned iu 

gold and silver, with the proper heraldic colours. Well worth the purchase- 
money." — Stamp Collectors' Magazine. 

LIST OF SUBJECTS ALREADY PUBLISHED :- 

No. 1. Arms of all Nations. 52 Engravings. 

2. Arms of all the English Counties. 40 Engravings. 

3. Arms of all the Oxford Colleges. 21 Engravings. 

4. Arms of all the Cambridge Colleges & Professors. 23 Engravings 
5-6. Arms of all the Scottish Clans. 72 Engravings. 

7. English, French, and Kussian Orders of Merit. 40 Engravings. 

8. Flags of all Nations. 63 Engravings. 

9. Royal Naval and Merchant Flags of Great Britain, and Flags of 

the Royal Yacht Clubs, &c. 62 Engravings. 

10. Arms of all the Lord Mayors of London from 1800 to 1832. 

11. Arms of all the Lord Mayors of London from 1833 to 1863-4. 

12. Arms of all the English, Scotch, and Irish Dukes. 

13. Principal Gold and Silver Coinage of the World. 

14. Arms of every Marquis in the Kingdom. 

5-16. Arms of all the Archbishops of Canterbury from the year 1070 
to 1862. 

17. Flags of the Oxford University Eight-Oar Boats. 

18. Flags of the Cambridge University Eight-Oar Boats. 

tgjIT Each subject is complete on One Sheet, excepting the Scottish Clans, Lord 
Mayors of London, and Archbishops of Canterbury, which occupy two sheets 
each ; and the Publishers recommend them to all interested in the study and 
collection of Heraldry. The Eighteen Sheets contain upwards of Five Hundred 
Illustrations, and are " the best specimens of chromo-lithogiapby which the 
art has yet produced." 

OXFORD : T. & G. SHRJMPTON, Broad Street. 

London : G. MVSGRAVE & Co., Turnham Gieen, W. 



Shrimp tons* Popular Oxford Guide 



® 



Register 

and other 

Stoves 



Tenders 2 

and H 

Fire Irons f 



I Improved 
% Iron 

| Bedsteads 



Leamington 
Cooking 
Ranges 



^«^®( 



Best 
Sheffield 
Cutlery 



M 



Brushes 

and 
Brooms 




8 Locksmith S 
$ and (| 

I Bell-hanger | 




^-&§o,CG,coo<m*® 



& Carpenters' 
f Warehouse 



3t W. BKOOKS, 



:g FURNISHINB fc 



GENERAL 

Jijonmanjjq, 

19 QUEEN STREET, 
OXFORD. 



8£* 






Brazier 

and 
Tinman 




9imffffffffT99R * 



BilstozL 

Grindstone 

Warehouse 



®^ GGQCoc e^ 

J Superior 1 
J Gardening ^ 
| Tools " f 



$ Galvanized S S Roofing 

I Wire I J Felt 

Netting | J Agent 



it: 



Building 

Materials, 

All sorts 



Galvanized 8 

Coppers- 6 to % 

50 Gallons $ 



2 Portable 
| Washing 
Coppers 



Advertising Sheet 



PRIOR & Co., 

HATTERS, HOSIERS, GLOVERS, 

SHmRT-iMiA&gRs, 

Kailars, antr dmOTl (©tttfitters, 

22 HIGH STREET, OXFORD. 

MAKERS OF EVERY KH2STT3 OF 

Boafing and Gricktf Gosfcimo 

• AND CLUB RIBBONS. 

j^OI fattens anir <Mltn$nxen CTartfwIIg ^Ekgistefc. 

A DISCOUNT OF 5 PER CENT. WITHIN SIX MONTHS. 

ARCHERY WAREHOUSE. 

SOLE AGENTS FOE 
BUCHANAN'S ARCHERY GOODS. 



Shrimp tons' Popular Oxford Guide 



OXFORD SAUSAGES. 

PORK AND BEEF SAUSAGES. 

EMMA. MALTBY, 

Widow of the late James Maltby y 

BEGS respectfully to return her sincere^'thanks to her friends and the 
public, for the kind support she has been favoured with, and begs to 
inform them that she has commenced making SATJSAGrES for the season, 
and hopes by supplying the best article, at moderate prices, to merit the 
continuance of their support. 

HAM, BEEFr&COL^SD HEAD. 

fe, Coffee, i«vtr fining Jkwms, 
6 QUEEN STREET, 

Opposite the Three Cups Hotel, 

OXP@RB, 

MIS. WHXTSREAD 

BEGS to return her best thanks to her numerous patrons for past 
favours and to inform them that in consequence of the House she 
now occupies being Sold, she is removing to No. 11 ST. GILES'S 
HO AD, "West, nearly opposite the Church, where she respectfully 
solicits future support, and will always endeavour to select SERVANTS 
cf first-class character. 

ESTABLISHED lO -^EAJFtS. 

THE "HOWE" 

SEWING MACHINES, 

NONE ARE GENUINE UNLESS THE MEDALLION IS EMBEDDED IN THE MACHINE. 

H".B PURCHASERS are particularly requested to notice this, for 

none of the spurious machines have any of the improvements which hare 
heen. patented during the last Ten Years. 

SOLE AGEXT FOR OXFORD : 

MR. JOHN BOON, 

1 ELM COTTAGES, BULWAEK'S LAiSTE, OXFOKD. 



Advertising Sheet. 



§00k,i|wsk, # <&mtral |Jrmimg #ffttcs, 

35 HOLYWELL STREET, OXFORD. 

w. "eT^owden, 

Printer of the Oxford Undergraduates' Journal, Magdalen College 
School Journal, Ileadington, Milton, and Wormtnhall Magazines. 

RETURNS thanks for the liberal patronage with -which he has 
hitherto been favoured, and hopes, by persevering- attention to 
business, and by endeavouring with every auxiliary to couple taste- 
ful and accurate execution with promptitude and moderate charge*, 
to receive continuous support and recommendation. 

Church Music Recently Published :— 

Just Published, Third Enlarged Edition, price One Shilling. 

The Canticles Pointed: By the Rev. H. W. Sargent, M.A., late 
Fellow of Merton College and Incumbent of St. John Baptist, Oxford, with 
Accompanying Harmonies. The arrangement of the Magnificat to Parisian 
No. 1, with varied vocal and instrumental harmonies, together with a similar 
arrangement of the same Canticle to S. Saviour's Chant ; and the Nunc 
Dimittis to Parisian Tone No. 2, all by Dr. Stainer, are added in this 
edition. 

Price Twopence. 

Te Deum Laudamus, Pointed to the 1st Gregorian Tone. The verses 
are arranged in Unison and Varied Harniony, the Choir divided into 
Melodists and Harmonists. With Organ accompaniment. By John Stainer, 
Mus. Doc. and M.A., Organist of the University, and of Magdalen College, 
Oxford. 

Price Three Halfpence each. 

The Magnificat, arranged with varied vocal and instrumental har- 
monies by Dr. Stainer, to the Parisian Tone, No. 1. 

The Nunc Dimittis, similarly arranged by Dr. Stainer, to the Parisian 
Tone No. 2. i . , 

The Magnificat, similarly arranged to S. Saviour s lone. 
• Crown Svo, price Sixpence. 

The Preces, Suffrages, and Litany: Pointed and Noted by the 
Rev H W. Sargent, M.A., Fellow of Merton College, Oxon. With ac- 
companying Harmonies by L. G. Hayne, Mus. Doc, late Precentor of 
•Queen's* College. tt . _. 

Crown 8vo, handsomely printed in old style type, and bound w antique cloth, 
red edges, price Three Shillings and Sixpence. 

The Merton Psalter : Pointed and Adapted to the Gregorian Tones, 
bv H. W. Sargent, M.A., Fellow of Merton College, and Incumbent of St. 
John Baptist, Oxford. -Clergy adopting the Merton Psalter will be supplied 

at a reduced rate. 

Music Folio, price Three Shillings. 
The Greeorian Tones, with their Endings, Harmonized in 
various ways? by John Stainer, Mus. Doc, being the Accompanying Har- 
monies to the Merton Psalter. 

Price One Shilling. 
The Responses after the Commandments, set to Music by various 
Composers, as formerly used in S. John Baptist's Church, Oxford. 

Oxford: W. R. BOWDEN, 35 Holywell Street. 



Shrimptons' Popular Oxford Guide 



SUCCESSOE TO THE LATE 



EDWIN BUTLER, 

WINE & SPIRIT MERCHANT, 
ALE & STOUT MERCHANT. 

GARFAX mm VAULTS, 

OXFORD. 



SOLE AGENT FOE THE 

UNITED WINE GROWERS OF HUNGARY. 

PRICE LISTS ON APPLICATION. 



Advertising Sheet 



SEWING MACHINES ! ! 

HENEY GBEENAWAY, 

AGENT FOR SEWING MACHINES, 

6 PEMBROKE STREET, OXFORD. 




JONES 1 SEWING MACHINES. CAMPION'S SEWING MACHINES. 

NEWTON WILSON'S SEWING MACHINES. 

LOCK STITCH SEWING MACHINES. LOOP STITCH SEWING MACHINES 

KNOTTED STITCH SEWING MACHINES. 

SEWING MACHINES for Bootmakers. 

SEWING MACHINES for Tailors. 

SEWING MACHINES for Family Use. 

SEWING MACHINES for Manufacturers. 

SEWING MACHINES on the "Howe" Principle. 

SEWING MACHINES on the "Thomas" Principle. 

SEWING MACHINES on the "Wheeler and Wilson" Principle. 

SEWING MACHINES on the " Wilcox and Gibbs " Principle. 

SEWING MACHINES to work by Hand. 

SEWING MACHINES to work by Hand or Foot. 

SEWING MACHINES from Fifty Shillings. 

BROOK'S SEWING MACHINE Cotton. 

HARRIS' SEWING MACHINE Thread. 

BERMINGHAM'S SEWING MACHINE Silk. 

PERKINS' SEWING MACHINE Needles. 

SEWING MACHINES Let on Hire. 

SEWING MACHINES Repaired, at 

H. GREENAWAY'S, 
6 PEMBROKE STREET, OXFORD. 



Shrimptons' Popular Oxford Guide 

"LITRE" BOTTLE 

WISE GOHPAHY, 

DEPOT FOR OXFORD, 

JAMES BOFFIN, 

woe, ©iii-isf itiii, 

AND 

FOREIGN WINE MERCHANT, 

109 HIGH STREET. 

BSSSEETS, ICES, 3STC. 
SOUPS, JELLIES, AND ENTREES. 

gribt Calirs ric^tg ornmnriifrb, tarrfnllg paclici), anb stilt io ang 
part of % Coimtrji. 

ESTIMATES GIVEN FOR WEDDING BREAKFASTS, BALL SUPPERS, &C. 

PLATE, GLASS, CUTLERY, 4c, LENT ON HIRE. 



Advertising Sheet. 



AERATED WATER WORKS, 

PARADISE STREET, OXFORD. 

WILLIAM ALLEN, Inventor of an improved SYPHON FILLEE, i* 
prepared to execute orders to fill CYLINDERS and SYPHONS of 
all sizes. 

Aerated Waters of all kinds, in Bottles, in highest perfection. 

SODA WATER MACHINES REPAIRED AND CORRECTED TO ORDER. 

W. ALLM, Practical Soda Water Manufacturer. 

EDDISON and NODDINGS, 
STEAM PLOUGH PROPRIETORS, 

AGENTS FOR 

PIRIE'S PATENT DOUBLE-FURROW PLOUGH, 

AND ALL OTHER AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. 

Office, O Corn Exchange, Oxford. 



ARTIFICIAL TEET H, 
EQUAL TO NATURE, 

OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, WITH ALL THE LATEST IMPROVEMENTS, 

FITTED WITHOUT PAIN, EXTRACTION, SPRINGS, OR WIRES. 

MR, TUCK, 
SURGEON DENTIST, 

ST. ALDATE'S (Opposite Town Hall and Post Office), OXFORD. 

Teeth Removed by the Painless Mode of Extraction. 
CHARGES STRICTLY MODERATE. CONSULTATION GRATIS. 

W. HINTON & C. CLARE, 

UYK All 1IA1 STOCK SAIISMIW, 

134 METROPOLITAN MEAT MARKET, 

(E. AVENUE.) 

LETTERS for DEAD STOCK to be addressed as above ; and for LIVE 
STOCK to 8 Bank Buildings, New Metropolitan Cattle Market. 

Bankers : — London & "Westminster Bane. 



Shrimptons* Popular Oxford Guide 



J. ARNATT, 

CflifctiflM k llrfrwjjiimit Cnntrartor, 

71 ST. GILES'S, OXFORD. 

TENTS, TABLES, STOOLS, TABLE LINEN, CUTLERY, PLATE, 
CROCKERY, GLASS, URNS, PORTABLE BOILERS, Ac., 

ON HIRE. 



J. A. begs to inform the Public that he has a Large MARQUEE, 300 feet 
by 42 feet, suitable for Banquets, Large Dinners, &c. 

TEMPORARY BALL ROOMS ERECTED. 



ESTABLISHED 43 TEARS. 

JAMES~INNES, 

mmmm 

42 QUEEN STREET, OXFORD. 

Wire and Venetian Blind Maker. Old Blinds Painted Equal to New. 
Wire Fenders and Fire Guards. 

FIBHESI8 fiOBC 

AND TACKLE 

At Iondon Prices ! 

Rods and Tackle Made to 
Older, and Neatly Repaired, 
at the Shortest Notice, on the 
Premises. 

Wire Work for Winnow- 
H ing Machines Made on the 
Premises. 

Galvanized Wire for Church Windows, Rabbit fencing , SfC. 

%txnn& anfr Hietas ior jebrrg purpose. 
Aviaries and Birdcages, and a variety of Canary and other Finches in Stock. 




Advertising Sheet 



(Late Cunningham) 

OXFORD FRAME MAKER, 

(Smeral #ah # CJjmrjr Jumitew, 

FORKIGN FANCY GOODS WAREHOUSE, 

20 BROAD STREET, OXFORD, 

{OPPOSITE BALLIOL COLLEGE.) 



IF you want Good-Fitting 
Apparel, select a Man of 
Skill ; one that will deal with 
you honestly. My supporters 
recommend me : every week I 
have fresh faces at my shop. 
Such are the favours I require, 
and such I am sure to get. The 
reason is obvious : I can (by 
experience for thirty-five years) 
compete with any house in the 
trade ; and with respect to 
materials, I will leave it with 
those to judge who have fa- 
voured me with their patron- 
age for the last 14 years. I re- 
turn all thanks for past favours ; 
and my patrons may depend 
that I shall still continue those 
principles which I have hither- 
to found to gain me support. 

My material's good, my work 

secure. 
If you want a good fit, don't 

pass my door! 

W. ROGERS, 
TAIIaOK, 

AND 

MEN'S MERCER, 




5 GEORGE STREET, OXFORD. 



Shrimp tons' Popular Oxford Guide 



NOTICE OF REMOVAL. 



BEGS respectfully to inform his friends and the public 
generally that he has EEMOYED to more com- 
modious Premises, 

ORCHARD HOUSE, 

ORCHARD STREET, 

AND 

NORFOLK STREET, 
ST. EBIBE'S, OXFOED, 

(Late Tan Yard SiteJ 

Where he is prepared to carry on business in all its 
branches as 

BUILDER, &c. 



GRAVE STONES, MONUMENTS, AND ALL KINDS OF STONE 
WORK EXECUTED ON THE PREMISES. 



Advertising Sheet. 



ESTABLISHED 25 YEARS. 



» 



m 



JEWELLER, 

29 CORN MARKET STREET, OXFORD. 

LIST OF ARTICLES ON SALE:— 



Cups of all kinds 

Watches and Clocks, a large stock 

always on hand, all warranted to go 

well 
Silver Watches, for either Lady or 

Gentleman, £2 10s. to £8 8s. 



Gold Watches, £4 4s. to £20. A large 
assortment of second-hand at ?ery 
low prices 

Clocks, 8-day, £1 5s. to £20 

Jewellery and Watches repaired oa 
the premises 



Crystal Self-winding Watch, £1 6s. 
LADIES' AND GENTLEMEN'S JEWELLERY. 



Bracelets 

Necklets 

Brooches 

Lockets 

Thimbles 

Charms 



Pencil Cases 
Hair Pins 
Neck Chains \ 
Albert Chains-^ 
Seals and Keys 



Pins and Studs 
Dress Rings 
Signet Rings 
Ear Rings 
Cuff Links 



SILVER AND ELECTRO- 



New Spoons and Forks, fiddle pat- 
tern, 7s. 4d. per oz. 

Other articles made to order at the 
price per fashion, with silver and 
duty, 9s. 9d. per oz. 

Tea and Coffee Services 

Dessert Knives and Forks 

Cruet Frames 

Tea Kettles 

Corner Dishes 

Children's Knives and Forks 

Salvers 



PLATED ARTICLES. 

Cups and Tankards 

Candlesticks 

Claret Jugs 

Salts and Skewers 

Mustard Pots, &c. 

Electro - plated Table Spoons and 

Forks, .35s. per do*. 
Dessert Spoons and Forks, 25s. per 

doz. 
Tea Spoons, 15s. per doz. 
&c. &c. 



Gold and Silver Bought or taken in Exchange. 
Jewellery and Watches Kepaired. 



L. SOLOMON, 

Tobacconist & Importer of Foreign Cigars, 

29| CORN-MARKET STREET, OXFORD, 

BEGS respectfully to return his grateful thanks to the nobility, gentry, and 
inhabitants of Oxford generally, for the patronage he has received during 
the last 25 years, and hopes to be favoured with a continuance of their kind 

Support. A LARGE ASSORTMENT OF 

Meerschaum, Briar, & Clay Pipes always on Hand. 
ALL KINDS OF FANCY TOBACCOS. 

PIPES MOUNTED AND REPAIRED ON THE SHORTEST NOTICE. 



Shrimp tons* Popular Oxford Guide 



CtHUIBLT, HV6H88, & B1W®, 

WHOLE SALE 

AND 

FAMILY GROCERS, 

TEA, COFFEE, FOREIGN WINE, 

AND 

PROVISION MERCHANTS, 



ABE SELLING 

Strong Breakfast Congou - Is 9d, 2s, 2s 6d, and 3s 

Fine Souchong Flavoured ditto - - 3s 4d and 3s 8d 
Very Eich Old Moning and Choice New Kaisow - 4s 

In Canisters of 21bs., 31bs, 4lbs., and 6lbs. each. 

vba mw wmmw simbiosb gvAunr, 

AT THE FOLLOWING PRICES : — 

2s. 6d., 3s., Ss. 6d., and 4s. per lb. 

A SIX-POUND CANISTEE of the 4s. for 23s. 

Good Breakfast Coffee, loose or in tins - - Is 

Fine Plantation ditto - - - - Is 4d 

Fine Jamaica - - - - - Is 6d 

FINE MARSALA WINE, 18s. per doz. 

GOOD DINNER SHERRY, 21*. 

FAZE and HIGHER CLASS SHERRIES, 24*., 30*., and 36*. 

CLARETS, 12*. and upwards. 



Composite Candles, 6s. 6d. per dozen, 



A large Stock of fine STILTON, CHEDDAR, and 
other kinds of CHEESE always on show. 



Advertising Sheet. 



THOMAS T. LEACH, 

(Late /. LEE) 

CORK MANUFACTURER, 

14 QUEEN^TREET, OXFORD. 

Dealer in Fine French and Spanish Wine, Soda Water, Porter, and 
Ginger Beer Corks, Bungs, &c. 

qo:r,:k: sookis. 
country shops and mineral water manufacturers supplied. 

Insect Slabs for Cabinets. Cabinets Lined on the Shortest Notice. 

BOTTLE WIRE AND STRINGS. CORK PRESSES. 



BEATTY'S DINING ROOMS, 

CORN-MARKET STREET. 



THE BEST DINNER IN OXFORD. 

Sot Joints Daily from 12 till 4, Sundays 1 till 3. 

TEA AND COFFEE ALWAYS KEADY. 

DANDELION, CHAMOMILE, IHUBABB 4 GINGER PILLS, 

ARE A CERTAIN AND NEVER FAILING REMEDY FOR 

INDIGESTION, LIVER AFFECTIONS, STOMACH COMPLAINTS, &c. 

PREPARED ONLY BY 

DISPENSING AND FAMILY CHEMIST, 
41 ST. GILES'S ROAD WEST. & UPPER WALTON STREET, OXFORD. 

The above Pills will be sent by Post to any part of the Country on the receipt o* 
stamps to the amount required — "id. for the small size, 2d. the 2nd, 4d. the 4s. 6d «ize. 



WILLIAM SEELY, 

mtxamtx # § ulmx, $aitir, Jmiae, €%t&it f 

COMMISSION & INSUBANCE AGENT, 

100 HIGH STREET, WITNEY. 

Valuations {on ^obate, and ,#nti«cetis ®8ot|k j$easm[ed. 

LAUD SURVEYED AND ESTATES MAPFED. 



Shrimp tons' Popular Oxford Guide 



OXFORD. 

THE KING'S ARMS HOTEL 

AND 



SITUATE JSTEAK THE NEW PABKS, 
FACING THE PRINCIPAL UNIVERSITY BUILDINGS. 



THIS Hotel and First-class Family House having been 
renovated throughout, m now open for the accommoda- 
tion of Visitors. 

A Scale of Moderate Charges, by the Bay, Week, or 
Month, will be forwarded by post on application, or Special 
Terms can be arranged with the Hotel Manager on the 
premises. 



THE STABLING IS GOOD, 

AND 

HORSES, CARRIAGES, &C, 

To be had at the Shortest Notice. 



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